Home / Interlinears (Beta) / Polycarp of Smyrna / Martyrdom of Polycarp / Chapter 5Martyrdom of Polycarp, Chapter 5
Interlinear version from Polycarp of Smyrna (Beta)
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Relative Pronoun, Letter
Sounds like: OH
Translations: the, who, which, O
Notes: Ο is primarily the masculine singular nominative form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to specify a noun, similar to 'the' in English. It can also function as a relative pronoun, meaning 'who' or 'which', introducing a relative clause. Additionally, 'Ο' is the fifteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, Omicron, which corresponds to the short 'o' sound.
Inflection: Masculine, Singular, Nominative (for the article/relative pronoun); Does not inflect (for the letter)
Etymology: The definite article 'Ο' derives from Proto-Indo-European. The letter 'Ο' (Omicron) is derived from the Phoenician letter 'ayin'.
G1161
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Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction
Sounds like: DEH
Translations: but, and, now, then, moreover, however
Notes: ΔΕ is a common Koine Greek particle or conjunction used to connect clauses or sentences. It often indicates a transition, a contrast, or a continuation of thought. It can be translated in various ways depending on the context, such as 'but' when indicating opposition, 'and' when simply continuing a narrative, or 'now'/'then' when marking a new point or development.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΚΑΙ, ΑΛΛΑ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'and' or 'but'. It is an ancient particle used to connect ideas or introduce new information.
G2297
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Part of Speech: Adjective
Sounds like: thav-mah-see-OH-tah-tos
Translations: most wonderful, most marvelous, most amazing, most admirable, most excellent
Notes: This word is a superlative adjective, meaning 'most wonderful' or 'most admirable'. It is used to describe something or someone that evokes great wonder, admiration, or astonishment, indicating the highest degree of these qualities. It often appears in formal or respectful contexts, similar to saying 'His Excellency' or 'the most esteemed'.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine, Superlative
Synonyms: ΕΞΟΧΩΤΑΤΟΣ, ΑΡΙΣΤΟΣ, ΕΝΔΟΞΟΤΑΤΟΣ
Etymology: The word ΘΑΥΜΑΣΙΟΣ (thaumasios) comes from the noun ΘΑΥΜΑ (thauma), meaning 'a wonder, a marvel, a spectacle'. The suffix -σιωτατος indicates the superlative degree.
G4181
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Part of Speech: Proper Noun
Sounds like: po-LY-kar-poss
Translations: Polycarp
Notes: Polycarp is a proper noun, referring to a specific individual. It is a compound word derived from 'πολύς' (polys), meaning 'much' or 'many', and 'καρπός' (karpos), meaning 'fruit'. Thus, the name literally means 'much fruit' or 'fruitful'. In historical and religious contexts, it refers to Polycarp of Smyrna, an early Christian bishop and martyr.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine
Etymology: The name Polycarp is of Greek origin, formed from the words 'πολύς' (polys), meaning 'much' or 'many', and 'καρπός' (karpos), meaning 'fruit'. It was a common name in antiquity.
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: toh
Translations: the
Notes: ΤΟ is the neuter singular form of the definite article 'the' in Koine Greek. It is used to specify a noun, much like 'the' in English. It can function as both the subject (nominative case) or the direct object (accusative case) of a sentence when referring to a neuter singular noun.
Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative
Etymology: The Greek definite article, including ΤΟ, derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. Its forms developed to agree in gender, number, and case with the nouns they modify.
G3303
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Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction
Sounds like: MEN
Translations: indeed, on the one hand, truly, certainly, but, however
Notes: This word is a particle often used to introduce a clause that is contrasted with a following clause, which is typically introduced by the particle δέ (de). It can indicate a concession, an affirmation, or simply serve to mark a transition in thought. While it often translates as 'indeed' or 'on the one hand,' its precise meaning is highly dependent on context and the presence of a contrasting 'δέ' clause.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΔΕ, ΓΕ, ΚΑΙ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is an ancient particle used to mark emphasis or contrast.
G4413
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Part of Speech: Adjective, Adverb
Sounds like: PRO-ton
Translations: first, foremost, chief, principal, a first thing, before, at the first, in the first place
Notes: This word means 'first' in terms of order, time, importance, or rank. As an adjective, it describes something as being the first of its kind or in a sequence. As an adverb, it indicates something happening initially or in the first instance. It can also refer to the chief or most important person or thing.
Inflection: Neuter, Singular, Nominative or Accusative
Synonyms: ΑΡΧΗ, ΠΡΩΤΙΣΤΟΣ, ΠΡΟΤΕΡΟΣ
Etymology: The word 'πρῶτος' (prōtos) is a superlative form derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pro- meaning 'forward, before'. It is related to the Greek preposition 'πρό' (pro), meaning 'before' or 'in front of'.
G0191
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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle
Sounds like: ah-koo-SAS
Translations: having heard, when he heard, after hearing
Notes: This word is an aorist active participle, meaning 'having heard' or 'when he heard'. It describes an action that occurred prior to the main verb of the sentence. It is often used to introduce a clause that explains the circumstances or cause of the main action.
Inflection: Aorist, Active, Participle, Masculine, Singular, Nominative
Synonyms: ΠΥΝΘΑΝΟΜΑΙ, ΕἸΣΑΚΟΥΩ
G3756
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Part of Speech: Adverb, Particle
Sounds like: OOK
Translations: not, no
Notes: This word is a negative particle used to express absolute negation. It typically precedes verbs, adjectives, or adverbs to deny or contradict a statement. It is used when the negation is a statement of fact, as opposed to a hypothetical or willed negation. It has variant forms like οὐ (ou) before a consonant and οὐχ (ouch) before a rough breathing.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΜΉ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'not'. It is an ancient negative particle found in various Indo-European languages.
