Martyrdom of Polycarp Chapter 4, Interlinear version from Polycarp of Smyrna (Beta)

Martyrdom of Polycarp, Chapter 4

Interlinear version from Polycarp of Smyrna (Beta)

4:1

ΕἸΣ
- EIS
- to
ΔΕ
- DE
- now
ὈΝΟΜΑΤΙ
- ONOMATI
- to-name
ΚΟΙΝΤΟΣ
- KOINTOS
- Quintus
ΦΡΥΞ
- PHRYX
- Phrygian
ΠΡΟΣΦΑΤΩΣ
- PROSPHATŌS
- recently
ἘΛΗΛΥΘΩΣ
- ELĒLYTHŌS
- having-come
ἈΠΟ
- APO
- from
ΤΗΣ
- TĒS
- the
ΦΡΥΓΙΑΣ
- PHRYGIAS
- Phrygia
ἸΔΩΝ
- IDŌN
- seeing
ΤΑ
- TA
- the
ΘΗΡΙΑ
- THĒRIA
- wild-beasts
ἘΔΕΙΛΙΑΣΕΝ
- EDEILIASEN
- he-became-fearful
ΟΥΤΟΣ
- OUTOS
- this-one
ΔΕ
- DE
- now
ἨΝ
- ĒN
- was
Ο
- O
- the
ΠΑΡΑΒΙΑΣΑΜΕΝΟΣ
- PARABIASAMENOS
- having-forced
ΕΑΥΤΟΝ
- EAUTON
- himself
ΤΕ
- TE
- and
ΚΑΙ
- KAI
- and
ΤΙΝΑΣ
- TINAS
- some
ΠΡΟΣΕΛΘΕΙΝ
- PROSELTHEIN
- to-come-forward
ΕΚΟΝΤΑΣ
- EKONTAS
- willingly
ΤΟΥΤΟΝ
- TOUTON
- this-one
Ο
- O
- the
ἈΝΘΥΠΑΤΟΣ
- ANTHYPATOS
- proconsul
ΠΟΛΛΑ
- POLLA
- much
ἘΚΛΙΠΑΡΗΣΑΣ
- EKLIPARĒSAS
- having-pleaded
ἘΠΕΙΣΕΝ
- EPEISEN
- persuaded
ὈΜΟΣΑΙ
- OMOSAI
- to-swear
ΚΑΙ
- KAI
- and
ἘΠΙΘΥΣΑΙ
- EPITHYSAI
- to-sacrifice
ΔΙΑ
- DIA
- because-of
ΤΟΥΤΟ
- TOUTO
- this
ΟΥ̓Ν
- OUN
- therefore
ἈΔΕΛΦΟΙ
- ADELPHOI
- brothers
ΟΥ̓Κ
- OUK
- not
ἘΠΑΙΝΟΥΜΕΝ
- EPAINOUMEN
- we-praise
ΤΟΥΣ
- TOUS
- the
ΠΡΟΔΙΔΟΝΤΑΣ
- PRODIDONTAS
- betraying
ΕΑΥΤΟΥΣ
- EAUTOUS
- themselves
ἘΠΕΙΔΗ
- EPEIDĒ
- because
ΟΥ̓Χ
- OUCH
- not
ΟΥΤΩΣ
- OUTŌS
- thus
ΔΙΔΑΣΚΕΙ
- DIDASKEI
- teaches
ΤΟ
- TO
- the
ΕΥ̓ΑΓΓΕΛΙΟΝ
- EUAGGELION
- good-message

G1519

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: EES

Translations: into, to, for, unto, among, in, toward

Notes: This word is a preposition that primarily indicates motion towards or into something. It is always used with the accusative case, showing the destination or goal of an action. It can also express purpose, result, or the object of an action. For example, it is used to say 'go into the city' or 'believe into Christ'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ΕἸΣ comes from Proto-Indo-European *en-s, which is a locative adverb meaning 'in, into'. It is related to the English word 'in'.

