Ignatius’ Letter to the Romans Chapter 7, Interlinear version from Ignatius of Antioch (Beta)

Ignatius’ Letter to the Romans, Chapter 7

Interlinear version from Ignatius of Antioch (Beta)

7:1

Ο
- O
- the
ἈΡΧΩΝ
- ARCHŌN
- ruler
ΤΟΥ
- TOU
- of-the
ΑἸΩΝΟΣ
- AIŌNOS
- age
ΤΟΥΤΟΥ
- TOUTOU
- this
ΔΙΑΡΠΑΣΑΙ
- DIARPASAI
- to-plunder
ΜΕ
- ME
- me
ΒΟΥΛΕΤΑΙ
- BOULETAI
- wishes
ΚΑΙ
- KAI
- and
ΤΗΝ
- TĒN
- the
ΕἸΣ
- EIS
- to
ΘΕΟΝ
- THEON
- God
ΜΟΥ
- MOU
- my
ΓΝΩΜΗΝ
- GNŌMĒN
- purpose
ΔΙΑΦΘΕΙΡΑΙ
- DIAPHTHEIRAI
- to-corrupt
ΜΗΔΕΙΣ
- MĒDEIS
- no-one
ΟΥ̓Ν
- OUN
- therefore
ΤΩΝ
- TŌN
- of-the
ΠΑΡΟΝΤΩΝ
- PARONTŌN
- present
ΥΜΩΝ
- YMŌN
- of-you
ΒΟΗΘΕΙΤΩ
- BOĒTHEITŌ
- let-him-help
ΑΥ̓ΤΩ
- AUTŌ
- him
ΜΑΛΛΟΝ
- MALLON
- rather
ἘΜΟΥ
- EMOU
- of-me
ΓΙΝΕΣΘΕ
- GINESTHE
- become
ΤΟΥΤΕΣΤΙΝ
- TOUTESTIN
- that-is
ΤΟΥ
- TOU
- of-God
ΘΕΟΥ
- THEOU
- God
ΜΗ
- MĒ
- not
ΛΑΛΕΙΤΕ
- LALEITE
- speak
ἸΗΣΟΥΝ
- IĒSOUN
- Jesus
ΧΡΙΣΤΟΝ
- CHRISTON
- Anointed-One
ΚΟΣΜΟΝ
- KOSMON
- world
ΔΕ
- DE
- but
ἘΠΙΘΥΜΕΙΤΕ
- EPITHYMEITE
- desire

7:2

ΒΑΣΚΑΝΙΑ
- BASKANIA
- envy
ἘΝ
- EN
- in
ΥΜΙΝ
- YMIN
- to-you
ΜΗ
- MĒ
- not
ΚΑΤΟΙΚΕΙΤΩ
- KATOIKEITŌ
- let-it-dwell
ΜΗΔ
- MĒD
- nor
ἈΝ
- AN
- even
ἘΓΩ
- EGŌ
- I
ΠΑΡΩΝ
- PARŌN
- being-present
ΠΑΡΑΚΑΛΩ
- PARAKALŌ
- exhort
ΥΜΑΣ
- YMAS
- you
ΠΕΙΣΘΗΤΕ
- PEISTHĒTE
- be-persuaded
ΜΟΙ
- MOI
- to-me
ΤΟΥΤΟΙΣ
- TOUTOIS
- to-these
ΔΕ
- DE
- but
ΜΑΛΛΟΝ
- MALLON
- rather
ΠΕΙΣΘΗΤΕ
- PEISTHĒTE
- be-persuaded
ΟΙΣ
- OIS
- to-which
ΓΡΑΦΩ
- GRAPHŌ
- I-write
ΥΜΙΝ
- YMIN
- to-you
ΖΩΝ
- ZŌN
- living
ΓΑΡ
- GAR
- for
ἘΣΤΑΥΡΩΤΑΙ
- ESTAURŌTAI
- he-has-been-crucified
ΚΑΙ
- KAI
- and
ΟΥ̓Κ
- OUK
- not
ἘΣΤΙΝ
- ESTIN
- is
ἘΝ
- EN
- in
ἘΜΟΙ
- EMOI
- me
ΠΥΡ
- PYR
- fire
ΦΙΛΟΥΛΟΝ
- PHILOULON
- loving-strife
ΔΕΥΡΟ
- DEURO
- come-here
ΠΡΟΣ
- PROS
- to
ΤΟΝ
- TON
- the
ΠΑΤΕΡΑ
- PATERA
- Father