G5015
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: eh-ta-RAKH-thay
Translations: he was troubled, she was troubled, it was troubled, he was disturbed, she was disturbed, it was disturbed, he was agitated, she was agitated, it was agitated
Notes: This word is the third person singular, aorist passive indicative form of the verb 'ταράσσω' (tarassō). It means 'to be troubled,' 'to be disturbed,' or 'to be agitated.' It describes a state of inner turmoil, fear, or confusion experienced by a person or thing. It is used to indicate that someone or something was caused to be in a state of disquiet or alarm.
Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Passive, Singular, Third Person
Synonyms: ΘΟΡΥΒΕΩ, ΣΥΓΧΕΩ
G0243
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Part of Speech: Prefix
Sounds like: ALL
Translations: other, another, different, foreign
Notes: This is a prefix form of the word 'ἄλλος' (allos), meaning 'other' or 'another'. It is used to form compound words that convey the idea of something being different, foreign, or belonging to another group. For example, 'ἀλλογενῶν' means 'of other races', 'ἀλλότριοι' means 'strangers' or 'foreigners', and 'ἀλλόφυλους' means 'foreigners' or 'of another tribe'.
Inflection: Does not inflect (as a prefix)
Synonyms: ΕΤΕΡΟΣ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *alyos, meaning 'other, another'. It is related to Latin alius and English else.
G1014
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: eh-BOO-leh-toh
Translations: he was wishing, he wanted, he intended, he purposed, he desired
Notes: This word is a verb that expresses a strong desire, intention, or purpose. It describes someone's will or resolve to do something. It is often used to indicate a deliberate choice or a settled intention, rather than a fleeting wish.
Inflection: Imperfect, Indicative, Middle/Passive, 3rd Person Singular
Synonyms: ΘΕΛΩ, ΕΠΙΘΥΜΩ
Etymology: From the root ΒΟΥΛ-, related to will or counsel. It is connected to the concept of deliberate choice or decision.
G2596
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Part of Speech: Preposition
Sounds like: KAH-tah
Translations: down, according to, against, throughout, by, during, concerning, along
Notes: ΚΑΤΑ is a versatile preposition in Koine Greek. Its meaning varies significantly depending on the case of the noun it governs. When used with the genitive case, it often indicates movement 'down from,' opposition 'against,' or reference 'concerning' something. When used with the accusative case, it typically means 'down along,' 'according to,' 'throughout,' 'during,' or 'by' means of something. It can express direction, distribution, opposition, or a standard.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΠΡΟΣ, ΑΝΤΙ, ΔΙΑ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *kmtá, meaning 'down, with'. It is related to other prepositions and adverbs in various Indo-European languages.
G4172
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: POH-lin
Translations: city, a city
Notes: The word 'πόλιν' is the accusative singular form of the noun 'πόλις', meaning 'city'. It refers to a populated place, typically larger than a village, with a defined administrative structure. As an accusative case, it functions as the direct object of a verb or the object of certain prepositions, indicating the destination or the object being acted upon. For example, one might 'go into the city' or 'see the city'.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine
Etymology: The word 'πόλις' comes from Proto-Indo-European, referring to a fortified place or citadel. It developed to mean a city-state in ancient Greece, encompassing both the physical settlement and its citizens.
G3306
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: MEH-neen
Translations: to remain, to abide, to stay, to endure, to continue, to wait for, to await
Notes: This word means to remain, abide, or stay in a place or state. It can also mean to endure or continue, indicating persistence over time. In some contexts, it can mean to wait for or await someone or something. It is often used to describe a continuous action or a state of being that persists.
Inflection: Present, Active, Infinitive
Synonyms: ΥΠΟΜΕΝΩ, ΔΙΑΜΕΝΩ, ΚΑΤΑΜΕΝΩ
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Pronoun, Interjection
Sounds like: OY
Translations: the, who, they, oh
Notes: ΟΙ is primarily the masculine plural nominative form of the definite article, meaning 'the'. It is used to specify a group of masculine nouns that are the subject of a sentence. It can also function as a demonstrative pronoun, meaning 'these' or 'they', referring to a group of people or things previously mentioned. Less commonly, it can be an interjection, similar to 'oh' or 'alas'.
Inflection: Masculine, Plural, Nominative
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, related to demonstrative pronouns and articles in other Indo-European languages.
G4183
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Part of Speech: Adjective
Sounds like: PLEY-OOS
Translations: more, many, numerous, a greater number
Notes: This word is the comparative form of the adjective 'much' or 'many'. It is used to indicate a greater quantity or number of something, often translated as 'more' or 'more numerous'. It can be used with a genitive case to mean 'more than' or followed by 'η' (than) to express comparison.
Inflection: Comparative, Nominative or Accusative, Masculine or Feminine, Plural
Synonyms: ΠΛΕΙΟΝΑ, ΠΟΛΛΟΙ
G3982
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: eh-PEY-thon
Translations: they were persuading, they were convincing
Notes: This word is the third person plural imperfect active indicative form of the verb ΠΕΙΘΩ (peithō). It describes an ongoing or repeated action in the past. In this active voice, it means 'they were persuading' or 'they were trying to convince' someone. The verb can also mean 'to obey' in the middle or passive voice, but in this active form, it refers to the act of influencing others.