G1161

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Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction

Sounds like: DEH

Translations: but, and, now, then, moreover, however

Notes: ΔΕ is a common Koine Greek particle or conjunction used to connect clauses or sentences. It often indicates a transition, a contrast, or a continuation of thought. It can be translated in various ways depending on the context, such as 'but' when indicating opposition, 'and' when simply continuing a narrative, or 'now'/'then' when marking a new point or development.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΚΑΙ, ΑΛΛΑ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'and' or 'but'. It is an ancient particle used to connect ideas or introduce new information.

G4373

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Part of Speech: Adverb

Sounds like: pros-FAH-tohs

Translations: recently, lately, newly, just now

Notes: This word is an adverb meaning 'recently' or 'newly'. It is used to describe an action or event that has occurred a short time before the moment of speaking or the time being referred to. It indicates a fresh or new state of affairs.

Inflection: Does not inflect (adverbial form)

Synonyms: ΝΕΩΣΤΙ, ΑΡΤΙ

Etymology: The word ΠΡΟΣΦΑΤΩΣ is derived from the adjective ΠΡΟΣΦΑΤΟΣ (prosphatos), meaning 'new, fresh'. This adjective is a compound of πρός (pros), meaning 'to, toward', and a form related to φάος (phaos) or φημί (phēmi), suggesting something 'just spoken' or 'just appeared'.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: THAYS

Translations: of the

Notes: ΤΗΣ is the genitive, singular, feminine form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to indicate possession, origin, or relationship for feminine singular nouns. For example, 'the house of the woman' would use ΤΗΣ for 'of the woman'. It functions similarly to 'of the' in English.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine

Etymology: The Greek definite article 'Ο' (of which ΤΗΣ is an inflection) derives from a Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronoun root. It evolved to function as a definite article in ancient Greek, marking nouns as specific or previously mentioned.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: TAH

Translations: the

Notes: ΤΑ is the neuter plural form of the definite article in Koine Greek. It functions similarly to 'the' in English, indicating that a noun is definite or previously mentioned. It agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies, and in this form, it can be used for both nominative (subject) and accusative (direct object) cases.

Inflection: Neuter, Plural, Nominative or Accusative

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is a demonstrative pronoun that evolved into a definite article in Greek.

G1167

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eh-DEI-lee-ah-sen

Translations: he was afraid, she was afraid, it was afraid, he became afraid, she became afraid, it became afraid, he showed cowardice, she showed cowardice, it showed cowardice

Notes: This word is a verb meaning 'to be afraid,' 'to be cowardly,' or 'to show cowardice.' It is used to describe someone who experienced fear or acted in a timid manner. In this form, it indicates an action that happened in the past, specifically a completed action.

Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Active, 3rd Person Singular

Synonyms: ΦΟΒΕΟΜΑΙ, ΔΕΙΔΩ

Etymology: The word ΔΕΙΛΙΑΩ comes from the Greek word δειλός (deilos), meaning 'cowardly' or 'wretched.'

G3778

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Part of Speech: Pronoun, Adjective

Sounds like: OO-tos

Translations: this, that, he, she, it, these, those, this one, that one

Notes: This word is a demonstrative pronoun, meaning 'this' or 'that'. It is used to point out something or someone that is near, or has just been mentioned. It can function as a substantive (e.g., 'he', 'she', 'it', 'this one') or as an adjective modifying a noun (e.g., 'this man', 'these things'). It often refers to something immediately present or recently discussed in the discourse.

Inflection: Masculine, Nominative, Singular

Synonyms: ΕΚΕΙΝΟΣ, ΟΔΕ

Etymology: The word ΟΥΤΟΣ is of uncertain origin, but it is thought to be an ancient demonstrative pronoun in Greek, possibly related to other Indo-European demonstratives.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Relative Pronoun, Letter

Sounds like: OH

Translations: the, who, which, O

Notes: Ο is primarily the masculine singular nominative form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to specify a noun, similar to 'the' in English. It can also function as a relative pronoun, meaning 'who' or 'which', introducing a relative clause. Additionally, 'Ο' is the fifteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, Omicron, which corresponds to the short 'o' sound.

