Book Two Chapter 3, Interlinear version from Josephus' Against Apion (Beta)

Notes: This word is a particle often used to introduce a clause that is contrasted with a following clause, which is typically introduced by the particle δέ (de). It can indicate a concession, an affirmation, or simply serve to mark a transition in thought. While it often translates as 'indeed' or 'on the one hand,' its precise meaning is highly dependent on context and the presence of a contrasting 'δέ' clause.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΔΕ, ΓΕ, ΚΑΙ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is an ancient particle used to mark emphasis or contrast.

G5100

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Part of Speech: Pronoun, Adjective

Sounds like: TEE-nah

Translations: who, what, which, some, any, a certain one, something, anything

Notes: ΤΙΝΑ is an inflected form of the pronoun/adjective ΤΙΣ. As an interrogative, it asks 'who?', 'what?', or 'which?'. As an indefinite, it means 'someone', 'something', 'anyone', 'anything', 'a certain one', or 'some'. Its meaning depends heavily on context and whether it is used in a question or a statement. It can function as both a pronoun standing alone or an adjective modifying a noun.

Inflection: Accusative Singular Masculine or Feminine, or Nominative/Accusative Plural Neuter

G4012

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: PEH-ree

Translations: about, concerning, around, for, on behalf of, with respect to, at, near

Notes: This word is a preposition that can take either the genitive or accusative case, and its meaning changes depending on the case of the noun it governs. When used with the genitive case, it typically means 'about', 'concerning', 'for', or 'on behalf of'. When used with the accusative case, it usually indicates spatial 'around', 'about' (in the sense of movement or position), 'at', or 'near'. It can also be used as a prefix in compound words, adding a sense of 'around' or 'excessive'.

Inflection: Governs Genitive or Accusative case; Does not inflect itself

Synonyms: ΥΠΕΡ, ΑΜΦΙ, ΕΠΙ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *peri, meaning 'around, about'. It is cognate with English 'peri-' (as in 'perimeter') and Latin 'per'.

G2532

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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Adverb

Sounds like: kahee

Translations: and, also, even, but, then

Notes: ΚΑΙ is a very common conjunction in Koine Greek, primarily meaning 'and' to connect words, phrases, or clauses. It can also function as an adverb, emphasizing a word or phrase with meanings like 'also' or 'even'. In some contexts, it can introduce a contrast, similar to 'but', or indicate sequence, meaning 'then'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ΚΑΙ is an ancient particle, tracing its origins back to Proto-Indo-European. It has remained remarkably stable in form and function throughout the history of the Greek language.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: THAYS

Translations: of the

Notes: ΤΗΣ is the genitive, singular, feminine form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to indicate possession, origin, or relationship for feminine singular nouns. For example, 'the house of the woman' would use ΤΗΣ for 'of the woman'. It functions similarly to 'of the' in English.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine

Etymology: The Greek definite article 'Ο' (of which ΤΗΣ is an inflection) derives from a Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronoun root. It evolved to function as a definite article in ancient Greek, marking nouns as specific or previously mentioned.

G1096

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Part of Speech: Participle

Sounds like: geh-no-MEH-nays

Translations: (of) having become, (of) having happened, (of) being, (of) coming into existence, (of) being born, (of) being made

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'γίνομαι' (ginomai), meaning 'to become,' 'to happen,' 'to come into existence,' or 'to be made.' As a participle, it describes an action that has already occurred or is in the process of occurring, often functioning like a verbal adjective or an adverbial clause. In this form, it indicates a feminine singular genitive relationship, often translated as 'of having become' or 'when it became' in a genitive absolute construction.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine, Aorist Middle Participle

Synonyms: ΓΕΝΕΣΘΑΙ, ΕΓΕΝΕΤΟ, ΓΕΝΟΜΕΝΟΝ

G0052

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: ah-pal-la-GAYS

Translations: deliverance, release, freedom, a deliverance, a release, a freedom

Notes: This word refers to a deliverance, release, or freedom from something, often from a difficult or undesirable situation. It describes the act of being set free or obtaining relief. It is typically used in contexts where someone is freed from a burden, suffering, or obligation.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine

Synonyms: ἘΛΕΥΘΕΡΙΑ, ΛΥΣΙΣ, ἈΦΕΣΙΣ

Etymology: The word ἀπαλλαγή (apallagē) comes from the verb ἀπαλλάσσω (apallassō), meaning 'to set free, release, deliver'. It is formed from the prefix ἀπό (apo), meaning 'from, away from', and ἀλλάσσω (allassō), meaning 'to change, alter'. Thus, it conveys the idea of a change away from a state of confinement or difficulty.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Relative Pronoun, Letter

Sounds like: OH

Translations: the, who, which, O

Notes: Ο is primarily the masculine singular nominative form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to specify a noun, similar to 'the' in English. It can also function as a relative pronoun, meaning 'who' or 'which', introducing a relative clause. Additionally, 'Ο' is the fifteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, Omicron, which corresponds to the short 'o' sound.

Inflection: Masculine, Singular, Nominative (for the article/relative pronoun); Does not inflect (for the letter)

Etymology: The definite article 'Ο' derives from Proto-Indo-European. The letter 'Ο' (Omicron) is derived from the Phoenician letter 'ayin'.