Inflection: Imperfect, Active, Indicative, 3rd Person, Plural
Synonyms: ΑΝΑΠΕΙΘΩ, ΠΑΡΑΚΑΛΕΩ
G0846
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Part of Speech: Pronoun
Sounds like: ow-TON
Translations: him, it, himself, itself
Notes: This word is a third-person pronoun, typically meaning 'him' or 'it' when used as a personal pronoun. It can also be used intensively to mean 'himself' or 'itself', emphasizing the subject or object. It refers to a previously mentioned male person or a neuter object.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Masculine or Neuter
G5260
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: hoo-pex-el-THAYN
Translations: to go out from under, to escape, to withdraw, to get out, to come out from under
Notes: This word is an aorist infinitive form of the verb ὑπεξέρχομαι (hypexerchomai), which is a compound verb formed from three parts: ὑπό (hypo, 'under' or 'from under'), ἐξ (ex, 'out of'), and ἔρχομαι (erchomai, 'to come' or 'to go'). It means to go out from under something, implying an escape or withdrawal from a place or situation, often with the nuance of getting out from beneath a burden or constraint. It describes the action of leaving a place or situation, particularly one that might be oppressive or dangerous.
Inflection: Aorist, Active, Infinitive
Synonyms: ΕΚΦΕΥΓΩ, ΑΠΟΔΙΔΡΑΣΚΩ, ΑΝΑΧΩΡΕΩ
G2532
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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Adverb
Sounds like: kahee
Translations: and, also, even, but, then
Notes: ΚΑΙ is a very common conjunction in Koine Greek, primarily meaning 'and' to connect words, phrases, or clauses. It can also function as an adverb, emphasizing a word or phrase with meanings like 'also' or 'even'. In some contexts, it can introduce a contrast, similar to 'but', or indicate sequence, meaning 'then'.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Etymology: The word ΚΑΙ is an ancient particle, tracing its origins back to Proto-Indo-European. It has remained remarkably stable in form and function throughout the history of the Greek language.
G5260
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: hoo-pex-EEL-then
Translations: went out from under, slipped away, escaped, withdrew, got away
Notes: This is a compound verb formed from ὑπό (under), ἐκ (out of), and ἔρχομαι (to come/go). It means to go out from under something, to slip away, or to escape. It implies a movement of withdrawal or evasion, often from a difficult or dangerous situation. It can be used to describe someone escaping a place or avoiding a confrontation.
Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Active, Third Person, Singular
Synonyms: ΕΚΦΕΥΓΩ, ΑΠΟΔΙΔΡΑΣΚΩ
Etymology: The word is a compound of three prepositions and a verb. Ὑπό (hypo) means 'under', ἐκ (ek) means 'out of', and ἔρχομαι (erchomai) means 'to come' or 'to go'. The combination signifies a movement of going out from under something.
G1519
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Part of Speech: Preposition
Sounds like: EES
Translations: into, to, for, unto, among, in, toward
Notes: This word is a preposition that primarily indicates motion towards or into something. It is always used with the accusative case, showing the destination or goal of an action. It can also express purpose, result, or the object of an action. For example, it is used to say 'go into the city' or 'believe into Christ'.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Etymology: The word ΕἸΣ comes from Proto-Indo-European *en-s, which is a locative adverb meaning 'in, into'. It is related to the English word 'in'.
G0068
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: ah-GREE-dee-on
Translations: small field, a small field, little farm, a little farm, plot of land, a plot of land
Notes: This word refers to a small piece of cultivated land, a little farm, or a plot of ground. It is the diminutive form of the word 'ἈΓΡΟΣ' (AGROS), meaning 'field' or 'countryside', indicating something smaller or less significant than a full field. It is typically used to describe a specific parcel of land.
Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative
Synonyms: ἈΓΡΟΣ, ΧΩΡΙΟΝ
Etymology: The word ἈΓΡΙΔΙΟΝ is a diminutive of the Koine Greek word ἈΓΡΟΣ (AGROS), meaning 'field' or 'countryside'. The suffix -ΙΔΙΟΝ (-IDION) is a common diminutive suffix in Greek, indicating smallness or endearment.
G3756
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Part of Speech: Adverb, Particle
Sounds like: OO
Translations: not, no
Notes: ΟΥ̓ is a negative particle used to express a factual negation. It typically negates verbs in the indicative mood, stating that something is not true or does not happen. It can also negate other parts of speech. When combined with ΜΉ (ou mē), it forms a very strong negation, meaning "by no means" or "never."
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΜΉ, ΟΥ̓Κ, ΟΥ̓ΧΊ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is a fundamental negative particle in Greek.
G3112
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Part of Speech: Adverb
Sounds like: mah-KRAHN
Translations: far, far away, a long way off, at a distance
Notes: This word means 'far' or 'at a distance'. It is used to indicate a significant spatial separation between objects or locations. It can also sometimes refer to a long period of time, meaning 'for a long time' or 'long ago'.
Inflection: Adverbial accusative feminine singular of ΜΑΚΡΟΣ
Synonyms: ΠΟΡΡΩ, ΑΠΩΘΕΝ
G0001
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Part of Speech: Participle
Sounds like: ah-PEH-khon
Translations: having received in full, being distant, abstaining, distant, far off, abstinent
Notes: This word is the present active participle of the verb 'ἈΠΕΧΩ'. It can mean 'to have received in full' (often implying a receipt that satisfies a claim), 'to be distant from' (in terms of space or time), or 'to abstain from' something. Its meaning depends on the context. For example, it can describe a place that is far away, or a person who is refraining from an action.