7:3

ΟΥ̓Χ
- OUCH
- not
ΗΔΟΜΑΙ
- ĒDOMAI
- I-delight
ΤΡΟΦΗ
- TROPHĒ
- in-food
ΘΕΛΩ
- THELŌ
- I-desire
Ο
- O
- that
ἘΣΤΙΝ
- ESTIN
- is
ΣΑΡΞ
- SARX
- flesh
ἸΗΣΟΥ
- IĒSOU
- of-Jesus
ΧΡΙΣΤΟΥ
- CHRISTOU
- Anointed-One
ΤΟΥ
- TOU
- the-one
ἘΚ
- EK
- from
ΣΠΕΡΜΑΤΟΣ
- SPERMATOS
- of-seed
ΔΑΥΕΙΔ
- DAUEID
- David
ΚΑΙ
- KAI
- and
ΠΟΜΑ
- POMA
- drink
ΘΕΛΩ
- THELŌ
- I-desire
ΤΟ
- TO
- the
ΑΙΜΑ
- AIMA
- blood
ΑΥ̓ΤΟΥ
- AUTOU
- of-him
Ο
- O
- that
ἘΣΤΙΝ
- ESTIN
- is
ἈΓΑΠΗ
- AGAPĒ
- love
ἈΦΘΑΡΤΟΣ
- APHTHARTOS
- imperishable

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Relative Pronoun, Letter

Sounds like: OH

Translations: the, who, which, O

Notes: Ο is primarily the masculine singular nominative form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to specify a noun, similar to 'the' in English. It can also function as a relative pronoun, meaning 'who' or 'which', introducing a relative clause. Additionally, 'Ο' is the fifteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, Omicron, which corresponds to the short 'o' sound.

Inflection: Masculine, Singular, Nominative (for the article/relative pronoun); Does not inflect (for the letter)

Etymology: The definite article 'Ο' derives from Proto-Indo-European. The letter 'Ο' (Omicron) is derived from the Phoenician letter 'ayin'.

G0758

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: AR-khone

Translations: ruler, a ruler, prince, chief, magistrate, official, leader

Notes: This word refers to a person in a position of authority or leadership. It can denote a ruler, a prince, a chief, or any high-ranking official or magistrate. It is used to describe someone who holds power or has a prominent role in a community or government.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine

Synonyms: ΗΓΕΜΩΝ, ΚΥΡΙΟΣ, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ

Etymology: From the verb ἄρχω (archō), meaning 'to rule, to begin'. It refers to one who is first or who leads.

G3588, G3778

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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Demonstrative Pronoun, Particle

Sounds like: too

Translations: of the, of him, of it, of this, to, in order to

Notes: This word is a form of the definite article 'the' or a demonstrative pronoun 'this/that'. It is most commonly used to indicate possession or relationship, translating as 'of the' or 'of him/it'. It can also be used before an infinitive verb to express purpose, meaning 'to' or 'in order to'.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine or Neuter

Etymology: The word 'Ο' (ho), from which 'ΤΟΥ' is derived, comes from Proto-Indo-European. It is an ancient word that has evolved to serve various grammatical functions in Greek.

G1283

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: dee-ar-PAH-sai

Translations: to plunder, to seize, to carry off, to rob, to spoil

Notes: This word means to plunder, seize, or carry off something by force. It implies a violent or forceful taking of possessions or people. It can be used in contexts where someone is robbed or spoils are taken in war.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΑΡΠΑΖΩ, ΣΚΥΛΕΥΩ, ΛΗΙΖΟΜΑΙ

Etymology: From διά (dia, 'through, thoroughly') and ἁρπάζω (harpazō, 'to seize, snatch'). It literally means 'to seize thoroughly' or 'to carry off completely'.