G2537

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eh-kai-no-poi-EE-sen

Translations: made new, renewed, innovated

Notes: This word means to make something new, to renew, or to innovate. It describes the act of bringing something into a new state or condition, often implying a significant change or improvement. It can be used to describe someone who introduces new practices or ideas.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Indicative, 3rd Person Singular

Synonyms: ΑΝΑΚΑΙΝΙΖΩ, ΑΝΑΝΕΟΩ

Etymology: The word ΚΑΙΝΟΠΟΙΕΩ is a compound word formed from ΚΑΙΝΟΣ (kainos), meaning 'new', and ΠΟΙΕΩ (poieo), meaning 'to make' or 'to do'.

G3844

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: pah-RAH

Translations: from, by, with, beside, at, near, alongside, to

Notes: This word is a common preposition in Koine Greek. Its meaning changes depending on the case of the noun it governs. With the genitive case, it typically means 'from' or 'from beside', indicating origin or agency. With the dative case, it means 'with', 'beside', or 'at', indicating proximity or presence. With the accusative case, it means 'alongside', 'to', or 'past', indicating motion towards or along something.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΠΡΟΣ, ΕΠΙ, ΥΠΟ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'beside', 'alongside'. It is cognate with English 'for' and 'from'.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Demonstrative Pronoun

Sounds like: TOOS

Translations: the, them, those

Notes: ΤΟΥΣ is the masculine plural accusative form of the definite article or demonstrative pronoun 'ὁ'. As an article, it functions like 'the' in English, specifying a noun that is already known or has been previously mentioned. As a pronoun, it means 'them' or 'those', referring to a group of masculine individuals or things in the accusative case, indicating they are the direct object of a verb or the object of a preposition.

Inflection: Plural, Accusative, Masculine

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *so- (demonstrative pronoun).

G1902

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Part of Speech: Participle

Sounds like: eh-pee-noh-AY-sas

Translations: having devised, having thought out, having invented, having conceived, having planned

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'epinoeō', meaning 'to devise', 'to think out', 'to invent', or 'to conceive'. It describes an action that has been completed, indicating that someone has already thought of or planned something. It is used to show the agent who performed the action of devising or inventing.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Masculine, Nominative, Singular

Synonyms: ΕΥΡΙΣΚΩ, ΜΗΧΑΝΑΟΜΑΙ, ΤΕΚΜΑΙΡΟΜΑΙ

G5101

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Part of Speech: Pronoun, Adjective

Sounds like: TEE

Translations: what, why, what kind of, how much, something, anything, a certain thing

Notes: This word is the neuter singular form of the interrogative/indefinite pronoun 'τίς'. It can be used to ask 'what?' or 'why?', or to refer to 'something' or 'anything' in an indefinite sense. When used as an adjective, it means 'what kind of' or 'how much'.

Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative

Etymology: The word 'ΤΙ' originates from Proto-Indo-European, serving as the neuter singular form of the interrogative/indefinite pronoun.

G1163

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Part of Speech: Impersonal Verb

Sounds like: DEH-ee

Translations: it is necessary, one must, it is proper, it behooves

Notes: This is an impersonal verb meaning 'it is necessary' or 'one must'. It expresses a strong sense of obligation, necessity, or inevitability. It is often used with an infinitive to indicate what must be done or what is destined to happen.

Inflection: Impersonal, 3rd person singular, Present, Indicative, Active

Synonyms: ΧΡΗ, ΑΝΑΓΚΗ ΕΣΤΙΝ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *deyh₂- (to shine, to gleam), which developed into the sense of 'to be visible, to appear', and then 'to be proper, to be necessary'.

G2296

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: thav-MAH-zayn

Translations: to wonder, to marvel, to be amazed, to admire

Notes: This word is the present active infinitive form of the verb 'θαυμάζω'. It means to be filled with wonder, amazement, or admiration. It can be used to express surprise, awe, or a deep sense of respect for something or someone. For example, one might 'wonder at' a great deed or 'marvel at' a beautiful sight.

Inflection: Infinitive, Present, Active

Synonyms: ΕΚΠΛΗΣΣΩ, ΘΕΩΡΕΩ, ΑΠΟΡΕΩ

Etymology: The word 'θαυμάζω' (thaumazō) comes from 'θαῦμα' (thauma), meaning 'a wonder, a marvel, a sight'. Its origin is likely related to the root 'thea-' meaning 'to see' or 'to gaze at', implying something that causes one to gaze in wonder.

G1519, G1487, G1488

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Part of Speech: Preposition, Conjunction, Verb

Sounds like: E

Translations: into, to, for, unto, in, if, you are

Notes: This word is an elided form, indicated by the coronis (the apostrophe-like mark) at the end. It most commonly represents the preposition 'εἰς' (eis), meaning 'into, to, for', especially when followed by a vowel. It can also represent the conjunction 'εἰ' (ei), meaning 'if', or the verb 'εἶ' (ei), meaning 'you are'. In the provided examples, it functions as the preposition 'into' or 'to', indicating motion towards a place or object. It is used with the accusative case.

Inflection: Does not inflect (as an elided form); the original words it represents have their own inflections (e.g., 'εἰς' is a preposition and does not inflect; 'εἰ' is a conjunction and does not inflect; 'εἶ' is a verb, 2nd Person Singular, Present, Indicative, Active).

