Home / Interlinears (Beta) / The Shepherd of Hermas — Visions / Vision 2 / Chapter 4Vision 2, Chapter 4
Interlinear version from The Shepherd of Hermas — Visions (Beta)
G0601
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: ah-peh-kah-LOOF-thay
Translations: was revealed, was disclosed, was uncovered
Notes: This word is a verb meaning 'to be revealed' or 'to be disclosed'. It describes an action where something previously hidden or unknown is made known, often by a divine or supernatural power. It is used when a truth, a mystery, or a person is brought to light.
Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Passive, 3rd Person, Singular
Synonyms: ΦΑΝΕΡΟΩ, ΔΗΛΟΩ, ΓΝΩΡΙΖΩ
G1161
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Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction
Sounds like: DEH
Translations: but, and, now, then, moreover, however
Notes: ΔΕ is a common Koine Greek particle or conjunction used to connect clauses or sentences. It often indicates a transition, a contrast, or a continuation of thought. It can be translated in various ways depending on the context, such as 'but' when indicating opposition, 'and' when simply continuing a narrative, or 'now'/'then' when marking a new point or development.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΚΑΙ, ΑΛΛΑ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'and' or 'but'. It is an ancient particle used to connect ideas or introduce new information.
G1473
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Part of Speech: Pronoun
Sounds like: MOY
Translations: (to) me, (for) me
Notes: ΜΟΙ is the dative form of the first-person singular pronoun 'I'. It is used to indicate the indirect object of a verb, showing to whom or for whom an action is performed. It can also express possession or benefit.
Inflection: Singular, Dative, First Person
Synonyms: ΕΜΟΙ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is a very ancient word, found across many Indo-European languages.
G0080
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: ah-del-FOY
Translations: brothers, fellow believers, kinsmen, countrymen
Notes: This word refers to brothers by birth, but it can also be used more broadly to refer to male relatives, fellow countrymen, or, in a spiritual sense, fellow believers in a community. It is a plural form of the word for 'brother'.
Inflection: Plural, Nominative or Vocative, Masculine
Synonyms: ΑΔΕΛΦΟΙ, ΣΥΝΤΡΟΦΟΙ, ΟΜΟΓΕΝΕΙΣ
G2837
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Part of Speech: Participle
Sounds like: koy-MOH-meh-noh
Translations: sleeping, a sleeping one, one who is sleeping, of one who is sleeping, to one who is sleeping, to a sleeping one, to one sleeping
Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'to sleep' or 'to fall asleep'. It describes someone who is in the act of sleeping. In a broader sense, it can also refer to someone who has died, as death is often metaphorically described as sleep in ancient Greek texts. It can function as an adjective modifying a noun or as a substantive (acting as a noun itself).
Inflection: Singular, Masculine or Neuter, Dative
Synonyms: ΥΠΝΟΥΝΤΙ, ΚΑΘΕΥΔΟΝΤΙ
Etymology: The word κοιμάω (koimaō) comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *kei- meaning 'to lie down, to settle'. It is related to words like 'cemetery' (via Latin coemeterium from Greek koimētērion, 'sleeping place').
G5259
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Part of Speech: Preposition
Sounds like: hoo-POH
Translations: under, by, from, with, subject to, at the hand of
Notes: This word is a common preposition in Koine Greek. Its meaning varies depending on the grammatical case of the noun it governs. When used with the genitive case, it typically indicates the agent or cause ('by', 'from'). With the dative case, it denotes a static position 'under' something. When used with the accusative case, it signifies motion 'under' or 'into subjection to'.
Inflection: Does not inflect, but governs the Genitive, Dative, and Accusative cases.
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'under'. It is cognate with English 'up' and 'over', showing a shared root related to position.
G3495
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: neh-ah-NEE-skoo
Translations: of a young man, of a youth, of a young servant
Notes: This word refers to a young man or a youth, often implying someone in the prime of life, typically between adolescence and middle age. It can also refer to a young servant or attendant. As a genitive form, it indicates possession or origin.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine
Synonyms: ΝΕΟΣ, ΝΕΑΝΙΑΣ
G2160
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Part of Speech: Adjective
Sounds like: yoo-ee-des-TAH-too
Translations: of the most beautiful, of the most handsome, of the fairest, of the comeliest
Notes: This word is the genitive singular masculine or neuter form of the superlative adjective 'εὐειδής' (eueidēs), meaning 'well-formed' or 'beautiful'. As a superlative, it indicates the highest degree of the quality, meaning 'most beautiful' or 'most handsome'. It describes something or someone as being exceptionally good-looking or comely. It would be used to modify a noun in the genitive case, indicating possession or description.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine or Neuter, Superlative
Synonyms: ΚΑΛΛΙΣΤΟΣ, ΩΡΑΙΟΤΑΤΟΣ
Etymology: The word 'εὐειδής' (eueidēs) is a compound word derived from 'εὐ' (eu), meaning 'well' or 'good', and 'εἶδος' (eidos), meaning 'form' or 'appearance'. Thus, it literally means 'of good form' or 'well-formed'.
G3004
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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle
Sounds like: leh-GON-tos
Translations: of saying, of speaking, of telling, of calling, of meaning
Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'ΛΕΓΩ', meaning 'to say' or 'to speak'. As a genitive participle, it often functions adverbially, indicating the time or circumstance of an action, such as 'while saying' or 'when he was speaking'. It can also function adjectivally, modifying a noun in the genitive case, meaning 'of the one saying'.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine or Neuter, Present, Active, Participle
Synonyms: ΕΡΩ, ΦΗΜΙ, ΛΑΛΕΩ
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: TANE
Translations: the
Notes: ΤΗΝ is the feminine singular accusative form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to specify a noun that is feminine in gender, singular in number, and in the accusative case, indicating it is the direct object of a verb or the object of certain prepositions. For example, it would be used before a feminine singular noun like 'πόλιν' (city) when 'city' is the direct object.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine
Etymology: The Koine Greek definite article derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. It evolved from an earlier demonstrative particle, becoming a grammatical marker for definiteness.
G4245
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Part of Speech: Adjective
Sounds like: pres-by-TEH-ran
Translations: older, elder, a more aged woman, the elder woman
Notes: This word is the feminine accusative singular form of the comparative adjective 'presbyteros'. It refers to someone who is older in age or rank. In the New Testament, it can refer to an 'elder' in the church, but in its feminine form, it often refers to an 'older woman' or 'elder woman'. It is used to describe someone who is more advanced in years compared to another.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΓΕΡΟΝΤΕΡΑΝ, ΠΑΛΑΙΟΤΕΡΑΝ
G3844
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Part of Speech: Preposition, Prefix
Sounds like: pa-RAH
Translations: beside, by, near, from, with, at, along, beyond, against, through, in the presence of, alongside, a
Notes: This word functions primarily as a preposition, indicating proximity, origin, or comparison. It can mean 'beside,' 'from,' 'with,' 'at,' or 'alongside,' depending on the case of the noun it governs. When used as a prefix in compound words, it often conveys ideas of proximity, deviation, or intensity, such as 'alongside,' 'beyond,' 'contrary to,' or 'through.'