G2532

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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Adverb

Sounds like: kahee

Translations: and, also, even, but, then

Notes: ΚΑΙ is a very common conjunction in Koine Greek, primarily meaning 'and' to connect words, phrases, or clauses. It can also function as an adverb, emphasizing a word or phrase with meanings like 'also' or 'even'. In some contexts, it can introduce a contrast, similar to 'but', or indicate sequence, meaning 'then'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ΚΑΙ is an ancient particle, tracing its origins back to Proto-Indo-European. It has remained remarkably stable in form and function throughout the history of the Greek language.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: TANE

Translations: the

Notes: ΤΗΝ is the feminine singular accusative form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to specify a noun that is feminine in gender, singular in number, and in the accusative case, indicating it is the direct object of a verb or the object of certain prepositions. For example, it would be used before a feminine singular noun like 'πόλιν' (city) when 'city' is the direct object.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine

Etymology: The Koine Greek definite article derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. It evolved from an earlier demonstrative particle, becoming a grammatical marker for definiteness.

G1519

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: EES

Translations: into, to, for, unto, among, in, toward

Notes: This word is a preposition that primarily indicates motion towards or into something. It is always used with the accusative case, showing the destination or goal of an action. It can also express purpose, result, or the object of an action. For example, it is used to say 'go into the city' or 'believe into Christ'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ΕἸΣ comes from Proto-Indo-European *en-s, which is a locative adverb meaning 'in, into'. It is related to the English word 'in'.

G3767

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Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction, Adverb

Sounds like: OON

Translations: therefore, then, so, consequently, accordingly, now, indeed

Notes: This word is a particle used to indicate a logical consequence, transition, or emphasis. It often connects a statement to what precedes it, meaning 'therefore' or 'consequently'. It can also be used to introduce a new point or a summary, translated as 'then' or 'now'. In some contexts, it adds emphasis, meaning 'indeed' or 'certainly'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ἈΡΑ, ΔΕ, ΤΟΙΓΑΡΟΥ͂Ν

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *nu, meaning 'now' or 'then'. It is related to Latin 'nunc' (now) and English 'now'.

G0997

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: boh-ay-THAY-toh

Translations: let him help, he should help, may he help, let him assist, he should assist, may he assist

Notes: This word is a verb meaning "to help," "to assist," or "to come to the aid of." It is used to express a command or an exhortation for someone to provide assistance. For example, it could be used in a sentence like "Let him help the poor" or "He should assist his neighbor."

Inflection: Third person, Singular, Present, Active, Imperative

Synonyms: ΣΥΝΑΝΤΙΛΑΜΒΑΝΟΜΑΙ, ΕΠΙΚΟΥΡΕΩ

Etymology: The word βοήθεια (boētheia) means "help" or "aid," and the verb βοήθειν (boēthein) means "to help." It is a compound word derived from βοή (boē), meaning "a cry, a shout" (especially for help), and θέω (theō), meaning "to run." Thus, it literally means "to run to a cry for help."

G0846

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Part of Speech: Pronoun

Sounds like: ow-TOH

Translations: (to) him, (to) her, (to) it, (to) himself, (to) herself, (to) itself

Notes: This word is the dative singular form of the pronoun 'ΑΥ̓ΤΟΣ'. It functions as a personal pronoun meaning 'him', 'her', or 'it' when used as an indirect object, often translated with 'to' or 'for'. It can also function as an intensive pronoun meaning 'himself', 'herself', or 'itself', emphasizing the subject. In some contexts, especially with the definite article, it can act as a demonstrative pronoun meaning 'the same'. Its usage depends heavily on the surrounding context.

Inflection: Singular, Dative, Masculine or Feminine or Neuter

G3123

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Part of Speech: Adverb

Sounds like: MAHL-lon

Translations: more, rather, much more, especially

Notes: This word is a comparative adverb meaning 'more' or 'rather'. It is used to indicate a preference, a greater degree, or an intensification of something. It often appears in contexts where a comparison is being made, suggesting that one thing is true to a greater extent than another, or that one action is preferred over another. For example, it can mean 'more' in terms of quantity or intensity, or 'rather' when expressing a choice or preference.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΠΛΕΟΝ, ΜΑΛΙΣΤΑ

Etymology: ΜΑΛΛΟΝ is a comparative adverb derived from an obsolete positive form related to the concept of 'much' or 'very'. It functions as the comparative degree of this implied positive.

G1096

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: GHEE-nes-theh

Translations: be, become, come to pass, happen, arise, be made, be done

Notes: This verb means 'to be,' 'to become,' 'to come into existence,' or 'to happen.' It is often used to describe a change of state or a process, rather than a static condition. It can also mean 'to be made' or 'to be done' when used in the passive voice. In the imperative mood, as in 'ΓΙΝΕΣΘΕ', it functions as a command or exhortation, telling someone to 'be' or 'become' something.