G2251

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Part of Speech: Possessive Pronoun

Sounds like: hay-meh-TEH-rohn

Translations: (of) our, (of) ours

Notes: This word is a possessive pronoun meaning 'our' or 'ours'. It indicates possession by a group including the speaker. As a genitive plural, it typically modifies a noun, indicating that the noun belongs to 'us'. For example, 'our house' or 'the house of ours'.

Inflection: Plural, Genitive, Masculine, Feminine or Neuter

Synonyms: ΗΜΩΝ

Etymology: The word 'ἡμέτερος' (hēmeteros) comes from 'ἡμεῖς' (hēmeis), meaning 'we'. It is a possessive adjective derived from the first person plural pronoun.

G3004

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Part of Speech: Participle

Sounds like: leh-GOHN

Translations: saying, speaking, telling

Notes: ΛΕΓΩΝ is the present active participle of the verb λέγω (legō), meaning 'to say' or 'to speak'. It is commonly used to introduce direct or indirect speech, functioning similarly to 'saying' or 'speaking' in English. For example, it might be translated as 'he came saying...' or 'they decreed, speaking...'. It describes an ongoing action of speaking or declaring.

Inflection: Present, Active, Participle, Masculine, Singular, Nominative

Synonyms: ΛΑΛΩΝ, ΦΩΝΩΝ, ΕΡΩΝ

Etymology: The word λέγω (legō) comes from Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'to collect, gather, pick out'. In Greek, it evolved to mean 'to speak' or 'to say', perhaps from the idea of 'picking out words'.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: toh

Translations: the

Notes: ΤΟ is the neuter singular form of the definite article 'the' in Koine Greek. It is used to specify a noun, much like 'the' in English. It can function as both the subject (nominative case) or the direct object (accusative case) of a sentence when referring to a neuter singular noun.

Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative

Etymology: The Greek definite article, including ΤΟ, derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. Its forms developed to agree in gender, number, and case with the nouns they modify.

G1085

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: GEH-nos

Translations: race, kind, family, nation, offspring, stock, a race, a kind

Notes: This word refers to a group of people or things sharing a common origin, characteristic, or lineage. It can denote a family, a nation, a race, a species, or a type. It is often used to describe a lineage or descent, such as 'the race of Israel' or 'the family of David'. It can also refer to a general category or kind of something.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative or Accusative, Neuter

Synonyms: ΦΥΛΗ, ΕΘΝΟΣ, ΣΠΕΡΜΑ

Etymology: From the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵenh₁- meaning 'to produce, beget, give birth'. It is related to words like 'genesis' and 'generation' in English.

G0846

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Part of Speech: Pronoun, Adjective

Sounds like: ow-TOS

Translations: he, she, it, they, him, her, it, them, himself, herself, itself, themselves, same, very

Notes: ΑΥ̓ΤΟΣ is a versatile word in Koine Greek. As a third-person pronoun, it translates to 'he, she, it' or 'they' in the nominative case, and 'him, her, it' or 'them' in other cases. When used intensively, often in the nominative or immediately following the noun, it means 'himself, herself, itself, themselves' or 'even, very'. When used as an adjective with the definite article (e.g., 'ὁ αὐτὸς'), it means 'the same'. Its meaning depends on its grammatical function and position in the sentence.

Inflection: Singular or Plural, Nominative, Genitive, Dative, or Accusative, Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter

Synonyms: ΟΥ̓ΤΟΣ, ἘΚΕΙΝΟΣ

Etymology: The word ΑΥ̓ΤΟΣ is of uncertain origin, possibly from a pronominal stem *au- or *aw-.

G1063

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Part of Speech: Particle

Sounds like: gar

Translations: for, because, indeed, then, therefore

Notes: This word is a postpositive particle, meaning it typically appears second in a clause. It introduces a reason, explanation, or confirmation for what has just been stated. It can also indicate a logical consequence or a transition in thought, often translated as 'for' or 'because'. In some contexts, it can simply add emphasis or affirm a statement.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΔΙΟΤΙ, ΕΠΕΙ, ΟΥΝ

Etymology: The particle ΓΑΡ is believed to be a contraction of the particles γε (ge) meaning 'indeed' or 'at least' and ἄρα (ara) meaning 'then' or 'therefore'. It has been in use since ancient Greek.

G3588, G1727

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Part of Speech: Adverb, Noun

Sounds like: too-NAN-tee-on

Translations: on the contrary, the opposite, a contrary thing

Notes: This word is a crasis (a contraction of two words into one) of the definite article 'ΤΟ' (the) and the adjective 'ἘΝΑΝΤΙΟΝ' (opposite, contrary). It functions as an adverbial phrase meaning 'on the contrary' or 'on the other hand', or as a noun meaning 'the opposite' or 'a contrary thing'. It is used to introduce a contrasting idea or to refer to the opposing side of something.