Inflection: Does not inflect (as a preposition); as a prefix, it modifies the meaning of the verb or noun it attaches to.
Synonyms: ΠΡΟΣ, ΕΠΙ, ΣΥΝ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *per- (meaning 'forward, through'). It is cognate with English 'for' and 'through'.
G3588, G3739, G3778, G5101
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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Pronoun
Sounds like: HAYS
Translations: (of) the, (of) who, (of) which, (of) this, (of) that, (of) what
Notes: The word "ΗΣ" is a versatile form in Koine Greek, primarily functioning as the genitive singular for masculine and feminine nouns. It can be the genitive singular of the definite article 'the', indicating possession or relationship. It can also be the genitive singular of the relative pronoun 'who/which', connecting clauses, or the demonstrative pronoun 'this/that', pointing to something specific. Additionally, it can be the genitive singular of the interrogative pronoun 'what/who', used in questions.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine or Feminine
G2983
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: EH-lah-bes
Translations: you took, you received, you got, you obtained
Notes: This is a verb meaning 'to take,' 'to receive,' or 'to get.' It is used to describe an action that was completed in the past, specifically by 'you' (singular). It can refer to physically taking something, or metaphorically receiving something like a gift, knowledge, or a command.
Inflection: Aorist Active Indicative, 2nd Person Singular
Synonyms: ΔΕΧΟΜΑΙ, ΚΟΜΙΖΩ, ΚΤΗΣΑΙ
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: toh
Translations: the
Notes: ΤΟ is the neuter singular form of the definite article 'the' in Koine Greek. It is used to specify a noun, much like 'the' in English. It can function as both the subject (nominative case) or the direct object (accusative case) of a sentence when referring to a neuter singular noun.
Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative
Etymology: The Greek definite article, including ΤΟ, derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. Its forms developed to agree in gender, number, and case with the nouns they modify.
G0976
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: bib-LEE-dee-on
Translations: little book, a little book, scroll, a scroll, bill of divorce, a bill of divorce
Notes: This word is a diminutive form of 'ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ' (BIBLION), meaning 'book' or 'scroll'. Therefore, it refers to a 'little book' or a 'small scroll'. In some contexts, particularly in the New Testament, it is specifically used to refer to a 'bill of divorce' or a 'certificate of divorce'. It is used to denote a written document of smaller size or lesser significance than a full book.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative or Accusative, Neuter
Synonyms: ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ, ΓΡΑΜΜΑ
Etymology: The word ΒΙΒΛΙΔΙΟΝ is a diminutive of the Greek word ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ (BIBLION), which itself comes from ΒΥΒΛΟΣ (BYBLOS), referring to papyrus, the material from which books and scrolls were made. This connection to papyrus highlights the ancient form of written documents.
G5100
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Part of Speech: Pronoun, Adjective
Sounds like: TEE-nah
Translations: who, what, which, some, any, a certain one, something, anything
Notes: ΤΙΝΑ is an inflected form of the pronoun/adjective ΤΙΣ. As an interrogative, it asks 'who?', 'what?', or 'which?'. As an indefinite, it means 'someone', 'something', 'anyone', 'anything', 'a certain one', or 'some'. Its meaning depends heavily on context and whether it is used in a question or a statement. It can function as both a pronoun standing alone or an adjective modifying a noun.
Inflection: Accusative Singular Masculine or Feminine, or Nominative/Accusative Plural Neuter
G1380
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: doh-KAYS
Translations: you seem, you think, you appear, you are thought, you are reputed
Notes: This word is a verb meaning 'to seem', 'to think', or 'to appear'. It is often used impersonally, meaning 'it seems good' or 'it is thought'. It can also be used with an infinitive to express what someone seems or appears to be doing or thinking.
Inflection: Second person, Singular, Present, Active, Indicative
Synonyms: ΦΑΙΝΟΜΑΙ, ΗΓΕΟΜΑΙ, ΝΟΜΙΖΩ
G1510
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: EYE-nah-ee
Translations: to be, to exist, to happen, to become
Notes: This is the present active infinitive form of the verb 'to be'. It expresses existence, identity, or a state of being. It can also be used to indicate purpose or result, especially when preceded by the genitive article 'τοῦ' (tou), in which case it can be translated as 'in order to be' or 'for the purpose of being'.
Inflection: Infinitive, Present, Active. Does not inflect for person, number, gender, or case.
Synonyms: ΥΠΑΡΧΩ
G1473
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Part of Speech: Pronoun
Sounds like: eh-GOH
Translations: I, me
Notes: ἘΓΩ is the first-person singular personal pronoun in Koine Greek, meaning "I" or "me." It refers to the speaker and functions primarily as the subject of a sentence. While the first-person singular verb ending often makes the pronoun redundant, ἘΓΩ is frequently used for emphasis, similar to saying "I myself" or "even I" in English. It can also be used to clarify the subject when multiple individuals are involved.
Inflection: First Person, Singular, Nominative
Etymology: This word is an ancient pronoun, tracing its origins back to Proto-Indo-European. It has cognates in many Indo-European languages, reflecting a shared linguistic heritage.
G5346
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: FEE-mee
Translations: say, speak, declare, affirm, assert
Notes: This verb means 'to say,' 'to speak,' or 'to declare.' It is often used to introduce direct speech or to affirm a statement. It can be used in various tenses and moods to express an action of speaking or stating something.
Inflection: Present Active Indicative, 1st Person Singular; or Present Active Infinitive
Synonyms: ΛΕΓΩ, ΛΑΛΕΩ, ΕΡΩ
Etymology: From a Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'to speak, tell, say.' It is related to Latin 'fari' (to speak) and English 'fame'.
G4720
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Part of Speech: Proper Noun
Sounds like: see-BYL-lan
Translations: Sibyl, a Sibyl
Notes: This word refers to a Sibyl, a prophetess in ancient Greece and Rome. Sibyls were women believed to possess prophetic powers and deliver oracles. The term is often used in ancient texts to refer to specific prophetesses, such as the Erythraean Sibyl or the Cumaean Sibyl.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine
Etymology: The word "Sibyl" comes from the Ancient Greek word "Σίβυλλα" (Sibylla), which is of uncertain origin. It is believed to be pre-Greek or of Phrygian origin.
G4105
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: plah-NAH-sai
Translations: to lead astray, to deceive, to wander, to be deceived, to be led astray
Notes: This word describes the act of causing someone to go astray, to deceive them, or to lead them into error. It can also refer to the state of being led astray or wandering oneself. It is often used in contexts where someone is misled from truth or righteousness.
Inflection: Aorist, Middle, Infinitive
Synonyms: ΑΠΑΤΑΩ, ΠΛΑΝΩ
G5346
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: PHAY-sin
Translations: he says, she says, it says, he said, she said, it said
Notes: This word is a common verb meaning 'to say' or 'to speak'. It is used to report what someone else has said or to introduce a direct quote. It can be translated as 'he says', 'she says', or 'it says', and often implies 'he/she/it said' in narrative contexts.