Inflection: Present, Middle/Passive, Imperative, 2nd Person, Plural

Synonyms: ΕΙΜΙ, ΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ, ΤΙΘΗΜΙ

G3361

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Part of Speech: Particle, Adverb

Sounds like: MAY

Translations: not, lest, no, do not

Notes: ΜΗ is a negative particle used in Koine Greek to express a subjective negation. It is typically used with non-indicative moods (like the subjunctive, imperative, infinitive, or participle) to express prohibition, a condition, or a denial of something that is wished for or imagined. For example, it is used in commands like 'do not do this' or in clauses expressing fear or purpose, such as 'lest something happen'. It contrasts with 'οὐ' (ou), which negates objective facts.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ΜΗ comes from Proto-Indo-European. It is an ancient negative particle that has been present in various forms across Indo-European languages.

G2980

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: lah-LEH-ee-teh

Translations: speak, talk, say

Notes: This word means to speak, talk, or say. It often refers to the act of uttering sounds or words, and can sometimes imply informal or casual speech. It is also used in contexts of divine utterance or speaking in tongues. As an imperative, it functions as a command or instruction to speak.

Inflection: Present, Active, Imperative, Second Person Plural

Synonyms: ΛΕΓΩ, ΦΩΝΕΩ, ΕΙΠΕ

Etymology: The word is of imitative origin, likely derived from the sound of babbling or chattering. It is related to the English word 'lall' (to babble).

G2424

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Part of Speech: Proper Noun

Sounds like: ee-ay-SOON

Translations: Jesus, Joshua

Notes: This is a proper name, the Greek form of the Hebrew name 'Joshua'. It refers primarily to Jesus Christ, the central figure of Christianity. It can also refer to other individuals named Joshua in the Old Testament or other historical figures. In a sentence, it functions as the direct object of a verb or the object of a preposition.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Masculine

Etymology: The Greek name ἸΗΣΟΥΣ (Iēsous) is a transliteration of the Hebrew name יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (Yehoshua), meaning 'Yahweh is salvation' or 'Yahweh saves'.

G5547

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: KHRIS-ton

Translations: Christ, the Christ, Anointed One, the Anointed One

Notes: This word refers to the 'Anointed One' or 'Messiah'. In the New Testament, it is primarily used as a title for Jesus, signifying his role as the promised deliverer. It is often used with the definite article 'the' (the Christ) or as a proper name (Christ). As an accusative form, it would typically function as the direct object of a verb or the object of certain prepositions.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Masculine

Synonyms: ΜΕΣΣΙΑΣ, ΚΥΡΙΟΣ

G2889

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: KOS-mon

Translations: world, a world, universe, an universe, adornment, an adornment, order, an order

Notes: This word refers to the world, the universe, or the created order. It can also mean adornment, decoration, or arrangement. In the New Testament, it often refers to humanity or the sinful world system, but can also refer to the physical world. As an accusative noun, it typically functions as the direct object of a verb or the object of certain prepositions.

Inflection: Singular, Masculine, Accusative

Synonyms: ΟΙΚΟΥΜΕΝΗ, ΑΙΩΝ

G1161

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Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction

Sounds like: DEH

Translations: but, and, now, then, moreover, however

Notes: ΔΕ is a common Koine Greek particle or conjunction used to connect clauses or sentences. It often indicates a transition, a contrast, or a continuation of thought. It can be translated in various ways depending on the context, such as 'but' when indicating opposition, 'and' when simply continuing a narrative, or 'now'/'then' when marking a new point or development.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΚΑΙ, ΑΛΛΑ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'and' or 'but'. It is an ancient particle used to connect ideas or introduce new information.

G0940

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: bas-ka-NEE-ah

Translations: envy, a charm, a spell, an evil eye

Notes: This word refers to envy, especially a malicious envy that can cause harm or misfortune to others. It can also denote a charm or spell, or the concept of the 'evil eye,' where a malevolent gaze is believed to inflict harm. It is typically used to describe a negative emotion or a harmful influence.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΦΘΟΝΟΣ, ΖΗΛΟΣ

Etymology: From the verb βασκαίνω (baskainō), meaning 'to slander, to bewitch, to envy.' The root is likely related to words implying speaking ill or casting a spell.