Inflection: Neuter, Singular, Nominative or Accusative (from the crasis of the definite article ΤΟ and the adjective ἘΝΑΝΤΙΟΝ)

Synonyms: ἈΛΛΑ, ἈΝΤΙ

G1096

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Part of Speech: Participle, Adjective

Sounds like: geh-geh-NEE-meh-noss

Translations: having become, having been born, having come into being, having been made, having happened

Notes: This word is a perfect passive participle of the verb ΓΙΝΟΜΑΙ (ginomai), meaning 'to become' or 'to come into being'. As a participle, it functions like an adjective, describing a noun, or can be used verbally to indicate an action that has been completed and has ongoing results. It describes something that has already occurred or come into existence.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine, Perfect, Passive, Participle

Synonyms: ΓΕΓΟΝΩΣ, ΓΕΝΟΜΕΝΟΣ

Etymology: The verb ΓΙΝΟΜΑΙ (ginomai) comes from a Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'to come into being' or 'to be born'. It is related to words in other Indo-European languages that convey similar ideas of origin or becoming.

G1722

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: en

Translations: in, on, among, with, by, at

Notes: This word is a common preposition in Koine Greek, primarily meaning 'in' or 'on'. It typically governs the dative case, indicating location, time, or means. Its precise translation can vary depending on the context, often conveying ideas like 'within,' 'among,' or 'by means of'.

Inflection: Does not inflect (as a preposition, it governs cases but does not change its own form).

Etymology: The Koine Greek preposition 'ἘΝ' derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *en, meaning 'in' or 'into'. It has cognates in many other Indo-European languages, reflecting its ancient origin.

G4413

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Part of Speech: Adjective, Noun

Sounds like: PRO-tos

Translations: first, a first, chief, principal, foremost, the first

Notes: This word means 'first' in terms of order, rank, or importance. It can be used as an adjective to describe a noun, or it can be used substantively (as a noun) to refer to 'the first one' or 'the chief person/thing'. It indicates precedence or priority.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine

Synonyms: ΑΡΧΗ, ΠΡΩΤΙΣΤΟΣ

Etymology: From a superlative form of the Proto-Indo-European root *pro- (forward, before). It is related to the English word 'prior'.

G5613

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Part of Speech: Adverb, Conjunction, Preposition

Sounds like: OHS

Translations: as, like, when, how, about, approximately, that, so that

Notes: ΩΣ is a versatile particle in Koine Greek, primarily functioning as a conjunction or adverb. It is used to introduce comparisons ('as,' 'like'), indicate time ('when'), express manner ('how'), or denote purpose or result ('so that,' 'that'). It can also indicate approximation ('about,' 'approximately') or serve as a preposition meaning 'to' or 'towards' with certain cases.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΩΣΠΕΡ, ΚΑΘΩΣ, ΩΣΑΝΕΙ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is related to demonstrative pronouns and adverbs indicating manner or comparison.

G0302

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Part of Speech: Particle

Sounds like: AHN

Translations: if, ever, might, would, should

Notes: This word is a particle used to express contingency, possibility, or potentiality. It does not have a direct English equivalent but modifies the meaning of the verb it accompanies, often indicating that an action is dependent on a condition or is hypothetical. It is frequently used with the subjunctive or optative moods to form conditional clauses or express indefinite temporal or relative clauses.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The origin of this particle is uncertain, but it is believed to be an ancient particle in Greek, possibly related to the concept of 'on' or 'up' in some contexts, though its primary function became conditional.

G5101

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Part of Speech: Interrogative Pronoun, Indefinite Pronoun, Interrogative Adjective

Sounds like: TEES

Translations: who, what, which, what kind of, someone, something, anyone, anything, a certain one, a certain thing

Notes: ΤΙΣ is a versatile pronoun and adjective in Koine Greek. As an interrogative, it asks 'who?', 'what?', or 'which?'. As an indefinite, it means 'someone', 'something', 'anyone', or 'anything', often implying an unspecified person or thing. Its meaning depends heavily on context and whether it has an accent.

Inflection: Singular or Plural, Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter, Nominative, Genitive, Dative, or Accusative. It is a highly inflected word.

Etymology: The word ΤΙΣ is an ancient Greek word, tracing its origins back to Proto-Indo-European roots. It has cognates in many other Indo-European languages, indicating its long history and fundamental role in language.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: TANE

Translations: the

Notes: ΤΗΝ is the feminine singular accusative form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to specify a noun that is feminine in gender, singular in number, and in the accusative case, indicating it is the direct object of a verb or the object of certain prepositions. For example, it would be used before a feminine singular noun like 'πόλιν' (city) when 'city' is the direct object.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine

Etymology: The Koine Greek definite article derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. It evolved from an earlier demonstrative particle, becoming a grammatical marker for definiteness.

G0227

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: ah-lay-THAY

Translations: true, real, genuine, (the) true things, (the) real things

Notes: This word describes something as true, real, or genuine, as opposed to false, counterfeit, or imaginary. It can be used to describe people, statements, or concepts. For example, it can refer to a 'true man' or 'true justice'. It is an adjective that modifies nouns.

Inflection: Singular, Feminine, Nominative or Accusative; or Plural, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative

Synonyms: ἈΛΗΘΙΝΟΣ, ΓΝΗΣΙΟΣ, ΕΤΥΜΟΣ

Etymology: From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, 'un-') and λήθω (lēthō, 'to escape notice, be hidden'), meaning 'unhidden' or 'not concealed'.