Inflection: Third Person, Singular, Present, Indicative, Active
Synonyms: ΛΕΓΩ, ΕΡΩ
Etymology: The word ΦΗΜΙ (phēmi) comes from a Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'to speak' or 'to show'. It is related to words in other Indo-European languages that convey the idea of speaking or declaring.
G3756
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Part of Speech: Adverb, Particle
Sounds like: OOK
Translations: not, no
Notes: This word is a negative particle used to express absolute negation. It typically precedes verbs, adjectives, or adverbs to deny or contradict a statement. It is used when the negation is a statement of fact, as opposed to a hypothetical or willed negation. It has variant forms like οὐ (ou) before a consonant and οὐχ (ouch) before a rough breathing.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΜΉ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'not'. It is an ancient negative particle found in various Indo-European languages.
G1510
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: ES-tin
Translations: is, a is
Notes: This word is the third person singular present indicative form of the verb 'to be' (εἰμί). It means 'he is', 'she is', 'it is', or 'there is'. It is used to express existence, identity, or a state of being, often linking a subject to a predicate. It can also imply 'exists' or 'happens'.
Inflection: Third Person, Singular, Present, Indicative, Active
G5101
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Part of Speech: Interrogative Pronoun, Indefinite Pronoun, Interrogative Adjective
Sounds like: TEES
Translations: who, what, which, what kind of, someone, something, anyone, anything, a certain one, a certain thing
Notes: ΤΙΣ is a versatile pronoun and adjective in Koine Greek. As an interrogative, it asks 'who?', 'what?', or 'which?'. As an indefinite, it means 'someone', 'something', 'anyone', or 'anything', often implying an unspecified person or thing. Its meaning depends heavily on context and whether it has an accent.
Inflection: Singular or Plural, Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter, Nominative, Genitive, Dative, or Accusative. It is a highly inflected word.
Etymology: The word ΤΙΣ is an ancient Greek word, tracing its origins back to Proto-Indo-European roots. It has cognates in many other Indo-European languages, indicating its long history and fundamental role in language.
G3767
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Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction, Adverb
Sounds like: OON
Translations: therefore, then, so, consequently, accordingly, now, indeed
Notes: This word is a particle used to indicate a logical consequence, transition, or emphasis. It often connects a statement to what precedes it, meaning 'therefore' or 'consequently'. It can also be used to introduce a new point or a summary, translated as 'then' or 'now'. In some contexts, it adds emphasis, meaning 'indeed' or 'certainly'.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ἈΡΑ, ΔΕ, ΤΟΙΓΑΡΟΥ͂Ν
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *nu, meaning 'now' or 'then'. It is related to Latin 'nunc' (now) and English 'now'.
G3588, G3739, G2228
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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Relative Pronoun, Conjunction, Interjection
Sounds like: AY
Translations: the, who, which, or, oh, ah
Notes: This word is most commonly used as the definite article 'the' in Koine Greek, specifically as the feminine nominative singular form (e.g., 'the cry') or the neuter nominative/accusative plural form. It can also function as a relative pronoun meaning 'who' or 'which' (feminine nominative singular). Additionally, it can be a conjunction meaning 'or' or an interjection expressing surprise or emotion, similar to 'oh' or 'ah'. Its meaning is highly dependent on context.
Inflection: Feminine, Nominative, Singular (Definite Article or Relative Pronoun); Neuter, Nominative or Accusative, Plural (Definite Article); Does not inflect (Conjunction or Interjection)
Etymology: The Greek definite article and related forms derive from a Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronoun. The conjunction and interjection forms have separate, though related, origins within Proto-Indo-European.
G1577
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: ek-klee-SEE-ah
Translations: assembly, an assembly, church, a church, congregation, a congregation, (to) assembly, (to) church, (to) congregation
Notes: This word refers to a gathering or assembly of people, often called together for a specific purpose. In ancient Greek contexts, it could refer to a political assembly of citizens. In the New Testament, it primarily refers to the Christian church, either a local congregation or the universal body of believers. It can be used to describe both the physical gathering of people and the spiritual entity.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Accusative or Dative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΣΥΝΑΓΩΓΗ, ΟΜΙΛΙΑ, ΠΛΗΘΟΣ
Etymology: The word is a compound of the Greek preposition ἐκ (ek), meaning 'out of' or 'from', and the verb καλέω (kaleō), meaning 'to call'. Thus, it literally means 'a calling out' or 'those called out'.
G2036
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: EYE-pon
Translations: I said, I spoke, he said, he spoke, they said, they spoke, to say, to speak
Notes: ΕἸΠΟΝ is an aorist form of the verb meaning 'to say' or 'to speak'. It is often used as the aorist tense of the verb λέγω (legō). It describes an action that occurred in the past, without specifying its duration or completion. It can be translated as 'I said', 'he said', or 'they said' depending on the context and the implied subject, as the form itself is ambiguous regarding person and number (it can be 1st singular, 3rd singular, or 3rd plural). It is commonly used to introduce direct or indirect speech.
Inflection: Aorist, Active, Indicative, 1st Person Singular or 3rd Person Singular or 3rd Person Plural
Synonyms: ΛΕΓΩ, ΦΗΜΙ, ΛΑΛΕΩ
G0846
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Part of Speech: Pronoun
Sounds like: ow-TOH
Translations: (to) him, (to) her, (to) it, (to) himself, (to) herself, (to) itself
Notes: This word is the dative singular form of the pronoun 'ΑΥ̓ΤΟΣ'. It functions as a personal pronoun meaning 'him', 'her', or 'it' when used as an indirect object, often translated with 'to' or 'for'. It can also function as an intensive pronoun meaning 'himself', 'herself', or 'itself', emphasizing the subject. In some contexts, especially with the definite article, it can act as a demonstrative pronoun meaning 'the same'. Its usage depends heavily on the surrounding context.
Inflection: Singular, Dative, Masculine or Feminine or Neuter
G1223, G5101
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Part of Speech: Adverb
Sounds like: dee-ah-TEE
Translations: why, wherefore, on account of what
Notes: This is a compound word formed from the preposition διά (dia), meaning 'through' or 'on account of', and the interrogative pronoun τί (ti), meaning 'what'. It is used to ask for the reason or cause of something, functioning as 'why' or 'wherefore' in English. It can introduce a direct or indirect question.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΔΙΑΤΟΥΤΟ, ΔΙΟ
G4245
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Part of Speech: Noun, Adjective
Sounds like: pres-by-TEH-rah
Translations: elder woman, a elder woman, older, elder, senior, presbyteress
Notes: This word can function as a noun, referring to an older woman or a female elder/presbyteress. It can also be used as an adjective, meaning 'older' or 'elder', often in comparison to someone younger. In a religious context, it can specifically refer to a female leader or official in a church.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΓΕΡΟΥΣΙΑ, ΠΡΕΣΒΥΤΙΣ
G2532
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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Adverb
Sounds like: kahee
Translations: and, also, even, but, then
Notes: ΚΑΙ is a very common conjunction in Koine Greek, primarily meaning 'and' to connect words, phrases, or clauses. It can also function as an adverb, emphasizing a word or phrase with meanings like 'also' or 'even'. In some contexts, it can introduce a contrast, similar to 'but', or indicate sequence, meaning 'then'.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Etymology: The word ΚΑΙ is an ancient particle, tracing its origins back to Proto-Indo-European. It has remained remarkably stable in form and function throughout the history of the Greek language.