G1722

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: en

Translations: in, on, among, with, by, at

Notes: This word is a common preposition in Koine Greek, primarily meaning 'in' or 'on'. It typically governs the dative case, indicating location, time, or means. Its precise translation can vary depending on the context, often conveying ideas like 'within,' 'among,' or 'by means of'.

Inflection: Does not inflect (as a preposition, it governs cases but does not change its own form).

Etymology: The Koine Greek preposition 'ἘΝ' derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *en, meaning 'in' or 'into'. It has cognates in many other Indo-European languages, reflecting its ancient origin.

G3361, G3366

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Part of Speech: Adverb, Conjunction

Sounds like: MAYD

Translations: not, lest, neither, nor, not even

Notes: This word is a negative particle used to express prohibition, a negative condition, or a negative wish. It often appears in conjunction with other words, such as in the compound word 'μηδέ' (neither, nor, not even) or 'μηδαμῶς' (by no means). It is used with the subjunctive mood to forbid an action or express a negative purpose. It can also indicate a negative consequence or a fear that something might happen.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΟΥ, ΟΥΚ, ΟΥΧ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *meh₂- (not). It is a primary negative particle, expressing a subjective or conditional negation.

G0302

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Part of Speech: Particle

Sounds like: AHN

Translations: if, ever, might, would, should

Notes: This word is a particle used to express contingency, possibility, or potentiality. It does not have a direct English equivalent but modifies the meaning of the verb it accompanies, often indicating that an action is dependent on a condition or is hypothetical. It is frequently used with the subjunctive or optative moods to form conditional clauses or express indefinite temporal or relative clauses.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The origin of this particle is uncertain, but it is believed to be an ancient particle in Greek, possibly related to the concept of 'on' or 'up' in some contexts, though its primary function became conditional.

G1473

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Part of Speech: Pronoun

Sounds like: eh-GOH

Translations: I, me

Notes: ἘΓΩ is the first-person singular personal pronoun in Koine Greek, meaning "I" or "me." It refers to the speaker and functions primarily as the subject of a sentence. While the first-person singular verb ending often makes the pronoun redundant, ἘΓΩ is frequently used for emphasis, similar to saying "I myself" or "even I" in English. It can also be used to clarify the subject when multiple individuals are involved.

Inflection: First Person, Singular, Nominative

Etymology: This word is an ancient pronoun, tracing its origins back to Proto-Indo-European. It has cognates in many Indo-European languages, reflecting a shared linguistic heritage.

G3918

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Part of Speech: Adjective, Noun

Sounds like: pa-RON

Translations: present, being present, at hand, here, one who is present, a present one

Notes: This word is the masculine singular nominative present active participle of the verb 'πάρειμι' (pareimi), meaning 'to be present' or 'to be at hand'. As a participle, it describes someone or something that is currently present or existing in a particular place or time. It can function adjectivally, modifying a noun (e.g., 'the present man'), or substantively, acting as a noun itself (e.g., 'the one who is present').

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine, Present Active Participle

Synonyms: ΕΝΩΝ, ΕΝΔΗΜΩΝ

Etymology: The word 'πάρειμι' is a compound word formed from the preposition 'παρά' (para), meaning 'beside' or 'alongside', and the verb 'εἰμί' (eimi), meaning 'to be'. Thus, it literally means 'to be alongside' or 'to be present'.

G3982

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: pay-STHAY-teh

Translations: obey, be persuaded, believe, yield, be convinced

Notes: This word is an imperative verb, meaning 'obey!' or 'be persuaded!'. It is used to give a command or exhortation to a group of people to be convinced of something, to trust, or to obey. It implies a change of mind or action based on conviction or influence.

Inflection: Aorist, Passive, Imperative, 2nd Person Plural

Synonyms: ΥΠΑΚΟΥΩ, ΠΕΙΘΑΡΧΕΩ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *bheidʰ- ('to compel, to persuade'). In Koine Greek, it refers to being persuaded or obeying.

G5124

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Part of Speech: Pronoun, Adjective

Sounds like: TOO-toys

Translations: (to) these, (for) these, (with) these, (by) these

Notes: This word is the dative plural form of the demonstrative pronoun/adjective meaning 'this' or 'that'. It points to something specific, indicating 'these things' or 'these people'. As a dative case, it often indicates the indirect object of a verb, the recipient of an action, or the means/instrument by which something is done. It can be translated as 'to these', 'for these', 'with these', or 'by these', depending on the context.