G1844

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eks-OH-moh-sah-toh

Translations: he swore, he denied with an oath, he disavowed with an oath

Notes: This word is a verb meaning 'to swear off, to deny with an oath, or to disavow by oath'. It implies a strong, definitive denial or renunciation made under oath. It is often used in contexts where someone is denying an accusation or disclaiming knowledge of something, emphasizing the truthfulness of their denial through an oath.

Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Middle Voice, Third Person Singular

Synonyms: ΑΡΝΕΟΜΑΙ, ΑΠΟΜΝΥΜΙ

G1161

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Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction

Sounds like: DEH

Translations: but, and, now, then, moreover, however

Notes: ΔΕ is a common Koine Greek particle or conjunction used to connect clauses or sentences. It often indicates a transition, a contrast, or a continuation of thought. It can be translated in various ways depending on the context, such as 'but' when indicating opposition, 'and' when simply continuing a narrative, or 'now'/'then' when marking a new point or development.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΚΑΙ, ΑΛΛΑ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'and' or 'but'. It is an ancient particle used to connect ideas or introduce new information.

G2680

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: kah-tah-psef-DOH-meh-nos

Translations: falsely accusing, slandering, lying against, bearing false witness against

Notes: This word is a compound verb, formed from the preposition 'κατά' (kata), meaning 'down' or 'against', and the verb 'ψεύδομαι' (pseudomai), meaning 'to lie' or 'to deceive'. Therefore, 'καταψεύδομαι' means 'to lie against' or 'to accuse falsely'. The form 'καταψευδόμενος' is a present middle/passive participle, indicating an ongoing action of falsely accusing or slandering someone.

Inflection: Present, Middle/Passive, Participle, Nominative, Masculine, Singular

Synonyms: ΨΕΥΔΟΜΑΙ, ΔΙΑΒΑΛΛΩ, ΣΥΚΟΦΑΝΤΕΩ

G3670

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: ho-mo-lo-GEH-ee

Translations: confesses, acknowledges, declares, professes, agrees

Notes: This word means to confess, acknowledge, declare, or profess. It implies an agreement or a public statement of belief or fact. It is often used in a religious context to confess sins or to profess faith, but can also mean to agree with someone or something.

Inflection: Present, Indicative, Active, Third Person Singular

Synonyms: ΕΞΟΜΟΛΟΓΕΩ, ΛΕΓΩ, ΦΗΜΙ

Etymology: The word ΟΜΟΛΟΓΕΩ is a compound word derived from the Greek words ὁμός (homos), meaning 'same' or 'one and the same', and λέγω (legō), meaning 'to say' or 'to speak'. Thus, it literally means 'to say the same thing' or 'to agree'.

G3427

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: mokh-thee-REE-an

Translations: evil, wickedness, trouble, distress, misery, hardship, a hardship

Notes: This word refers to evil, wickedness, or depravity. It can also denote the state of trouble, distress, or hardship, often implying the result of evil actions or circumstances. It describes a condition of moral badness or physical suffering.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΚΑΚΙΑ, ΠΟΝΗΡΙΑ, ΦΑΥΛΟΤΗΣ

Etymology: The word ΜΟΧΘΗΡΙΑ (mochtheria) comes from the adjective μοχθηρός (mochtheros), meaning 'toilsome, laborious, wretched, bad', which in turn is derived from μόχθος (mochthos), meaning 'toil, labor, distress'.

G3588, G3778

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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Demonstrative Pronoun, Particle

Sounds like: too

Translations: of the, of him, of it, of this, to, in order to

Notes: This word is a form of the definite article 'the' or a demonstrative pronoun 'this/that'. It is most commonly used to indicate possession or relationship, translating as 'of the' or 'of him/it'. It can also be used before an infinitive verb to express purpose, meaning 'to' or 'in order to'.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine or Neuter

Etymology: The word 'Ο' (ho), from which 'ΤΟΥ' is derived, comes from Proto-Indo-European. It is an ancient word that has evolved to serve various grammatical functions in Greek.

G3767

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Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction, Adverb

Sounds like: OON

Translations: therefore, then, so, consequently, accordingly, now, indeed

Notes: This word is a particle used to indicate a logical consequence, transition, or emphasis. It often connects a statement to what precedes it, meaning 'therefore' or 'consequently'. It can also be used to introduce a new point or a summary, translated as 'then' or 'now'. In some contexts, it adds emphasis, meaning 'indeed' or 'certainly'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ἈΡΑ, ΔΕ, ΤΟΙΓΑΡΟΥ͂Ν

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *nu, meaning 'now' or 'then'. It is related to Latin 'nunc' (now) and English 'now'.

G3361

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Part of Speech: Particle, Adverb

Sounds like: MAY

Translations: not, lest, no, do not

Notes: ΜΗ is a negative particle used in Koine Greek to express a subjective negation. It is typically used with non-indicative moods (like the subjunctive, imperative, infinitive, or participle) to express prohibition, a condition, or a denial of something that is wished for or imagined. For example, it is used in commands like 'do not do this' or in clauses expressing fear or purpose, such as 'lest something happen'. It contrasts with 'οὐ' (ou), which negates objective facts.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ΜΗ comes from Proto-Indo-European. It is an ancient negative particle that has been present in various forms across Indo-European languages.