G1223
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Part of Speech: Preposition
Sounds like: dee-AH
Translations: through, by, by means of, on account of, because of, for the sake of
Notes: This word is a preposition that can take two different cases, which changes its meaning. When used with the genitive case, it means 'through' or 'by means of', indicating the instrument or agency by which something is done. When used with the accusative case, it means 'on account of', 'because of', or 'for the sake of', indicating the cause or reason for something.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΕΚ, ΕΝΕΚΑ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'through' or 'apart'.
G3778
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Part of Speech: Demonstrative Pronoun
Sounds like: TOW-teen
Translations: this, that, this one, that one
Notes: ΤΑΥΤΗΝ is the feminine singular accusative form of the demonstrative pronoun ΟΥ͂ΤΟΣ. It is used to point out something specific, often something near the speaker or something that has just been mentioned. It functions like 'this' or 'that' in English, and as an accusative, it typically serves as the direct object of a verb or the object of a preposition.
Inflection: Accusative, Singular, Feminine
Synonyms: ΟΔΕ, ΕΚΕΙΝΟΣ
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Relative Pronoun, Letter
Sounds like: OH
Translations: the, who, which, O
Notes: Ο is primarily the masculine singular nominative form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to specify a noun, similar to 'the' in English. It can also function as a relative pronoun, meaning 'who' or 'which', introducing a relative clause. Additionally, 'Ο' is the fifteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, Omicron, which corresponds to the short 'o' sound.
Inflection: Masculine, Singular, Nominative (for the article/relative pronoun); Does not inflect (for the letter)
Etymology: The definite article 'Ο' derives from Proto-Indo-European. The letter 'Ο' (Omicron) is derived from the Phoenician letter 'ayin'.
G2889
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: KOS-mos
Translations: world, a world, universe, order, adornment, decoration, ornament
Notes: This word refers to the world or the universe, often implying an ordered system. It can also refer to adornment or decoration, such as jewelry or clothing, highlighting the idea of something well-arranged or beautiful. In a broader sense, it can denote humanity or the inhabitants of the earth.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine
Synonyms: ΟΙΚΟΥΜΕΝΗ, ΑΙΩΝ, ΓΗ
Etymology: From the verb κοσμέω (kosmeō), meaning 'to arrange, to put in order, to adorn'. The noun form thus carries the sense of something ordered, arranged, or beautiful.
G2675
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: kah-teer-TIS-thee
Translations: was made complete, was perfected, was restored, was prepared, was fitted, was equipped
Notes: This word describes something that was brought to a state of completion, perfection, or readiness. It implies a process of being fully prepared, restored, or made fit for a particular purpose. It is used to indicate that something has been fully accomplished or put in order.
Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Passive, 3rd Person Singular
Synonyms: ΕΤΟΙΜΑΖΩ, ΠΛΗΡΟΩ, ΤΕΛΕΙΟΩ
G3328
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Part of Speech: Adverb
Sounds like: met-ep-EYE-tah
Translations: afterward, thereafter, later, then
Notes: This word is an adverb meaning 'afterward' or 'thereafter'. It is used to indicate a sequence of events, showing that something happened at a later time than what was previously mentioned. It can be used to connect clauses or sentences, indicating a subsequent action or state.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΕΠΕΙΤΑ, ΥΣΤΕΡΟΝ, ΕΞΗΣ
Etymology: This word is a compound of the preposition ΜΕΤΑ (meta), meaning 'after' or 'with', and the adverb ΕΠΕΙΤΑ (epeita), meaning 'then' or 'thereupon'.
G3705
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: o-RA-sin
Translations: vision, sight, an appearance
Notes: This word refers to the act of seeing or the faculty of sight. It can also denote something that is seen, such as a vision, an appearance, or a revelation. It is used to describe both physical sight and spiritual or prophetic visions.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΟΨΙΣ, ΘΕΑ, ΕΙΔΟΣ
G3708
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: EE-don
Translations: I saw, I beheld, I perceived
Notes: This is the first person singular aorist active indicative form of the verb 'to see' or 'to perceive'. It describes a completed action of seeing or perceiving that occurred in the past. It is often used to indicate a direct observation or a profound understanding.
Inflection: Aorist, Active, Indicative, 1st Person Singular
Synonyms: ΒΛΈΠΩ, ΘΕΆΟΜΑΙ, ΓΙΝΏΣΚΩ
G1722
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Part of Speech: Preposition
Sounds like: en
Translations: in, on, among, with, by, at
Notes: This word is a common preposition in Koine Greek, primarily meaning 'in' or 'on'. It typically governs the dative case, indicating location, time, or means. Its precise translation can vary depending on the context, often conveying ideas like 'within,' 'among,' or 'by means of'.
Inflection: Does not inflect (as a preposition, it governs cases but does not change its own form).
Etymology: The Koine Greek preposition 'ἘΝ' derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *en, meaning 'in' or 'into'. It has cognates in many other Indo-European languages, reflecting its ancient origin.
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: TOH
Translations: to the, for the, by the, with the, in the
Notes: ΤΩ is the dative singular form of the definite article 'the'. It indicates the indirect object of a verb or the means/instrument by which an action is performed. It can also be used to indicate location or association, often translated with prepositions like 'to', 'for', 'by', 'with', or 'in'.
Inflection: Singular, Dative, Masculine or Neuter
G3624
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: OY-koh
Translations: (to) house, (to) household, (to) family, (to) temple, (to) home
Notes: This word refers to a house, a dwelling place, or a building. It can also refer to a household, meaning the family and all who live within the house, or more broadly, a lineage or a family line. In a religious context, it can refer to a temple or the house of God. The form ΟἸΚΩ is the dative singular, indicating the indirect object of an action, often translated with 'to' or 'for'.
Inflection: Singular, Dative, Masculine
Synonyms: ΟΙΚΙΑ, ΟΙΚΗΜΑ, ΟΙΚΟΣ
G1700
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Part of Speech: Pronoun
Sounds like: moo
Translations: of me, my, mine
Notes: ΜΟΥ is the genitive singular form of the first-person personal pronoun, meaning "of me," "my," or "mine." It indicates possession or origin, similar to how "my" or "mine" is used in English. It can be used with nouns to show ownership (e.g., "my house") or with verbs to indicate the source or object of an action (e.g., "he heard of me").
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Common Gender
G2064
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: EEL-then
Translations: came, went, arrived
Notes: This word is the third person singular aorist active indicative form of the verb 'to come' or 'to go'. It describes an action that happened in the past, specifically that 'he, she, or it came' or 'he, she, or it went'. It is used to indicate movement towards or away from a place or state.
Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Active, 3rd Person Singular
Synonyms: ΗΚΩ, ΒΑΙΝΩ, ΠΟΡΕΥΟΜΑΙ
G2065
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: ay-roh-TAY-sen
Translations: he asked, she asked, it asked, he questioned, she questioned, it questioned
Notes: This word means 'he/she/it asked' or 'he/she/it questioned'. It is used to describe an action of inquiring or seeking information that occurred in the past. It is a common verb used in narratives to indicate a character posing a question.
Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Active, 3rd Person Singular
Synonyms: ἨΡΏΤΗΣΑ, ἘΠΥΘΌΜΗΝ, ἨΡΏΤΩΝ
G1691
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Part of Speech: Pronoun
Sounds like: MEH
Translations: me
Notes: This word is the first-person singular pronoun 'me' in the accusative case. It is used as the direct object of a verb or as the object of certain prepositions, indicating the recipient of an action or the object being affected.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, First Person
Etymology: The word ΜΕ (me) derives from the ancient Greek first-person singular pronoun. Its form has remained largely consistent throughout various stages of the Greek language.
G1519, G1487, G1488
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Part of Speech: Preposition, Conjunction, Verb
Sounds like: E
Translations: into, to, for, unto, in, if, you are
Notes: This word is an elided form, indicated by the coronis (the apostrophe-like mark) at the end. It most commonly represents the preposition 'εἰς' (eis), meaning 'into, to, for', especially when followed by a vowel. It can also represent the conjunction 'εἰ' (ei), meaning 'if', or the verb 'εἶ' (ei), meaning 'you are'. In the provided examples, it functions as the preposition 'into' or 'to', indicating motion towards a place or object. It is used with the accusative case.
Inflection: Does not inflect (as an elided form); the original words it represents have their own inflections (e.g., 'εἰς' is a preposition and does not inflect; 'εἰ' is a conjunction and does not inflect; 'εἶ' is a verb, 2nd Person Singular, Present, Indicative, Active).
G2235
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Part of Speech: Adverb
Sounds like: AY-day
Translations: already, now, by this time, forthwith, even now
Notes: This word is an adverb used to indicate that something has happened or is happening at the present moment, or has happened prior to the present moment. It can convey a sense of immediacy or completion. For example, it can mean 'already' when referring to something that has taken place, or 'now' when emphasizing the current time.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΝΥΝ, ΑΥΤΙΚΑ, ΕΥΘΕΩΣ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eh₂dʰ- (to be present, to be here). It is related to the demonstrative pronoun 'ho' (this) and the particle 'de' (now, indeed).
G0976
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: BEEB-lee-on
Translations: book, scroll, a book, a scroll
Notes: This word refers to a book or a scroll, which was the common form of written material in ancient times. It is a diminutive of the word βίβλος (biblos), meaning 'papyrus' or 'book'. It is used to denote a written document, a record, or a volume of text. For example, one might read 'the book' or 'the scroll' of a prophet.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative or Accusative, Neuter
Synonyms: ΒΙΒΛΟΣ, ΓΡΑΦΗ
Etymology: From Ancient Greek βίβλος (biblos, “papyrus, book”), which is thought to be of Egyptian origin, referring to the city of Byblos, a Phoenician city known for exporting papyrus.
G1325
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: deh-DOH-kah
Translations: I have given, I gave
Notes: ΔΕΔΩΚΑ is the first person singular perfect active indicative form of the verb ΔΙΔΩΜΙ, meaning 'to give'. The perfect tense in Koine Greek describes an action that was completed in the past but has ongoing results or a continuing state in the present. It indicates that the act of giving has been completed, and its effects are still relevant.
Inflection: Perfect, Active, Indicative, 1st Person, Singular
Synonyms: ΔΙΔΩ, ΠΑΡΕΧΩ, ΧΑΡΙΖΟΜΑΙ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, related to the concept of 'giving'. It is a reduplicated form, characteristic of the perfect tense in Greek.
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: toys
Translations: to the, for the, the
Notes: ΤΟΙΣ is the dative plural form of the definite article in Koine Greek. It functions similarly to 'the' in English, but specifically indicates the indirect object or the recipient of an action, or location/instrument when used with a dative noun. It can be used with masculine, feminine, or neuter nouns in the plural.
Inflection: Plural, Dative, All genders
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is a demonstrative pronoun that evolved into the definite article in Greek.
G4245
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: pres-by-TEH-roys
Translations: (to) elders, (to) old men, (to) presbyters
Notes: This word refers to older men, often those who hold positions of authority or leadership within a community, particularly in religious or governmental contexts. It can denote a senior member, an elder, or a presbyter. In the New Testament, it frequently refers to leaders in the early Christian church.
Inflection: Dative, Plural, Masculine
Synonyms: ΓΕΡΟΝΤΕΣ, ΠΡΕΣΒΥΤΑΙ
G0720
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: eer-NEE-sah-mehn
Translations: I denied, I refused, I disowned
Notes: This word is a verb meaning 'to deny', 'to refuse', or 'to disown'. It is used to express a rejection of something, whether it be a statement, a person, or a claim. For example, one might deny knowing someone, deny a charge, or refuse to acknowledge a truth.
Inflection: First Person, Singular, Aorist, Indicative, Middle Voice
Synonyms: ἈΠΟΚΡΥΠΤΩ, ἈΠΟΤΙΘΗΜΙ
G1325
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: deh-DOH-keh-nai
Translations: to have given, to have granted, to have bestowed
Notes: ΔΕΔΩΚΕΝΑΙ is the perfect active infinitive form of the verb δίδωμι (didōmi), meaning 'to give' or 'to grant'. As a perfect infinitive, it indicates an action that has been completed in the past, often with ongoing results, and functions as the object of another verb or as a complement. For example, it might be used in a sentence like 'He claimed to have given the book' or 'It is necessary to have given a gift'.
Inflection: Perfect, Active, Infinitive
Synonyms: ΔΩΡΕΟΜΑΙ, ΧΑΡΙΖΟΜΑΙ, ΠΑΡΕΧΩ
Etymology: The verb δίδωμι (didōmi) comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *deh₃- meaning 'to give'. It is a reduplicated verb, a common feature in ancient Greek verbs, where the initial consonant and a vowel are repeated.
G2573
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Part of Speech: Adverb
Sounds like: KAL-ohs
Translations: well, rightly, properly, honorably, commendably
Notes: This word is an adverb meaning 'well' or 'rightly'. It describes an action performed in a good, proper, or honorable manner. It can indicate that something is done correctly, skillfully, or in a way that is morally upright.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΕΥ, ΟΡΘΩΣ, ΚΑΛΩΣ
Etymology: The word ΚΑΛΩΣ is derived from the adjective ΚΑΛΟΣ (KALOS), meaning 'good' or 'beautiful'.
G4160
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: peh-poy-EE-kas
Translations: you have made, you have done, you have performed
Notes: This is a verb form meaning 'to make,' 'to do,' or 'to perform.' It is in the perfect tense, indicating an action that was completed in the past but has ongoing results or a continuing state in the present. It is used when referring to something that 'you' (singular) have accomplished or brought about.
Inflection: Perfect, Active, Indicative, 2nd Person Singular
Synonyms: ΠΡΑΤΤΩ, ΕΡΓΑΖΟΜΑΙ
G2192
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: EKH-oh
Translations: have, hold, possess, keep, be able, be in a state of
Notes: This word means "to have" or "to hold." It is a very common verb used to express possession, to describe a state or condition, or to indicate that one is holding something. It can also be used in a broader sense to mean "to be able" or "to be in a certain state."
