Quotes in Galatians

Matches well with the Septuagint. The Masoretic Text also matches in meaning, despite slight wording differences. The Dead Sea Scroll fragment is too brief to confirm a full match.

Galatians 3:11 quoting Habakkuk 2:4

Galatians 3:11

‘For it’s by their faith that the righteous will live.’

Habakkuk 2:4

Greek Septuagint (our translation):

‘Yet, by their faith, the righteous will live!’

✅ Match

Hebrew Masoretic Text (JPS):

‘But the righteous shall live by his faith.’

✅ Match

Dead Sea Scrolls (WEB):

‘…the righteous will live by his faith.’ — Scroll: Nahal Hever Greek Minor Prophets

✅ Match

Our comments:

Matches well with all sources.

Galatians 3:12 quoting Leviticus 18:5

Galatians 3:12

‘The man doing these things will live by them.’

Leviticus 18:5

Greek Septuagint (our translation):

‘…which, having done, a man will live by them…’

✅ Match

Hebrew Masoretic Text (JPS):

‘…which if a man do, he shall live by them…’

✅ Match

Dead Sea Scrolls (WEB):

(None of the surviving Dead Sea Scrolls contain this verse.)

Our comments:

Matches well with both sources.

Galatians 3:13 quoting Deuteronomy 21:23 (LXX)

Galatians 3:13

‘Anyone who’s hung on timber is cursed before God.’

Deuteronomy 21:23

Greek Septuagint (our translation):

‘Because, throughout the ages, anyone who’s hanged on a tree is cursed before God […]‘

✅ Match

Hebrew Masoretic Text (JPS):

‘[…] for he that is hanged is a reproach [literally: accursed] unto God […]‘

❌ Differs

Dead Sea Scrolls (WEB):

No scroll containing this part of the verse has survived.

Our comments:

Both the Septuagint and the Masoretic Text largely match the New Testament quote, as the Hebrew word in the Masoretic Text (קִלְלַ֥ת) means ‘accursed’. The JPS is just being a little interpretative. However, the Hebrew text does not say ‘on a tree’, making the Septuagint the only source that matches.

Galatians 3:16 quoting Genesis 21:12

Galatians 3:16

‘That which will be called your descendant will come through IsaAc…’

Genesis 21:12

Greek Septuagint (our translation):

‘…because IsaAc will be the one who is called your offspring.’

✅ Match

Hebrew Masoretic Text (JPS):

‘…for in Isaac shall seed be called to thee.’

✅ Match

Dead Sea Scrolls (WEB):

(None of the surviving Dead Sea Scrolls contain this verse.)

Our comments:

Matches well with both sources. Genesis 13:15 says the same thing.

Galatians 3:17 quoting Exodus 12:40

Galatians 3:17

‘…which was confirmed by The God some ‘430 years’ earlier…’

Exodus 12:40

Greek Septuagint (our translation):

‘[…] 430 years […]‘

✅ Match

Hebrew Masoretic Text (JPS):

‘[…] four hundred and thirty years.’

✅ Match

Dead Sea Scrolls (WEB):

(None of the surviving Dead Sea Scrolls contain this verse.)

Our comments:

Both sources match the ‘430 years’ reference made in Galatians.

Galatians 4:27 quoting Isaiah 54:1 (LXX)

Galatians 4:27

‘So be glad, all you who are sterile,
And yell, O you who didn’t give birth…
O you, the one without birth pains!
For the children of the barren will be many…
Yes, more than those who have [their own] husband!’

Isaiah 54:1

Greek Septuagint (our translation):

‘So be glad, all you who are sterile,
And yell, O you who haven’t given birth…
Yes you, the ones without birth pains!
For the children of the barren will be many…
More than those who have [their own] man!’

✅ Match

Hebrew Masoretic Text (JPS):

‘Sing, O barren, thou that didst not bear, Break forth into singing, and cry aloud, thou that didst not travail; For more are the children of the desolate Than the children of the married wife […]‘

❌ Differs

Dead Sea Scrolls (WEB):

‘'Sing, barren, you who didn’t give birth; break out into singing, and cry aloud, you who didn’t travail with child: for more are the children of the desolate than the children of the married wife,’ […]‘ — Scroll 1Q Isaiah A

❌ Differs

‘…barren, you who didn’t give birth; break out into singing, and cry aloud, … married wife,’ says Yahweh.’ — Scroll 1Q Isaiah B

❌ Differs

Our comments:

Galatians 4:27 matches the Septuagint over the others because refers to the ‘married wife’ rather than the barren one who has a ‘man’.

Galatians 4:30 quoting Genesis 21:10

Galatians 4:30

‘Drive out the slave girl and her son, because the slave girl’s son will never be an heir with the free woman’s son!’

Genesis 21:10

Greek Septuagint (our translation):

‘[…] Throw this slave woman and her son out, because I won’t have this slave’s son receive an inheritance with my son IsaAc!’

✅ Match as a paraphrase

Hebrew Masoretic Text (JPS):

‘[…] Cast out this bondwoman and her son; for the son of this bondwoman shall not be heir with my son, even with Isaac.’

✅ Match as a paraphrase

Dead Sea Scrolls (WEB):

(None of the surviving Dead Sea Scrolls contain this verse.)

Our comments:

Matches well with both sources, but as a paraphrase, saying ‘free woman’s son’ rather than ‘my son IsaAc’.

Galatians 5:14 quoting Leviticus 19:18

Galatians 5:14

‘You must love your neighbor as yourself.’

Leviticus 19:18

Greek Septuagint (our translation):

‘You must love your neighbors as you [love] yourselves’

✅ Match

Hebrew Masoretic Text (JPS):

‘[…] but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself: […]‘

✅ Match

Dead Sea Scrolls (WEB):

(None of the surviving Dead Sea Scrolls contain this verse.)

Our comments:

Matches well with both sources.

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