G5337

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: fah-oo-LOH-tah-toos

Translations: most worthless, most base, most vile, most evil, most bad

Notes: This word is the superlative form of the adjective 'phaulos', meaning 'worthless' or 'base'. It describes something or someone as being of the absolute lowest quality, most contemptible, or most morally corrupt. It is used to emphasize extreme negativity or inferiority.

Inflection: Masculine, Accusative, Plural, Superlative

Synonyms: ΠΟΝΗΡΟΤΑΤΟΥΣ, ΚΑΚΙΣΤΟΥΣ, ΑΣΕΒΕΣΤΑΤΟΥΣ

Etymology: The word 'phaulos' (from which 'phaulotatous' is derived) is of uncertain origin, possibly related to 'phaulon' meaning 'light' or 'trifling'. It evolved to describe something as insignificant, then poor, and eventually morally bad or worthless.

G3543

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eh-NO-mid-zen

Translations: he was thinking, he was supposing, he was considering, he was believing, he was accustomed

Notes: This word describes an ongoing or repeated action in the past, meaning 'he was thinking' or 'he was supposing'. It can also imply a custom or belief, indicating 'he was accustomed' or 'he was believing'. It is used to describe someone's continuous mental state or habitual action in a past context.

Inflection: Third Person, Singular, Imperfect, Active, Indicative

Synonyms: ΟἸΟΜΑΙ, ἩΓΕΟΜΑΙ, ΔΟΚΕΩ

G3756

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Part of Speech: Adverb, Particle

Sounds like: OOK

Translations: not, no

Notes: This word is a negative particle used to express absolute negation. It typically precedes verbs, adjectives, or adverbs to deny or contradict a statement. It is used when the negation is a statement of fact, as opposed to a hypothetical or willed negation. It has variant forms like οὐ (ou) before a consonant and οὐχ (ouch) before a rough breathing.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΜΉ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'not'. It is an ancient negative particle found in various Indo-European languages.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Pronoun, Interjection

Sounds like: OY

Translations: the, who, they, oh

Notes: ΟΙ is primarily the masculine plural nominative form of the definite article, meaning 'the'. It is used to specify a group of masculine nouns that are the subject of a sentence. It can also function as a demonstrative pronoun, meaning 'these' or 'they', referring to a group of people or things previously mentioned. Less commonly, it can be an interjection, similar to 'oh' or 'alas'.

Inflection: Masculine, Plural, Nominative

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, related to demonstrative pronouns and articles in other Indo-European languages.

G1909

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Part of Speech: Preposition, Adverb

Sounds like: eh-PEE

Translations: on, upon, over, to, against, at, in, for, concerning, during, by, beside, near, among, with respect to

Notes: This is a very common and versatile preposition in Koine Greek. Its meaning changes significantly depending on the case of the noun it governs. With the genitive case, it often means 'upon, over, on, at, in the time of, during, concerning, in the presence of'. With the dative case, it can mean 'upon, on, at, by, near, beside, in, for, in addition to, on the basis of, because of, in the time of, during, in the presence of, against'. With the accusative case, it typically means 'upon, on, to, against, over, for, with a view to, at, by, during, in the time of'. It can also function as an adverb meaning 'upon, besides, in addition'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ἘΠΙ comes from Proto-Indo-European. It is related to similar prepositions in other Indo-European languages, conveying ideas of 'on, upon, over'.

G4585

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: sem-NYN-on-tai

Translations: they are made honorable, they are made venerable, they are made august, they are made reverent, they are made serious, they are made grave, they are made dignified, they are made respectable, they boast, they pride themselves

Notes: This word is a verb meaning to make oneself honorable, venerable, or dignified. It can also mean to boast or pride oneself, often in a negative sense of showing off or being arrogant. It describes an action where individuals elevate themselves or are elevated in status or perceived importance.

Inflection: Present, Middle/Passive Voice, Indicative Mood, Third Person Plural

Synonyms: ΚΑΥΧΑΟΜΑΙ, ΜΕΓΑΛΑΥΧΕΟΜΑΙ

G5537

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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: khray-mah-TEE-zon-tes

Translations: being warned, being instructed, being divinely admonished, doing business, trading, being called, being named

Notes: This word is a present active participle, meaning 'being warned' or 'being divinely instructed'. It can also refer to engaging in business or financial transactions, or to being called or named. The specific meaning often depends on the context, particularly whether it refers to divine communication or earthly affairs.

Inflection: Present, Active, Participle, Nominative, Masculine, Plural

Synonyms: ΠΡΟΦΗΤΕΥΟΝΤΕΣ, ΔΙΔΑΣΚΟΝΤΕΣ, ΟΝΟΜΑΖΟΝΤΕΣ

G0483

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Part of Speech: Verb (Participle)

Sounds like: an-tee-poy-oo-MEH-noos

Translations: claiming, asserting, laying claim to, striving for, contending for, aspiring to

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'antipoieō', meaning to claim, assert, or strive for something. It describes someone who is actively laying claim to or contending for a right, possession, or position. It implies a sense of opposition or counter-action in the act of claiming.

Inflection: Plural, Masculine, Accusative, Middle Voice, Present Participle

Synonyms: ΑΞΙΟΥΝΤΑΣ, ΔΙΕΚΔΙΚΟΥΝΤΑΣ, ΕΠΙΘΥΜΟΥΝΤΑΣ

Etymology: The word ἀντιποιέω (antipoieō) is a compound word formed from ἀντί (anti), meaning 'against' or 'in return for', and ποιέω (poieō), meaning 'to make' or 'to do'. Thus, it literally means 'to make against' or 'to do in return', evolving to mean 'to lay claim to' or 'to contend for'.