Inflection: Masculine, Singular, Nominative (for the article/relative pronoun); Does not inflect (for the letter)

Etymology: The definite article 'Ο' derives from Proto-Indo-European. The letter 'Ο' (Omicron) is derived from the Phoenician letter 'ayin'.

G5037

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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Particle

Sounds like: TEH

Translations: and, both, also, even, then, so, indeed

Notes: This word is a postpositive particle, meaning it typically appears after the word it modifies or connects. It functions as a conjunction, often translated as 'and' or 'both...and', connecting words, phrases, or clauses. It can also add emphasis or indicate a consequence, sometimes translated as 'also' or 'even'. When used in pairs (τε...τε or τε...καί), it means 'both...and'. It is less emphatic than 'καί' (kai) and often implies a closer connection or a more natural pairing between the elements it joins.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΚΑΙ, ΔΕ, ΑΛΛΑ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *kʷe, a clitic particle meaning 'and'. It is cognate with Latin -que and Sanskrit ca.

G2532

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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Adverb

Sounds like: kahee

Translations: and, also, even, but, then

Notes: ΚΑΙ is a very common conjunction in Koine Greek, primarily meaning 'and' to connect words, phrases, or clauses. It can also function as an adverb, emphasizing a word or phrase with meanings like 'also' or 'even'. In some contexts, it can introduce a contrast, similar to 'but', or indicate sequence, meaning 'then'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ΚΑΙ is an ancient particle, tracing its origins back to Proto-Indo-European. It has remained remarkably stable in form and function throughout the history of the Greek language.

G5100

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Part of Speech: Pronoun, Adjective

Sounds like: TEE-nas

Translations: who, what, some, any, some people, any people, some things, any things

Notes: ΤΙΝΑΣ is an inflected form of the pronoun/adjective ΤΙΣ. It serves as both an interrogative (asking 'who?' or 'what?') and an indefinite (meaning 'someone,' 'something,' 'some,' or 'any'). In this form, it is the masculine or feminine, plural, accusative case. It can be used to ask about the identity of multiple people or things, or to refer to an unspecified group of people or things.

Inflection: Plural, Accusative, Masculine or Feminine

G4334

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: pros-el-THAYN

Translations: to come to, to approach, to go to, to draw near, to appear before

Notes: ΠΡΟΣΕΛΘΕΙΝ is the aorist infinitive form of the verb προσέρχομαι (proserchomai), which is a compound word formed from the preposition πρός (pros, meaning 'to' or 'towards') and the verb ἔρχομαι (erchomai, meaning 'to come' or 'to go'). It signifies the action of moving towards or approaching someone or something, often with the intention of interacting, presenting oneself, or engaging. It can be used in various contexts, such as approaching a person, a place, or even a concept like God or a king.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΕΓΓΙΖΩ, ΠΛΗΣΙΑΖΩ, ΠΑΡΙΣΤΗΜΙ

Etymology: The word προσέρχομαι is a compound of the preposition πρός (pros), meaning 'to, towards, with', and the verb ἔρχομαι (erchomai), meaning 'to come, to go'. Its etymology reflects the directional movement implied by its meaning.

G3778

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Part of Speech: Demonstrative Pronoun, Demonstrative Adjective

Sounds like: TOO-ton

Translations: this, this one, him, it

Notes: This word is a demonstrative pronoun or adjective, used to point out something specific that is near in proximity, time, or thought, or something that has just been mentioned. As a pronoun, it can stand in for a noun, meaning 'this one' or 'him/it'. As an adjective, it modifies a noun, meaning 'this' (e.g., 'this house'). In this form, it is masculine singular and in the accusative case, meaning it functions as the direct object of a verb or the object of certain prepositions.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Masculine

Synonyms: ΟΔΕ, ΕΚΕΙΝΟΝ

G4183

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Part of Speech: Adjective, Adverb

Sounds like: POL-lah

Translations: much, many, great, abundant, often, greatly, many things

Notes: This word is an inflection of the adjective 'ΠΟΛΥΣ' (polys), meaning 'much' or 'many'. As an adjective, 'ΠΟΛΛΑ' typically functions as the neuter plural nominative or accusative, meaning 'many things' or 'much'. It can also function as an adverb, meaning 'often' or 'greatly'. It is used to indicate a large quantity or frequency.