Inflection: Present, Active, Participle, Nominative or Accusative, Singular, Neuter; or Accusative, Singular, Masculine
Synonyms: ἈΦΙΣΤΑΜΑΙ, ἈΠΕΧΟΜΑΙ
G0575
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Part of Speech: Preposition
Sounds like: AH-po
Translations: from, away from, out of, off, (of), by, since, after
Notes: ἈΠΟ is a common Koine Greek preposition that primarily indicates separation, origin, or source. It is always used with the genitive case. It can mean 'from' or 'away from' a place or person, indicating movement away. It can also denote the cause or agent ('by'), or a temporal starting point ('since', 'after').
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ἘΚ, ΠΑΡΑ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is cognate with English 'off' and 'of'.
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: THAYS
Translations: of the
Notes: ΤΗΣ is the genitive, singular, feminine form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to indicate possession, origin, or relationship for feminine singular nouns. For example, 'the house of the woman' would use ΤΗΣ for 'of the woman'. It functions similarly to 'of the' in English.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine
Etymology: The Greek definite article 'Ο' (of which ΤΗΣ is an inflection) derives from a Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronoun root. It evolved to function as a definite article in ancient Greek, marking nouns as specific or previously mentioned.
G4172
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: POH-leh-ohs
Translations: (of) a city, (of) the city, city, a city
Notes: This word is the genitive singular form of the noun 'πόλις' (polis), meaning 'city' or 'town'. It is used to indicate possession, origin, or relationship, often translated with 'of a city' or 'of the city'. For example, 'the walls of the city' or 'the people of the city'.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine
Synonyms: ΑΣΤΥ, ΚΩΜΗ
G1304
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: dee-eh-TREE-ben
Translations: spent, was spending, passed, was passing, continued, was continuing, stayed, was staying, tarried, was tarrying
Notes: This word describes the action of spending time, passing time, or continuing in a place or activity. It can also mean to stay or tarry somewhere. It is often used to indicate a prolonged period of time spent in a particular location or engaged in a specific action.
Inflection: Third Person Singular, Imperfect Indicative, Active Voice
Synonyms: ΜΕΝΩ, ΚΑΘΗΜΑΙ, ΕΙΜΙ
G3326
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Part of Speech: Preposition, Adverb
Sounds like: MEH-tah
Translations: with, after, among, behind, by, in company with, in pursuit of, according to
Notes: This word is a preposition that can also function as an adverb. Its meaning varies depending on the case of the noun it governs. When used with the genitive case, it typically means 'with' or 'in company with'. When used with the accusative case, it usually means 'after' or 'behind' (indicating sequence or pursuit). It can also denote a change of state or position.
Inflection: Does not inflect (as a preposition, it governs cases)
Synonyms: ΣΥΝ, ΕΠΙ, ΠΡΟΣ
Etymology: The word 'μετά' (meta) comes from Proto-Indo-European *met- 'in the middle, among, with'. It is related to English 'mid' and 'middle'.
G3641
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Part of Speech: Adjective
Sounds like: o-li-GOHN
Translations: of few, of little
Notes: This word is an adjective meaning 'few' or 'little'. It is used to describe a small quantity or number of something. For example, it can refer to a small number of people or a small amount of time or resources.
Inflection: Genitive, Plural, Masculine, Feminine or Neuter
G3571
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: NOOK-tah
Translations: night, a night, by night, during the night
Notes: This word refers to the period of darkness between sunset and sunrise. As an accusative form, it often indicates the duration of an action or the time when something occurs, meaning 'during the night' or 'by night'.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine
G2250
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: HEE-meh-ran
Translations: day, a day
Notes: This is a feminine noun meaning 'day'. It refers to a period of 24 hours, or more generally, a specific point in time or an era. It is used as the direct object of a verb or after certain prepositions that take the accusative case.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΚΑΙΡΟΣ, ΧΡΟΝΟΣ
G3762
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Part of Speech: Pronoun, Adjective
Sounds like: oo-DEN
Translations: nothing, none, not any, no one
Notes: This word is a negative pronoun or adjective, meaning 'nothing' or 'no one' when used as a pronoun, and 'not any' or 'no' when used as an adjective. It is a compound word formed from the negative particle οὐ (ou, 'not') and the indefinite pronoun εἷς (heis, 'one'). It is used to express absolute negation.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative or Accusative, Neuter
Synonyms: ΜΗΔΕΝ, ΟΥ̓ΔΕΝΟΣ
G2087
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Part of Speech: Adjective
Sounds like: EH-teh-ron
Translations: another, other, different, a different thing, an other thing
Notes: This word means 'another' or 'other', emphasizing a difference in kind or quality from something else. It is used to refer to something distinct or different from what has been previously mentioned or implied. For example, it might be used to say 'another person' or 'a different kind of thing'.
Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative
Synonyms: ΑΛΛΟΣ
Etymology: The word ΕΤΕΡΟΣ comes from Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'one of two' or 'the other'. It is related to the English word 'other'.