Inflection: First Person Singular, Present Tense, Active Voice, Indicative Mood
Synonyms: ΚΤΆΟΜΑΙ, ΚΑΤΈΧΩ, ἜΧΟΜΑΙ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ- 'to hold, to have'. It is cognate with Latin 'habeo' (to have) and English 'seek'.
G1063
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Part of Speech: Particle
Sounds like: gar
Translations: for, because, indeed, then, therefore
Notes: This word is a postpositive particle, meaning it typically appears second in a clause. It introduces a reason, explanation, or confirmation for what has just been stated. It can also indicate a logical consequence or a transition in thought, often translated as 'for' or 'because'. In some contexts, it can simply add emphasis or affirm a statement.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΔΙΟΤΙ, ΕΠΕΙ, ΟΥΝ
Etymology: The particle ΓΑΡ is believed to be a contraction of the particles γε (ge) meaning 'indeed' or 'at least' and ἄρα (ara) meaning 'then' or 'therefore'. It has been in use since ancient Greek.
G4487
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: RHE-ma-ta
Translations: words, sayings, things, matters, deeds
Notes: This word refers to spoken or written words, sayings, or utterances. It can also refer to the 'things' or 'matters' that are spoken about, or even the 'deeds' that result from words. It is used broadly to encompass both the linguistic expression and the content or subject matter of that expression.
Inflection: Plural, Nominative or Accusative, Neuter
Synonyms: ΛΟΓΟΙ, ΕΠΗ, ΦΩΝΑΙ
G4369
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: pros-THEY-nai
Translations: to add, to put to, to give in addition, to increase, to join
Notes: This word is an aorist active infinitive form of the verb 'prostithēmi'. It means 'to add' or 'to put to', often implying an increase or joining something to what already exists. It can be used in contexts like adding to a quantity, adding a person to a group, or adding to a statement or law.
Inflection: Infinitive, Aorist, Active
Synonyms: ΠΡΟΣΑΝΑΤΙΘΗΜΙ, ΠΡΟΣΑΝΑΠΛΗΡΟΩ
G3752
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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Adverb
Sounds like: OH-tan
Translations: when, whenever, as often as, at the time that
Notes: This word is a conjunction or adverb used to introduce a temporal clause, indicating a point in time or a condition. It means 'when' or 'whenever,' suggesting that something happens at a specific moment or repeatedly under certain circumstances. It is often followed by the subjunctive mood in Koine Greek.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΟΤΕ, ΗΝΙΚΑ
Etymology: From the conjunction ὅτε (hote, 'when') and the particle ἄν (an, indicating potential or contingency).
G0658
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: ah-po-teh-LEH-soh
Translations: I will complete, I will accomplish, I will bring to an end, I will perform, I will finish
Notes: This word is a compound verb formed from 'ἀπό' (apo, 'from, away from') and 'τελέω' (teleō, 'to complete, to finish'). It means to bring something to a full and final completion, to accomplish a task, or to bring about a result. It emphasizes the successful and definitive conclusion of an action or process. It is used to describe the act of finishing something entirely or bringing it to its intended outcome.
Inflection: First Person Singular, Future Active Indicative
Synonyms: ΤΕΛΕΩ, ΠΟΙΕΩ, ΕΡΓΑΖΟΜΑΙ
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: TAH
Translations: the
Notes: ΤΑ is the neuter plural form of the definite article in Koine Greek. It functions similarly to 'the' in English, indicating that a noun is definite or previously mentioned. It agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies, and in this form, it can be used for both nominative (subject) and accusative (direct object) cases.
Inflection: Neuter, Plural, Nominative or Accusative
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is a demonstrative pronoun that evolved into a definite article in Greek.
G3956
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Part of Speech: Adjective
Sounds like: PAN-ta
Translations: all, every, everything, all things
Notes: This word means 'all' or 'every'. In its plural neuter form, as seen here, it often translates to 'all things' or 'everything'. It is used to indicate totality or universality, referring to a complete set or collection of items or concepts.
Inflection: Plural, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative or Vocative
Synonyms: ΟΛΟΣ, ΑΠΑΣ
G4771
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Part of Speech: Personal Pronoun
Sounds like: soo
Translations: of you, your, yours
Notes: ΣΟΥ is the genitive singular form of the second-person personal pronoun 'you'. It indicates possession or relationship, similar to 'your' or 'of you' in English. It can be used to show that something belongs to the person being addressed, or to indicate the object of certain prepositions or verbs that take the genitive case.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, All genders
G1107
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: gno-ree-STHEE-seh-tai
Translations: will be known, will be made known, will be revealed
Notes: This word is a verb indicating that something will become known or will be revealed. It is in the future passive voice, meaning the subject will receive the action of being made known or revealed by someone or something else.
Inflection: Future, Passive, Indicative, 3rd Person, Singular
Synonyms: ΔΗΛΩΘΗΣΕΤΑΙ, ΦΑΝΕΡΩΘΗΣΕΤΑΙ
Etymology: The word ΓΝΩΡΙΖΩ comes from the Greek word γνῶσις (gnōsis), meaning 'knowledge', which itself is derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵneh₃-, meaning 'to know'.
G1588
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Part of Speech: Adjective
Sounds like: ek-LEK-toys
Translations: chosen, elect, selected, preferred
Notes: This word describes someone or something that has been chosen or selected, often implying a special status or favor. It is used to refer to individuals or groups who are set apart for a particular purpose or blessing. In a sentence, it would modify a noun, indicating that the noun possesses the quality of being chosen.
Inflection: Plural, Dative, Masculine or Neuter
Synonyms: ΕΚΛΕΓΟΜΕΝΟΙ, ΕΚΛΕΛΕΓΜΕΝΟΙ
G3956
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Part of Speech: Adjective
Sounds like: PAH-sin
Translations: to all, for all, with all, by all, in all
Notes: This word is an adjective meaning 'all' or 'every'. It is used to indicate totality or completeness, often modifying a noun to show that something applies to every member of a group or every part of a whole. In this dative plural form, it typically translates as 'to all', 'for all', 'with all', or 'in all', depending on the context.
Inflection: Plural, Dative, Masculine, Feminine or Neuter
Synonyms: ΟΛΟΣ, ΑΠΑΣ
G1125
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: grap-SEIS
Translations: you will write, you shall write
Notes: This word is a verb meaning 'to write'. It is used to indicate an action of writing that will happen in the future. For example, it can be used in commands or prophecies, such as 'you will write on the stones'.
Inflection: Second Person, Singular, Future, Active, Indicative
Synonyms: ΕΠΙΓΡΑΦΩ, ΚΑΤΑΓΡΑΦΩ
G1417
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Part of Speech: Numeral
Sounds like: DEE-oh
Translations: two
Notes: This word is a cardinal numeral meaning 'two'. It is used to indicate a quantity of two of something. It is indeclinable, meaning its form does not change regardless of gender, case, or number.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is cognate with English 'two'.