Inflection: Neuter, Plural, Nominative or Accusative (of the adjective ΠΟΛΥΣ); or Adverb

Synonyms: ΠΛΕΙΩΝ, ΙΚΑΝΟΣ

G1635

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Part of Speech: Participle

Sounds like: ek-lee-pa-REE-sas

Translations: having earnestly implored, having besought, having pleaded

Notes: This word is an aorist active participle derived from the verb ἐκλιπαρέω. It describes someone who has earnestly implored, persistently entreated, or strongly pleaded. It is a compound word formed from ἐκ (out of, from) and λιπαρέω (to persist, to be importunate). It indicates a completed action of intense and persistent supplication.

Inflection: Aorist Active Participle, Masculine, Nominative, Singular

Synonyms: ΔΕΟΜΑΙ, ΠΑΡΑΚΑΛΕΩ, ΑΙΤΕΩ

Etymology: The verb ἐκλιπαρέω is a compound of the preposition ἐκ (ek), meaning 'out of' or 'from', and λιπαρέω (lipareō), meaning 'to persist', 'to be importunate', or 'to cling to'. The root λιπαρέω is related to λίπος (lipos), meaning 'fat' or 'oil', suggesting a sense of 'sticking fast' or 'persisting'.

G3982

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eh-PEI-sen

Translations: persuaded, convinced, prevailed upon

Notes: This word is the third person singular aorist active indicative form of the verb 'πείθω' (peithō), meaning 'to persuade' or 'to convince'. It describes an action that was completed in the past, where someone successfully convinced or prevailed upon another person or group to do something. It is often used in contexts where an argument or appeal leads to a change in someone's mind or actions.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Indicative, 3rd Person Singular

Synonyms: ΑΝΑΠΕΙΘΩ, ΠΑΡΑΠΕΙΘΩ

G1223

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: dee-AH

Translations: through, by, by means of, on account of, because of, for the sake of

Notes: This word is a preposition that can take two different cases, which changes its meaning. When used with the genitive case, it means 'through' or 'by means of', indicating the instrument or agency by which something is done. When used with the accusative case, it means 'on account of', 'because of', or 'for the sake of', indicating the cause or reason for something.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΕΚ, ΕΝΕΚΑ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'through' or 'apart'.

G3778

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Part of Speech: Demonstrative Pronoun, Demonstrative Adjective

Sounds like: TOO-toh

Translations: this, that, it, a this, a that

Notes: ΤΟΥΤΟ is a demonstrative pronoun or adjective in Koine Greek, meaning 'this' or 'that'. It is the neuter singular form and can function as either the nominative or accusative case. As a pronoun, it refers to a specific thing or concept, often pointing it out. As an adjective, it modifies a neuter singular noun, indicating 'this' or 'that' particular noun. For example, it might be used in phrases like 'this thing' or 'that matter'.

Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative

Synonyms: ΑΥΤΟΣ, ΕΚΕΙΝΟΣ

Etymology: The word ΟΥΤΟΣ (houtos) is a demonstrative pronoun in Koine Greek, meaning 'this' or 'that'. Its origin is ancient, deriving from Proto-Indo-European roots that conveyed the idea of proximity or pointing.

G3767

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Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction, Adverb

Sounds like: OON

Translations: therefore, then, so, consequently, accordingly, now, indeed

Notes: This word is a particle used to indicate a logical consequence, transition, or emphasis. It often connects a statement to what precedes it, meaning 'therefore' or 'consequently'. It can also be used to introduce a new point or a summary, translated as 'then' or 'now'. In some contexts, it adds emphasis, meaning 'indeed' or 'certainly'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ἈΡΑ, ΔΕ, ΤΟΙΓΑΡΟΥ͂Ν

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *nu, meaning 'now' or 'then'. It is related to Latin 'nunc' (now) and English 'now'.