G4160
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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle
Sounds like: poy-OHN
Translations: doing, making, creating, producing, performing, a doer, a maker, the one who does, the one who makes
Notes: ΠΟΙΩΝ is the present active participle of the verb ΠΟΙΕΩ, meaning 'to do' or 'to make'. As a participle, it functions like an adjective or a noun, describing someone who is in the act of doing or making something. It can be translated as 'doing' or 'making' when used adjectivally, or as 'the one who does' or 'a doer' when used substantively.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine
Synonyms: ΠΡΑΤΤΩΝ, ΕΡΓΑΖΟΜΕΝΟΣ
G2228, G3588
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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Definite Article, Numeral
Sounds like: AY
Translations: or, the, 8
Notes: This word can function as a conjunction meaning 'or', indicating an alternative or choice between two or more options. It can also be the feminine nominative singular form of the definite article 'the', used to specify a feminine noun that is the subject of a sentence. The '̓' (coronis) indicates that this form is an elision, meaning it's a shortened form of a word like ἤ (e.g., when followed by a vowel). Additionally, the '̓' could be a keraia, indicating the numeral 8.
Inflection: Does not inflect (as conjunction or numeral); Singular, Nominative, Feminine (as definite article)
Etymology: The conjunction ἤ (e.g., from which Ἠ is an elision) is of uncertain origin. The definite article ἡ (from which Ἠ is an elision) comes from Proto-Indo-European. The numeral meaning is derived from the Greek letter eta (Η), which was used to represent the number 8.
G4336
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Part of Speech: Participle, Verb
Sounds like: pros-yoo-KHO-meh-nos
Translations: praying, one who prays, a praying one
Notes: This word is a present middle/passive participle, meaning 'praying' or 'one who prays'. It describes someone who is actively engaged in prayer. It can function adjectivally, describing a noun (e.g., 'the praying man'), or adverbially, indicating the manner or circumstance of an action (e.g., 'he spoke while praying').
Inflection: Present, Middle/Passive, Participle, Masculine, Singular, Nominative
Synonyms: ΔΕΟΜΕΝΟΣ, ΑΙΤΟΥΜΕΝΟΣ
G4012
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Part of Speech: Preposition
Sounds like: PEH-ree
Translations: about, concerning, around, for, on behalf of, with respect to, at, near
Notes: This word is a preposition that can take either the genitive or accusative case, and its meaning changes depending on the case of the noun it governs. When used with the genitive case, it typically means 'about', 'concerning', 'for', or 'on behalf of'. When used with the accusative case, it usually indicates spatial 'around', 'about' (in the sense of movement or position), 'at', or 'near'. It can also be used as a prefix in compound words, adding a sense of 'around' or 'excessive'.
Inflection: Governs Genitive or Accusative case; Does not inflect itself
Synonyms: ΥΠΕΡ, ΑΜΦΙ, ΕΠΙ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *peri, meaning 'around, about'. It is cognate with English 'peri-' (as in 'perimeter') and Latin 'per'.
G3956
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Part of Speech: Adjective
Sounds like: PAN-tone
Translations: (of) all, (of) every, (of) everyone, (of) everything, (of) the whole
Notes: This word is the genitive plural form of the adjective 'πᾶς' (pas), meaning 'all', 'every', or 'the whole'. It is used to indicate possession, origin, or relationship for a plural group, signifying 'of all' or 'belonging to all'. It can refer to people, things, or concepts, encompassing a complete set or totality.
Inflection: Genitive, Plural, All genders
Synonyms: ΟΛΟΣ, ΑΠΑΣ
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: TONE
Translations: of the
Notes: This word is the genitive plural form of the definite article 'the'. It functions to indicate possession, origin, or relationship for plural nouns, similar to 'of the' in English. It can precede nouns of any gender.
Inflection: Genitive, Plural, All Genders (Masculine, Feminine, Neuter)
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: TANE
Translations: the
Notes: ΤΗΝ is the feminine singular accusative form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to specify a noun that is feminine in gender, singular in number, and in the accusative case, indicating it is the direct object of a verb or the object of certain prepositions. For example, it would be used before a feminine singular noun like 'πόλιν' (city) when 'city' is the direct object.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine
Etymology: The Koine Greek definite article derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. It evolved from an earlier demonstrative particle, becoming a grammatical marker for definiteness.
G3625
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: oy-koo-MEH-nen
Translations: the inhabited earth, the world, the Roman Empire
Notes: This word refers to the inhabited earth, often specifically the Roman Empire during the time of the New Testament. It can also refer more generally to the entire world or a specific region that is populated. It is used to describe the scope of events or authority, such as a decree affecting the whole world.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΚΟΣΜΟΣ, ΓΗ
Etymology: The word ΟΙΚΟΥΜΕΝΗ (oikoumenē) is the feminine present passive participle of the verb ΟΙΚΕΩ (oikeō), meaning 'to inhabit' or 'to dwell'. It literally means 'the inhabited (land)' or 'that which is inhabited'.
G1577
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: ek-klee-see-OHN
Translations: of churches, of assemblies, of congregations
Notes: This word refers to a gathering or assembly of people, often with a specific purpose. In a religious context, it commonly refers to a congregation or a church. It is used here in the genitive plural, indicating possession or origin.
Inflection: Plural, Genitive, Feminine
Synonyms: ΣΥΝΑΓΩΓΗ, ΣΥΝΟΔΟΣ
G3754
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Part of Speech: Relative Pronoun
Sounds like: OH-per
Translations: the very thing which, which, whatsoever, as, just as
Notes: ΟΠΕΡ is an intensive relative pronoun, meaning 'the very thing which' or 'whatsoever'. It is used to emphasize the preceding noun or idea, often functioning as a stronger form of 'which' or 'what'. It can introduce a clause that specifies or elaborates on something already mentioned, or it can indicate a cause or reason.
Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative
Synonyms: Ο, ΟΣ, ΟΣΠΕΡ
Etymology: ΟΠΕΡ is a compound word formed from the relative pronoun ὅ (ho), meaning 'who, which, what', and the enclitic particle περ (per), which adds emphasis or intensity, often translated as 'just, even, indeed'.
G2258
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: HAYN
Translations: was, he was, she was, it was
Notes: This word is the imperfect indicative form of the verb 'to be' (εἰμί). It describes a continuous or ongoing state or action in the past. It can be translated as 'was', 'he was', 'she was', or 'it was', depending on the subject implied by the context. It is often used to set the scene or describe background information in a narrative.
Inflection: Imperfect Indicative, Active Voice, 3rd Person Singular
G4914
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Part of Speech: Adjective
Sounds like: soon-AY-thess
Translations: customary, usual, common, ordinary, a customary, a usual
Notes: This word describes something that is customary, usual, or common. It refers to things that are habitual or familiar. It can be used to describe actions, practices, or objects that are regularly encountered or done.
Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative
Synonyms: ΕΘΙΜΟΣ, ΕΙΩΘΟΣ
Etymology: From σύν (syn), meaning 'with', and ἔθος (ethos), meaning 'custom' or 'habit'. It literally means 'being with custom' or 'accustomed'.
G0846
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Part of Speech: Pronoun
Sounds like: ow-TOH
Translations: (to) him, (to) her, (to) it, (to) himself, (to) herself, (to) itself
Notes: This word is the dative singular form of the pronoun 'ΑΥ̓ΤΟΣ'. It functions as a personal pronoun meaning 'him', 'her', or 'it' when used as an indirect object, often translated with 'to' or 'for'. It can also function as an intensive pronoun meaning 'himself', 'herself', or 'itself', emphasizing the subject. In some contexts, especially with the definite article, it can act as a demonstrative pronoun meaning 'the same'. Its usage depends heavily on the surrounding context.
Inflection: Singular, Dative, Masculine or Feminine or Neuter
G1722
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Part of Speech: Preposition
Sounds like: en
Translations: in, on, among, with, by, at
Notes: This word is a common preposition in Koine Greek, primarily meaning 'in' or 'on'. It typically governs the dative case, indicating location, time, or means. Its precise translation can vary depending on the context, often conveying ideas like 'within,' 'among,' or 'by means of'.
Inflection: Does not inflect (as a preposition, it governs cases but does not change its own form).
Etymology: The Koine Greek preposition 'ἘΝ' derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *en, meaning 'in' or 'into'. It has cognates in many other Indo-European languages, reflecting its ancient origin.
G3705
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: op-ta-SEE-ah
Translations: vision, a vision, sight, appearance
Notes: This word refers to a vision, a supernatural appearance, or the act of seeing. It can describe something seen, especially in a spiritual or prophetic context, or the faculty of sight itself. It is often used in the context of divine revelations or angelic appearances.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΟΡΑΜΑ, ΘΕΩΡΙΑ
Etymology: From the Greek verb ὀπτάνομαι (optanomai), meaning 'to appear' or 'to be seen', which is related to ὄψις (opsis), meaning 'sight' or 'appearance'.
G1096
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: geh-GOH-nen
Translations: has become, has happened, has come to pass, was, came into being
Notes: ΓΕΓΟΝΕΝ is the third person singular perfect active indicative form of the verb ΓΙΝΟΜΑΙ (ginomai). It describes an action that has been completed in the past but has ongoing results or a continuing state in the present. It can mean 'has become,' 'has happened,' or 'has come into being,' often implying a state of existence or a new reality that has resulted from a past event.
Inflection: Perfect, Active, Indicative, 3rd Person, Singular
Synonyms: ΕΙΜΙ, ΥΠΑΡΧΩ
Etymology: The verb ΓΙΝΟΜΑΙ (ginomai) comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵenh₁-, meaning 'to beget, to produce, to be born.' It is related to words signifying birth, origin, and coming into existence.
G4253
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Part of Speech: Preposition
Sounds like: PRO
Translations: before, in front of, for, on behalf of, in the presence of, prior to, instead of
Notes: This word is a preposition that typically takes the genitive case. It can indicate a spatial relationship, meaning 'before' or 'in front of' something or someone. It can also denote a temporal relationship, meaning 'before' in time, or a causal relationship, meaning 'for' or 'on behalf of' someone or something. In some contexts, it can also mean 'instead of' or 'in the presence of'.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΕΜΠΡΟΣΘΕΝ, ΑΝΤΙ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'before, in front of'. It is cognate with English 'for' and Latin 'pro'.
G5140
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Part of Speech: Numeral
Sounds like: tree-OHN
Translations: of three
Notes: This word is the genitive plural form of the numeral 'three'. It is used to indicate possession, origin, or a partitive relationship, meaning 'belonging to three' or 'out of three'. For example, it might be used in phrases like 'the third day of three' or 'from three months'.
Inflection: Genitive, Plural, All genders
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is related to similar words for 'three' in many other Indo-European languages.
G2250
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: hay-mer-OHN
Translations: of days
Notes: This word is the genitive plural form of the noun 'day'. It refers to a period of 24 hours, or more broadly, a specific period of time or an era. As a genitive plural, it is often used to indicate possession, origin, or a temporal relationship, such as 'during the days' or 'belonging to the days'.