Inflection: Dative, Plural, All genders (Masculine, Feminine, Neuter)

Synonyms: ΟΥ͂ΤΟΙ, ἘΚΕΊΝΟΙΣ

G3739

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Part of Speech: Pronoun

Sounds like: OYS

Translations: to whom, to which, to what

Notes: This word is a relative pronoun, meaning 'to whom', 'to which', or 'to what'. It is used to introduce a relative clause, connecting it to a noun or pronoun in the main clause. It indicates the indirect object of the verb in the relative clause, showing to whom or to what an action is directed. It can refer to people or things and is used for all genders.

Inflection: Dative, Plural, All genders

Synonyms: ΤΙΣ, ὉΠΟΙΟΣ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is related to the demonstrative pronoun and is a common form for relative pronouns across Indo-European languages.

G1125

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: GRA-foh

Translations: I write, I draw, I record, I inscribe

Notes: This verb means 'to write' or 'to draw'. It is commonly used to describe the act of putting words or symbols onto a surface, such as paper or a tablet. It can also refer to the act of recording information or composing a text.

Inflection: Present, Active, Indicative, First Person Singular

Synonyms: ΕΓΓΡΑΦΩ, ΚΑΤΑΓΡΑΦΩ, ΑΝΑΓΡΑΦΩ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *gerbh- 'to scratch, to carve'. In ancient Greek, it evolved to mean 'to scratch, to draw, to write'.

G2198

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Part of Speech: Verb, Adjective, Noun

Sounds like: ZOHN

Translations: living, alive, a living one, the living one

Notes: This word is the present active participle of the verb 'ζάω' (zaō), meaning 'to live'. It describes someone or something that is currently living or alive. It can function as an adjective, modifying a noun (e.g., 'the living God'), or as a noun itself, referring to 'a living one' or 'the living one'.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine, Present Active Participle

Synonyms: ΕΜΨΥΧΟΣ, ΕΝΕΡΓΗΣ

Etymology: The word 'ζάω' (zaō) comes from a Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'to live'. It is related to words in other Indo-European languages that also refer to life or living.

G1063

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Part of Speech: Particle

Sounds like: gar

Translations: for, because, indeed, then, therefore

Notes: This word is a postpositive particle, meaning it typically appears second in a clause. It introduces a reason, explanation, or confirmation for what has just been stated. It can also indicate a logical consequence or a transition in thought, often translated as 'for' or 'because'. In some contexts, it can simply add emphasis or affirm a statement.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΔΙΟΤΙ, ΕΠΕΙ, ΟΥΝ

Etymology: The particle ΓΑΡ is believed to be a contraction of the particles γε (ge) meaning 'indeed' or 'at least' and ἄρα (ara) meaning 'then' or 'therefore'. It has been in use since ancient Greek.

G3756

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Part of Speech: Adverb, Particle

Sounds like: OOK

Translations: not, no

Notes: This word is a negative particle used to express absolute negation. It typically precedes verbs, adjectives, or adverbs to deny or contradict a statement. It is used when the negation is a statement of fact, as opposed to a hypothetical or willed negation. It has variant forms like οὐ (ou) before a consonant and οὐχ (ouch) before a rough breathing.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΜΉ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'not'. It is an ancient negative particle found in various Indo-European languages.

G4314

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: PROSS

Translations: to, toward, with, against, for, at, near, by, in relation to

Notes: This is a common and versatile preposition in Koine Greek. It indicates direction, relation, or purpose, and its precise meaning often depends on the case of the noun it governs. For example, with the accusative case, it typically means 'to' or 'toward' (indicating motion or direction), 'against' (indicating opposition), or 'in relation to'. With the genitive case, it can mean 'from' (indicating origin or source) or 'in the presence of'. With the dative case, it can mean 'at' or 'near' (indicating proximity). It is used to express a wide range of relationships between actions, objects, and people.

Inflection: Does not inflect, but governs various cases (accusative, genitive, dative).

Synonyms: ΕΙΣ, ΕΠΙ, ΠΑΡΑ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'forward, toward'. It is related to other words indicating movement or direction.