G3756

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Part of Speech: Adverb, Particle

Sounds like: OOK

Translations: not, no

Notes: This word is a negative particle used to express absolute negation. It typically precedes verbs, adjectives, or adverbs to deny or contradict a statement. It is used when the negation is a statement of fact, as opposed to a hypothetical or willed negation. It has variant forms like οὐ (ou) before a consonant and οὐχ (ouch) before a rough breathing.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΜΉ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'not'. It is an ancient negative particle found in various Indo-European languages.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Demonstrative Pronoun

Sounds like: TOOS

Translations: the, them, those

Notes: ΤΟΥΣ is the masculine plural accusative form of the definite article or demonstrative pronoun 'ὁ'. As an article, it functions like 'the' in English, specifying a noun that is already known or has been previously mentioned. As a pronoun, it means 'them' or 'those', referring to a group of masculine individuals or things in the accusative case, indicating they are the direct object of a verb or the object of a preposition.

Inflection: Plural, Accusative, Masculine

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *so- (demonstrative pronoun).

G4270

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Part of Speech: Participle

Sounds like: pro-dee-DON-tas

Translations: betraying, giving up, handing over, delivering up

Notes: This word is a compound participle derived from 'πρό' (before, forth) and 'δίδωμι' (to give). It means to give something or someone over, often with the implication of betrayal or abandonment. It can describe the act of delivering someone into the hands of an enemy, or giving up a possession or right. It is used to describe someone who is in the act of betraying or handing over.

Inflection: Present Active Participle, Accusative Plural, Masculine

Synonyms: ΠΑΡΑΔΙΔΩΜΙ, ΕΚΔΙΔΩΜΙ

Etymology: The word ΠΡΟΔΙΔΩΜΙ is a compound of the preposition πρό (pro), meaning 'before' or 'forth', and the verb δίδωμι (didomi), meaning 'to give'. Its meaning evolved from 'to give beforehand' to 'to give up' or 'to betray'.

G1893

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Part of Speech: Conjunction

Sounds like: ep-AY-day

Translations: since, because, for, inasmuch as, seeing that

Notes: This word is a conjunction used to introduce a clause that provides a reason or cause for the main clause. It can be translated as 'since,' 'because,' or 'for,' indicating a logical connection between events or statements. It is often found at the beginning of a sentence or clause.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΔΙΟΤΙ, ΓΑΡ, ΕΠΕΙ

Etymology: This word is a compound of the preposition ἘΠΙ (epi, 'upon, on') and the conjunction ἘΠΕΙ (epei, 'when, since'), with the particle ΔΗ (de, 'indeed, now'). It emphasizes the causal relationship.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: toh

Translations: the

Notes: ΤΟ is the neuter singular form of the definite article 'the' in Koine Greek. It is used to specify a noun, much like 'the' in English. It can function as both the subject (nominative case) or the direct object (accusative case) of a sentence when referring to a neuter singular noun.

Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative

Etymology: The Greek definite article, including ΤΟ, derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. Its forms developed to agree in gender, number, and case with the nouns they modify.

G2098

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: yoo-ang-GEL-ee-on

Translations: gospel, good news, a gospel, the good news

Notes: This word refers to a message of good news or glad tidings. In a religious context, particularly in Christianity, it specifically refers to the good news of salvation through Jesus Christ. It is a compound word formed from the prefix ΕΥ̓- (eu-), meaning 'good' or 'well', and ἈΓΓΕΛΙΟΝ (angelion), meaning 'message' or 'announcement'.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative or Accusative, Neuter

Synonyms: ΚΗΡΥΓΜΑ, ΛΟΓΟΣ, ΜΗΝΥΜΑ

Etymology: The word ΕΥ̓ΑΓΓΕΛΙΟΝ is derived from the Greek prefix ΕΥ̓- (eu-), meaning 'good' or 'well', and the noun ἈΓΓΕΛΙΟΝ (angelion), meaning 'message' or 'announcement', which itself comes from ἈΓΓΕΛΛΩ (angello), 'to announce'. It originally referred to a reward for bringing good news, and later to the good news itself.

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