Inflection: Genitive, Plural, Feminine
Synonyms: ΧΡΟΝΟΣ, ΚΑΙΡΟΣ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It refers to the period of daylight, contrasting with night.
G3588, G3778
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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Demonstrative Pronoun, Particle
Sounds like: too
Translations: of the, of him, of it, of this, to, in order to
Notes: This word is a form of the definite article 'the' or a demonstrative pronoun 'this/that'. It is most commonly used to indicate possession or relationship, translating as 'of the' or 'of him/it'. It can also be used before an infinitive verb to express purpose, meaning 'to' or 'in order to'.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine or Neuter
Etymology: The word 'Ο' (ho), from which 'ΤΟΥ' is derived, comes from Proto-Indo-European. It is an ancient word that has evolved to serve various grammatical functions in Greek.
G4815
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: sool-laf-THEE-nai
Translations: to be conceived, to be arrested, to be caught, to be seized, to be taken, to be helped, to be assisted
Notes: This word is the aorist passive infinitive form of the verb 'συλλαμβάνω'. It means 'to be conceived' (in the sense of a pregnancy), 'to be arrested' or 'to be seized' (as in being captured), or 'to be helped' or 'to be assisted'. Its meaning depends on the context.
Inflection: Aorist, Passive, Infinitive
Synonyms: ΠΙΑΖΩ, ΚΑΤΑΛΑΜΒΑΝΩ, ΣΥΝΕΧΩ
G3708
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: EYE-den
Translations: he saw, she saw, it saw, he had seen, she had seen, it had seen
Notes: This is the third person singular aorist active indicative form of the verb 'to see'. It describes an action of seeing that occurred in the past, typically as a completed or simple event, without emphasis on its duration. It can be used in sentences like 'He saw the light' or 'She saw the truth'.
Inflection: Aorist, Active, Indicative, 3rd Person, Singular
Synonyms: ΒΛΕΠΩ, ΘΕΩΡΕΩ, ΟΠΤΟΜΑΙ
G4344
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: pros-ke-PHA-lah-ee-on
Translations: pillow, a pillow, cushion, a cushion
Notes: This word refers to a pillow or cushion, something placed under the head for support, especially when sleeping. It is a compound word formed from 'πρός' (pros), meaning 'to' or 'towards,' and 'κεφαλή' (kephalē), meaning 'head.' It is used to describe an object that is for or near the head.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Accusative, Neuter
Synonyms: ΥΠΟΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΟΝ, ΠΡΟΣΚΛΙΝΤΡΟΝ
Etymology: From Ancient Greek, a compound of 'πρός' (pros, 'to, towards') and 'κεφαλή' (kephalē, 'head'), with the suffix '-αιον' (-aion) indicating a place or thing related to the head.
G0846
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Part of Speech: Pronoun
Sounds like: ow-TOO
Translations: (of) him, his, (of) it, its
Notes: This word is a third-person pronoun. In this genitive singular form, it typically means 'of him,' 'his,' 'of it,' or 'its,' indicating possession or origin. It can refer to a male person or a neuter object/concept.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine or Neuter
Etymology: The word ΑΥ̓ΤΟΣ (autos) is of uncertain origin, possibly from a Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'self'. It is an ancient Greek word that has been in continuous use.
G5259
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Part of Speech: Preposition
Sounds like: hoo-POH
Translations: under, by, from, with, subject to, at the hand of
Notes: This word is a common preposition in Koine Greek. Its meaning varies depending on the grammatical case of the noun it governs. When used with the genitive case, it typically indicates the agent or cause ('by', 'from'). With the dative case, it denotes a static position 'under' something. When used with the accusative case, it signifies motion 'under' or 'into subjection to'.
Inflection: Does not inflect, but governs the Genitive, Dative, and Accusative cases.
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'under'. It is cognate with English 'up' and 'over', showing a shared root related to position.
G4442
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: PY-ros
Translations: of fire, fire, a fire
Notes: This word refers to fire, a fundamental element. It can be used literally to describe a burning flame or figuratively to represent judgment, purification, or divine presence. As a noun, it functions as the subject or object in a sentence, or in this genitive form, it indicates possession or origin.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Neuter
Synonyms: ΦΛΟΞ, ΚΑΥΣΙΣ
Etymology: The word 'πῦρ' (pyr) comes from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂wr̥, meaning 'fire'. It is a very ancient word found across many Indo-European languages.
G2618
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Part of Speech: Participle
Sounds like: kah-tah-KAI-oh-meh-non
Translations: being burned up, being consumed by fire, being utterly consumed
Notes: This word is a compound participle meaning to be completely burned or consumed by fire. It describes something that is in the process of being utterly destroyed by burning. It combines the prefix κατά (kata), meaning 'down' or 'completely', with the verb καίω (kaiō), meaning 'to burn'.
Inflection: Present, Passive, Participle, Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative
Synonyms: ΚΑΤΑΦΛΕΓΩ, ΚΑΤΑΝΑΛΙΣΚΩ
Etymology: The word ΚΑΤΑΚΑΙΩ is formed from the preposition κατά (kata), meaning 'down' or 'completely', and the verb καίω (kaiō), meaning 'to burn'.