G0974
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: BEE-blah-ree-DEE-ah
Translations: little scrolls, small books, booklets
Notes: This word is the plural form of a diminutive noun, referring to small books or little scrolls. It emphasizes the small size or insignificance of the written material. It would be used in a sentence to describe multiple small written documents, similar to how one might use 'booklets' or 'pamphlets' in English.
Inflection: Plural, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative
Synonyms: ΒΙΒΛΙΑ, ΤΕΥΧΗ
G3992
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: PEM-pseess
Translations: you will send, you shall send
Notes: This word is a verb meaning 'to send' or 'to dispatch'. It is used to indicate an action of causing someone or something to go to a particular place or person. In this form, it refers to a future action performed by a single person, as in 'you will send'.
Inflection: Future, Active, Indicative, 2nd Person, Singular
Synonyms: ΑΠΟΣΤΕΛΛΩ, ΕΞΑΠΟΣΤΕΛΛΩ
G1722
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Part of Speech: Preposition
Sounds like: EN
Translations: in, on, among, with, by, at, into, to
Notes: This word is a common preposition in Koine Greek. Its primary meaning is 'in' or 'within,' indicating location, time, or state. It always takes the dative case. Depending on the context, it can also be translated as 'on,' 'among,' 'with' (indicating accompaniment or instrument), 'by' (indicating means or agent), or 'at.' Sometimes it can imply motion into a place, similar to 'into' or 'to,' especially when the context suggests movement towards a location where something then resides.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *en, meaning 'in' or 'into'. It is cognate with English 'in'.
G2812
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Part of Speech: Proper Noun
Sounds like: KLEH-men-tee
Translations: to Clement, for Clement
Notes: This is the name Clement, a common personal name in ancient times. It is used here in the dative case, indicating the recipient of an action, similar to saying 'to Clement' or 'for Clement' in English.
Inflection: Singular, Dative, Masculine
G1123
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Part of Speech: Adjective, Noun
Sounds like: grap-TEE
Translations: written, in writing, a writing, a letter
Notes: This word is an adjective meaning 'written' or 'in writing'. It describes something that has been put down in written form, as opposed to spoken or oral. It can also function as a noun, referring to a document, a letter, or any piece of writing. For example, it might be used to describe a written law, a written agreement, or a letter sent to someone.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΕΓΓΡΑΦΟΣ, ΒΙΒΛΙΟΝ, ΕΠΙΣΤΟΛΗ
Etymology: The word derives from the verb ΓΡΑΦΩ (grapho), meaning 'to write'. Its root is found in ancient Greek and is related to the act of inscribing or drawing.
G3992
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: PEM-pseh-ee
Translations: he will send, she will send, it will send, he will dispatch, she will dispatch, it will dispatch
Notes: This word means 'to send' or 'to dispatch' someone or something. It is used to indicate an action that will happen in the future, specifically that a third person (he, she, or it) will perform the action of sending.
Inflection: Third Person, Singular, Future, Active, Indicative
Synonyms: ΑΠΟΣΤΕΛΛΩ, ΕΞΑΠΟΣΤΕΛΛΩ
G2812
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Part of Speech: Proper Noun
Sounds like: KLEE-mays
Translations: Clement
Notes: This is a proper name, specifically a male personal name. It is the Greek form of the Latin name 'Clemens', meaning 'merciful' or 'gentle'. It refers to a specific individual, such as Clement of Rome, an early Christian leader.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative
Etymology: The name ΚΛΗΜΗΣ (Klēmēs) is derived from the Latin name Clemens, which means 'merciful' or 'gentle'. It was a common name in the Roman world.
G1519
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Part of Speech: Preposition
Sounds like: EES
Translations: into, to, for, unto, among, in, toward
Notes: This word is a preposition that primarily indicates motion towards or into something. It is always used with the accusative case, showing the destination or goal of an action. It can also express purpose, result, or the object of an action. For example, it is used to say 'go into the city' or 'believe into Christ'.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Etymology: The word ΕἸΣ comes from Proto-Indo-European *en-s, which is a locative adverb meaning 'in, into'. It is related to the English word 'in'.
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: TAS
Translations: the
Notes: ΤΑΣ is the definite article 'the' in Koine Greek. It is used to specify a particular noun, similar to 'the' in English. This specific form is used when the noun it modifies is feminine, plural, and in the accusative case, indicating the direct object of a verb or the object of certain prepositions.
Inflection: Feminine, Plural, Accusative
G1854
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Part of Speech: Adverb
Sounds like: EX-oh
Translations: outside, out, without, abroad
Notes: This word is an adverb meaning 'outside' or 'out'. It indicates a position or direction away from an interior or a boundary. It can be used to describe something that is physically located outside, or metaphorically, something that is excluded or beyond a certain limit.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΕΚΤΟΣ, ΕΞΩΘΕΝ
Etymology: From the preposition ἐκ (ek), meaning 'out of', and the suffix -ω, which forms adverbs of place. It denotes a position or movement from the inside to the outside.
G4172
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: PO-leess
Translations: cities, a city
Notes: This word refers to a city or a town. It is used to describe a populated area with buildings and infrastructure, often with a distinct political or administrative structure. In the provided context, it refers to multiple cities, specifically 'fortified cities'.
Inflection: Plural, Nominative or Accusative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΑΣΤΥ, ΚΩΜΗ
G1565
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Part of Speech: Demonstrative Pronoun, Adjective
Sounds like: eh-KAY-noh
Translations: to that, for that, with that, by that, that one
Notes: This word is a demonstrative pronoun or adjective, meaning 'that' or 'that one'. It is used to point out something or someone that is distant in space or time, or to refer back to something previously mentioned. In this form, it is in the dative case, indicating the indirect object or the means/instrument by which something is done. It often translates as 'to that', 'for that', or 'with that', depending on the context.
Inflection: Singular, Dative, Masculine or Neuter
Synonyms: ΟΥΤΟΣ, ΟΔΕ
G2010
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: eh-pee-TET-rap-tai
Translations: it has been permitted, it has been entrusted, it has been allowed, it has been committed
Notes: This word is a verb meaning 'it has been permitted' or 'it has been entrusted'. It describes an action that has been completed in the past and has ongoing results, indicating that permission or authority has been given to someone or something, or that a task or responsibility has been committed to them. It is often used impersonally, referring to a situation where something is allowed or assigned.
Inflection: Perfect, Indicative, Passive, Third Person Singular
Synonyms: ΔΙΔΩΜΙ, ΑΦΙΗΜΙ, ΕΞΕΣΤΙ
Etymology: From Ancient Greek ἐπιτρέπω (epitrépō), from ἐπί (epí, 'upon, to') + τρέπω (trépō, 'to turn'). The original sense was 'to turn over to', which evolved to 'to permit' or 'to entrust'.
G3560
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: noo-theh-TEH-see
Translations: he will admonish, he will warn, he will instruct, he will exhort
Notes: This word means to admonish, warn, or instruct someone, often with the implication of correcting their behavior or guiding them towards what is right. It can also mean to exhort or encourage. It is used to describe the act of giving counsel or advice, particularly with a moral or spiritual aim.