G2237

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: HAY-doh-my

Translations: to be pleased, to delight in, to take pleasure in, to enjoy

Notes: This verb means to be pleased, to delight in, or to take pleasure in something. It often implies a strong sense of enjoyment or satisfaction. It is typically used with a dative case object, indicating what one takes pleasure in.

Inflection: Present, Middle/Passive, Indicative, First Person Singular

Synonyms: ΧΑΙΡΩ, ΕΥΦΡΑΙΝΩ

Etymology: From the root of HĒDYS (sweet, pleasant), meaning to be sweet to oneself, hence to take pleasure. It is related to the concept of pleasure and delight.

G2309

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: THEH-loh

Translations: to wish, to want, to desire, to will, to intend, to be willing

Notes: This verb expresses a desire, intention, or willingness to do something. It can be used to indicate a strong personal wish or a divine will. It often takes an infinitive to complete its meaning, indicating what is wished or willed.

Inflection: Present, Active, Indicative, First Person Singular

Synonyms: ΒΟΥΛΟΜΑΙ, ΕΠΙΘΥΜΩ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *gʷhelh₁- (to want, wish). It is related to the English word 'will' (as in 'free will').

G4561

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: SARX

Translations: flesh, a flesh, body, a body, human nature, a human nature, mankind, a mankind

Notes: This word refers to flesh, the physical body, or human nature. In a broader sense, it can also refer to humanity or mankind. It is often used to contrast the physical, earthly aspect of existence with the spiritual.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΣΩΜΑ, ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΣ

Etymology: The word ΣΑΡΞ (sarx) is of uncertain origin, possibly pre-Greek. It has cognates in other Indo-European languages, but its precise etymological root is not definitively established.

G5547

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: khri-STOO

Translations: of Christ, of the Anointed One, of the Messiah

Notes: This word is the genitive singular form of 'ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ' (Christos), meaning 'Anointed One' or 'Messiah'. It refers to the one chosen and consecrated by God, particularly Jesus. As a genitive case, 'ΧΡΙΣΤΟΥ' indicates possession, origin, or relationship, often translated as 'of Christ' or 'belonging to Christ'. It can be used to describe something that pertains to Christ or is from Christ.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine

Synonyms: ΜΕΣΣΙΑΣ, ΕΚΛΕΚΤΟΣ

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: toh

Translations: the

Notes: ΤΟ is the neuter singular form of the definite article 'the' in Koine Greek. It is used to specify a noun, much like 'the' in English. It can function as both the subject (nominative case) or the direct object (accusative case) of a sentence when referring to a neuter singular noun.

Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative

Etymology: The Greek definite article, including ΤΟ, derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. Its forms developed to agree in gender, number, and case with the nouns they modify.

G0026

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: ah-GAH-pay

Translations: love, a love, charity

Notes: This word refers to a deep, unconditional, and benevolent love, often used in a spiritual or divine sense. It is a selfless and sacrificial love, distinct from other forms of love like eros (romantic love) or philia (friendship love). It can be used to describe God's love for humanity, or the love that believers should have for God and for one another.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΦΙΛΙΑ, ΕΡΩΣ

Etymology: The origin of this word is uncertain, but it is thought to be pre-Greek. It gained prominence in Koine Greek, particularly in the Septuagint and New Testament, where it was chosen to translate the Hebrew word 'ahavah' and to describe a specific kind of divine and selfless love.

G0862

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: af-THAR-tos

Translations: incorruptible, immortal, imperishable, undecaying

Notes: This word describes something that is not subject to decay, corruption, or destruction. It signifies an enduring, unchangeable quality, often used in a spiritual or theological context to refer to things that are eternal or divine. It is a compound word formed from the negative prefix 'ἀ-' (a-, meaning 'not') and 'φθαρτός' (phthartos, meaning 'corruptible' or 'perishable').

Inflection: Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter; Nominative, Accusative, or Vocative; Singular or Plural

Synonyms: ΑΘΑΝΑΤΟΣ, ΑΚΑΤΑΛΥΤΟΣ, ΑΙΩΝΙΟΣ

Etymology: The word is a compound of the privative alpha (ἀ-) meaning 'not' or 'un-', and φθαρτός (phthartos), meaning 'corruptible' or 'perishable'. Φθαρτός itself comes from φθείρω (phtheirō), meaning 'to corrupt, destroy, or decay'. Thus, it literally means 'not corruptible'.

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