G4762
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Part of Speech: Verb (Participle)
Sounds like: stra-FEIS
Translations: having turned, having turned around, having returned, having been turned, having been changed
Notes: ΣΤΡΑΦΕΙΣ is a participle derived from the verb ΣΤΡΕΦΩ, meaning 'to turn' or 'to turn around'. As a participle, it describes an action that has already occurred, functioning like an adjective or adverb. It can mean 'having turned' or 'having been turned,' depending on whether it's active or passive. It often implies a change of direction, position, or even a change in one's life or attitude.
Inflection: Aorist, Passive, Masculine, Nominative, Singular
Synonyms: ΕΠΙΣΤΡΕΦΩ, ΜΕΤΑΣΤΡΕΦΩ
G2036
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: EYE-pen
Translations: he said, she said, it said
Notes: This word is the third person singular aorist active indicative form of the verb 'to say' or 'to speak'. It describes an action that occurred in the past, completed at a specific point in time. It is commonly used to introduce direct speech or to report what someone said.
Inflection: Aorist, Active, Indicative, 3rd Person, Singular
Synonyms: ΛΕΓΩ, ΛΑΛΕΩ, ΦΗΜΙ
G4314
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Part of Speech: Preposition
Sounds like: PROSS
Translations: to, toward, with, against, for, at, near, by, in relation to
Notes: This is a common and versatile preposition in Koine Greek. It indicates direction, relation, or purpose, and its precise meaning often depends on the case of the noun it governs. For example, with the accusative case, it typically means 'to' or 'toward' (indicating motion or direction), 'against' (indicating opposition), or 'in relation to'. With the genitive case, it can mean 'from' (indicating origin or source) or 'in the presence of'. With the dative case, it can mean 'at' or 'near' (indicating proximity). It is used to express a wide range of relationships between actions, objects, and people.
Inflection: Does not inflect, but governs various cases (accusative, genitive, dative).
Synonyms: ΕΙΣ, ΕΠΙ, ΠΑΡΑ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'forward, toward'. It is related to other words indicating movement or direction.
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Demonstrative Pronoun
Sounds like: TOOS
Translations: the, them, those
Notes: ΤΟΥΣ is the masculine plural accusative form of the definite article or demonstrative pronoun 'ὁ'. As an article, it functions like 'the' in English, specifying a noun that is already known or has been previously mentioned. As a pronoun, it means 'them' or 'those', referring to a group of masculine individuals or things in the accusative case, indicating they are the direct object of a verb or the object of a preposition.
Inflection: Plural, Accusative, Masculine
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *so- (demonstrative pronoun).
G4862
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Part of Speech: Preposition, Prefix
Sounds like: soon
Translations: with, together with, along with
Notes: ΣΥΝ is a preposition that typically takes the dative case, meaning 'with' or 'together with', indicating association, accompaniment, or union. It is also very commonly used as a prefix in compound words, where it conveys the idea of 'togetherness', 'union', 'completion', or 'joint action'. For example, 'συντρίβω' (syntribo) means 'to break together' or 'to crush', and 'συνκαίω' (synkaio) means 'to burn together'.
Inflection: Does not inflect (as a preposition); as a prefix, it modifies the meaning of the verb or noun it attaches to.
Synonyms: ΜΕΤΑ, ΟΜΟΥ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *kom, meaning 'with' or 'beside'. It is cognate with Latin 'cum' and English 'co-' or 'con-'.
G1163
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Part of Speech: Impersonal Verb
Sounds like: DEH-ee
Translations: it is necessary, one must, it is proper, it behooves
Notes: This is an impersonal verb meaning 'it is necessary' or 'one must'. It expresses a strong sense of obligation, necessity, or inevitability. It is often used with an infinitive to indicate what must be done or what is destined to happen.
Inflection: Impersonal, 3rd person singular, Present, Indicative, Active
Synonyms: ΧΡΗ, ΑΝΑΓΚΗ ΕΣΤΙΝ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *deyh₂- (to shine, to gleam), which developed into the sense of 'to be visible, to appear', and then 'to be proper, to be necessary'.
G1691
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Part of Speech: Pronoun
Sounds like: MEH
Translations: me
Notes: This word is the first-person singular pronoun 'me' in the accusative case. It is used as the direct object of a verb or as the object of certain prepositions, indicating the recipient of an action or the object being affected.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, First Person
Etymology: The word ΜΕ (me) derives from the ancient Greek first-person singular pronoun. Its form has remained largely consistent throughout various stages of the Greek language.
G2198
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Part of Speech: Adjective, Participle
Sounds like: ZOHN-tah
Translations: living, alive, living ones
Notes: This word is the neuter plural (nominative or accusative) or masculine plural (accusative) form of the present active participle of the verb 'to live'. It describes something or someone that is currently alive or has the quality of being alive. It is often used to refer to 'living things' or 'living beings'.
Inflection: Present Active Participle, Neuter Plural (Nominative or Accusative) or Masculine Plural (Accusative)
Synonyms: ΕΜΨΥΧΑ, ΕΝΕΡΓΑ
G2545
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: kah-EE-nahy
Translations: to burn, to be burned, to be kindled, to be inflamed
Notes: This word is the present active infinitive form of the verb 'καίω' (kaiō), meaning 'to burn' or 'to kindle'. It describes the action of something being set on fire, or a strong emotion like anger being inflamed. It can be used in various contexts where the act of burning, either literally or figuratively, is implied.
Inflection: Present, Active, Infinitive
Synonyms: ΠΥΡΟΩ, ΦΛΕΓΩ
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