Inflection: Third Person Singular, Future Indicative, Active Voice
Synonyms: ΠΑΡΑΚΑΛΕΩ, ΔΙΔΑΣΚΩ, ΣΥΜΒΟΥΛΕΥΩ
G5503
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: KHEE-ras
Translations: of a widow, of the widow, a widow
Notes: This word refers to a woman whose husband has died and who has not remarried. It is used in the genitive case, indicating possession or relationship, often translated as 'of a widow' or 'belonging to a widow'.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Demonstrative Pronoun
Sounds like: TOOS
Translations: the, them, those
Notes: ΤΟΥΣ is the masculine plural accusative form of the definite article or demonstrative pronoun 'ὁ'. As an article, it functions like 'the' in English, specifying a noun that is already known or has been previously mentioned. As a pronoun, it means 'them' or 'those', referring to a group of masculine individuals or things in the accusative case, indicating they are the direct object of a verb or the object of a preposition.
Inflection: Plural, Accusative, Masculine
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *so- (demonstrative pronoun).
G3737
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Part of Speech: Noun, Adjective
Sounds like: or-fa-NOOS
Translations: orphans, fatherless, a fatherless person, desolate, an orphan
Notes: This word refers to someone who is fatherless, an orphan, or desolate. It can be used as a noun to mean 'an orphan' or 'a fatherless person', or as an adjective to describe someone as 'orphaned' or 'desolate'. In the provided examples, it is used in the plural accusative case, referring to 'orphans' as objects of an action.
Inflection: Plural, Accusative, Masculine
Synonyms: ΑΠΡΟΣΤΑΤΕΥΤΟΣ, ΕΡΗΜΟΣ
Etymology: The word ΟΡΦΑΝΟΣ comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *orbh-, meaning 'to change ownership, to be deprived'. It is related to Latin 'orbus' (bereaved, orphaned) and English 'orphan'.
G4771
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Part of Speech: Pronoun
Sounds like: soo
Translations: you
Notes: This word is a personal pronoun meaning 'you' (singular). It is used when addressing a single person directly, typically as the subject of a sentence. It can also be used emphatically to highlight the person being addressed.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Second Person
Etymology: The word 'ΣΥ' is an ancient Greek pronoun, tracing its origins back to Proto-Indo-European roots. It has been consistently used throughout various stages of the Greek language to refer to the second person singular.
G0320
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: ah-nah-GNO-see
Translations: reading, a reading
Notes: This word refers to the act of reading or a specific passage that is read. It is often used in the context of public reading of scripture or other texts.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Feminine
Synonyms: ἈΝΑΓΝΩΣΙΣ
Etymology: The word ἀνάγνωσις (anagnōsis) comes from the verb ἀναγιγνώσκω (anagignōskō), meaning 'to read, recognize', which is formed from ἀνά (ana, 'up, again') and γιγνώσκω (gignōskō, 'to know, perceive').
G4172
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: POH-lin
Translations: city, a city
Notes: The word 'πόλιν' is the accusative singular form of the noun 'πόλις', meaning 'city'. It refers to a populated place, typically larger than a village, with a defined administrative structure. As an accusative case, it functions as the direct object of a verb or the object of certain prepositions, indicating the destination or the object being acted upon. For example, one might 'go into the city' or 'see the city'.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine
Etymology: The word 'πόλις' comes from Proto-Indo-European, referring to a fortified place or citadel. It developed to mean a city-state in ancient Greece, encompassing both the physical settlement and its citizens.
G3326
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Part of Speech: Preposition, Adverb
Sounds like: MEH-tah
Translations: with, among, after, behind, afterward, besides
Notes: ΜΕΤΑ is a versatile word that functions as both a preposition and an adverb. As a preposition, its meaning depends on the case of the noun it governs: when followed by a genitive noun, it means 'with' or 'among', indicating association or presence; when followed by an accusative noun, it means 'after' or 'behind', indicating sequence or pursuit. As an adverb, it typically means 'afterward' or 'besides'. It is a very common word in Koine Greek.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΣΥΝ, ΟΠΙΣΩ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *met- 'in the middle, among, with'. It is cognate with English 'mid' and 'middle'.
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: TONE
Translations: of the
Notes: This word is the genitive plural form of the definite article 'the'. It functions to indicate possession, origin, or relationship for plural nouns, similar to 'of the' in English. It can precede nouns of any gender.
Inflection: Genitive, Plural, All Genders (Masculine, Feminine, Neuter)
G4245
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Part of Speech: Noun, Adjective
Sounds like: pres-by-TEH-ron
Translations: of elders, of older men, of presbyters, of older, of older ones
Notes: This word refers to older men, elders, or presbyters. It is often used in a religious or administrative context to denote leaders or respected individuals within a community, such as church elders or members of a council. It can also simply mean 'older' when used as an adjective.
Inflection: Plural, Genitive, Masculine
Synonyms: ΓΕΡΟΝΤΩΝ, ΠΡΟΕΣΤΩΤΩΝ
G4291
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Part of Speech: Participle
Sounds like: pro-ee-ta-MEH-non
Translations: of those leading, of those ruling, of those presiding over, of those managing, of those caring for
Notes: This word is a present middle/passive participle, genitive plural, derived from the verb προΐστημι (proïstēmi). It is a compound word formed from πρό (pro), meaning 'before' or 'in front of', and ἵστημι (histēmi), meaning 'to stand'. Thus, it literally means 'to stand before' or 'to stand in front of'. In practice, it refers to those who lead, rule, preside over, manage, or care for others or for something. It describes individuals in positions of authority or responsibility.
Inflection: Present, Middle/Passive, Participle, Genitive, Plural, All genders
Synonyms: ΗΓΟΥΜΕΝΩΝ, ΑΡΧΟΝΤΩΝ, ΕΠΙΜΕΛΟΥΜΕΝΩΝ
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: THAYS
Translations: of the
Notes: ΤΗΣ is the genitive, singular, feminine form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to indicate possession, origin, or relationship for feminine singular nouns. For example, 'the house of the woman' would use ΤΗΣ for 'of the woman'. It functions similarly to 'of the' in English.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine
Etymology: The Greek definite article 'Ο' (of which ΤΗΣ is an inflection) derives from a Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronoun root. It evolved to function as a definite article in ancient Greek, marking nouns as specific or previously mentioned.
G1577
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: ek-klee-SEE-as
Translations: of church, of assembly, of congregation
Notes: This word refers to a gathering or assembly of people, often with a religious or political purpose. In the New Testament, it commonly refers to the Christian church or a local congregation of believers. It is a compound word formed from 'ἐκ' (out of) and 'καλέω' (to call), meaning 'a calling out' or 'an assembly of those called out'.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine
Synonyms: ΣΥΝΑΓΩΓΗ, ΟΜΙΛΙΑ, ΠΛΗΘΟΣ
Etymology: The word ἘΚΚΛΗΣΙΑ is derived from the Greek preposition ἐκ (ek), meaning 'out of' or 'from', and the verb καλέω (kaleō), meaning 'to call'. It originally referred to an assembly of citizens called out from their homes for public business.
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