G4314

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: PROSS

Translations: to, toward, with, against, for, at, near, by, in relation to

Notes: This is a common and versatile preposition in Koine Greek. It indicates direction, relation, or purpose, and its precise meaning often depends on the case of the noun it governs. For example, with the accusative case, it typically means 'to' or 'toward' (indicating motion or direction), 'against' (indicating opposition), or 'in relation to'. With the genitive case, it can mean 'from' (indicating origin or source) or 'in the presence of'. With the dative case, it can mean 'at' or 'near' (indicating proximity). It is used to express a wide range of relationships between actions, objects, and people.

Inflection: Does not inflect, but governs various cases (accusative, genitive, dative).

Synonyms: ΕΙΣ, ΕΠΙ, ΠΑΡΑ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'forward, toward'. It is related to other words indicating movement or direction.

G2087

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Part of Speech: Adjective, Pronoun

Sounds like: THA-teh-ron

Translations: the other, the other one, the one

Notes: This word is a contraction of the definite article 'τό' (the) and the adjective/pronoun 'ἕτερον' (other, another). It refers to one of two distinct things or persons, meaning 'the other' or 'the one (of two)'. It is used to distinguish between two items, often in a context where a choice or comparison is being made between them.

Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative

Synonyms: ΑΛΛΟΣ

Etymology: The word ἕτερος (heteros) comes from Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'other' or 'different'. It is related to the English word 'other'.

G2228, G3588

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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Definite Article, Numeral

Sounds like: AY

Translations: or, the, 8

Notes: This word can function as a conjunction meaning 'or', indicating an alternative or choice between two or more options. It can also be the feminine nominative singular form of the definite article 'the', used to specify a feminine noun that is the subject of a sentence. The '̓' (coronis) indicates that this form is an elision, meaning it's a shortened form of a word like ἤ (e.g., when followed by a vowel). Additionally, the '̓' could be a keraia, indicating the numeral 8.

Inflection: Does not inflect (as conjunction or numeral); Singular, Nominative, Feminine (as definite article)

Etymology: The conjunction ἤ (e.g., from which Ἠ is an elision) is of uncertain origin. The definite article ἡ (from which Ἠ is an elision) comes from Proto-Indo-European. The numeral meaning is derived from the Greek letter eta (Η), which was used to represent the number 8.

G4339

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: pros-poy-OON-tay

Translations: they pretend, they feign, they make a pretense, they claim, they assume

Notes: This word is a verb meaning 'to pretend,' 'to feign,' or 'to make a pretense.' It can also mean 'to claim' or 'to assume' something, often with the implication of doing so falsely or for show. It is used when someone is acting in a way that is not genuine, or when they are asserting a connection or characteristic that may not be true.

Inflection: Present, Indicative, Middle/Passive, Third Person Plural

Synonyms: ΥΠΟΚΡΙΝΟΜΑΙ, ΠΛΑΣΣΟΜΑΙ, ΨΕΥΔΟΜΑΙ

Etymology: The word is a compound of the preposition πρός (pros), meaning 'to' or 'towards,' and the verb ποιέω (poieō), meaning 'to make' or 'to do.' In the middle voice, it takes on the meaning of 'making something for oneself' or 'making something appear to be so for oneself,' leading to the sense of pretending or feigning.

G2844

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: koy-noh-NOOS

Translations: partners, sharers, companions, partakers

Notes: This word refers to individuals who share something in common, participate together in an activity, or are companions. It denotes a close association or fellowship, often implying a joint interest or responsibility. It is used to describe those who are united in purpose or experience.

Inflection: Accusative, Plural, Masculine

Synonyms: ΣΥΝΕΡΓΟΥΣ, ΜΕΤΟΧΟΥΣ, ΣΥΜΜΕΤΟΧΟΥΣ

Etymology: The word ΚΟΙΝΩΝΟΣ derives from the Greek word κοινός (koinos), meaning 'common' or 'shared'. It describes someone who has something in common with others or participates in a shared activity.

G1961

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: ep-is-POHN-tai

Translations: they draw upon, they bring upon themselves, they attract, they contract

Notes: This word is a compound verb formed from 'ἐπί' (upon, to) and 'σπάω' (to draw). It means to draw upon oneself, to bring upon oneself, or to attract. It is often used in the middle voice to describe an action that the subject performs upon themselves or for their own benefit/detriment, such as drawing a disease or a consequence upon oneself. In the provided context, it refers to people bringing weakness upon their flesh due to excessive eating.

Inflection: Present, Indicative, Middle Voice, Third Person, Plural

Synonyms: ΕΛΚΩ, ΠΡΟΣΑΓΩ

G2556

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: kah-koh-dox-EE-ahs

Translations: of bad reputation, of ill repute, of evil opinion, of a bad opinion, of a bad doctrine, of a false doctrine, of heresy

Notes: This is a compound noun formed from 'κακός' (kakos), meaning 'bad' or 'evil', and 'δόξα' (doxa), meaning 'opinion', 'reputation', or 'glory'. It refers to having a bad reputation, holding an evil or false opinion, or adhering to a bad doctrine or heresy. It describes a state of being ill-reputed or having incorrect beliefs.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine

Synonyms: ΑΙΡΕΣΕΩΣ, ΔΥΣΦΗΜΙΑΣ

G1081

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: gen-NAI-os

Translations: noble, high-born, brave, courageous, generous, a noble, a high-born, a brave, a courageous, a generous

Notes: This word describes someone or something as noble, high-born, or of good stock. It can also refer to someone who is brave, courageous, or generous in spirit. It is used to commend a person's character or lineage, often implying a sense of inherent quality or virtue.

Inflection: Nominative, Singular, Masculine

Synonyms: ΕΥΓΕΝΗΣ, ΑΓΑΘΟΣ, ΑΝΔΡΕΙΟΣ

Etymology: From γένος (genos), meaning 'race, stock, family, birth'. The word relates to being 'of good birth' or 'well-born', which then extended to qualities associated with nobility such as bravery and generosity.

G2596

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Part of Speech: Preposition, Prefix

Sounds like: kath

Translations: according to, down, against, throughout, during, by, for, with respect to, concerning

Notes: This word is an elided form of the preposition 'κατά' (kata), which means 'down' or 'according to'. It is commonly used as a prefix in compound words or as a preposition governing various cases. When used as a preposition, it can indicate movement downwards, distribution, opposition, or a standard of comparison. For example, 'καθ' ἕνα' means 'one by one', and 'καθά' means 'just as' or 'according as'. The elision (dropping of the final vowel) occurs before a word beginning with a vowel and a rough breathing mark.

Inflection: Does not inflect (it is an elided form of a preposition)

Synonyms: ΠΡΟΣ, ΕΠΙ, ΔΙΑ

Etymology: The word 'κατά' (kata) comes from the Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'down' or 'against'. It is a common preposition in ancient Greek, indicating various relationships of position, direction, or standard.

G5618

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Part of Speech: Adverb, Conjunction

Sounds like: OH-sper

Translations: just as, as, even as, like, in the same way as

Notes: This word functions as a comparative adverb or conjunction, meaning 'just as' or 'even as'. It is used to introduce a clause that draws a comparison or analogy, indicating that something is happening or is true in the same manner or degree as something else. It emphasizes the similarity between two things or actions.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΚΑΘΩΣ, ΩΣ, ΚΑΘΑΠΕΡ

Etymology: From the adverb ὡς (hōs, "as") and the particle περ (per, "indeed, very"), emphasizing the comparison.

G3930

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: par-as-KHEIN

Translations: to provide, to grant, to give, to supply, to afford, to present

Notes: This word is the aorist active infinitive form of the verb παρέχω (parechō), meaning 'to provide' or 'to grant'. It is used to express the action of giving or supplying something, often in a context where a benefit or resource is being made available. It can be used with a dative object indicating to whom something is provided, and an accusative object indicating what is provided.

Inflection: Infinitive, Aorist, Active

Synonyms: ΔΙΔΩΜΙ, ΠΑΡΕΧΩ, ΧΟΡΗΓΕΩ

Etymology: The word παρέχω (parechō) is a compound word formed from the preposition παρά (para), meaning 'beside' or 'from', and the verb ἔχω (echō), meaning 'to have' or 'to hold'. Thus, its original sense is 'to hold out' or 'to offer'.

G0846

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Part of Speech: Pronoun

Sounds like: ow-TOH

Translations: (to) him, (to) her, (to) it, (to) himself, (to) herself, (to) itself

Notes: This word is the dative singular form of the pronoun 'ΑΥ̓ΤΟΣ'. It functions as a personal pronoun meaning 'him', 'her', or 'it' when used as an indirect object, often translated with 'to' or 'for'. It can also function as an intensive pronoun meaning 'himself', 'herself', or 'itself', emphasizing the subject. In some contexts, especially with the definite article, it can act as a demonstrative pronoun meaning 'the same'. Its usage depends heavily on the surrounding context.

Inflection: Singular, Dative, Masculine or Feminine or Neuter

G4174

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: po-li-TEI-as

Translations: of citizenship, of commonwealth, of state, of government, of way of life, of a way of life

Notes: This word refers to the rights and duties of a citizen, the administration of a state, or the form of government. It can also describe a person's conduct or way of life within a community. It is often used in contexts discussing political systems or the collective body of citizens.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine

Synonyms: ΠΟΛΙΣ, ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑ, ΒΙΟΣ

Etymology: From ancient Greek, derived from the word 'πολίτης' (politēs), meaning 'citizen', which itself comes from 'πόλις' (polis), meaning 'city' or 'state'.

G1987

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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: ep-is-TAH-men-os

Translations: knowing, understanding, being acquainted with, being skilled in, being experienced in

Notes: This word is a present participle derived from the verb 'epistamai', meaning 'to know' or 'to understand'. It describes someone who possesses knowledge, skill, or understanding in a particular area. It can be used to describe a person who is knowledgeable, skilled, or experienced.

Inflection: Present, Middle/Passive, Participle, Nominative, Masculine, Singular

Synonyms: ΓΙΝΩΣΚΩΝ, ΕΙΔΩΣ, ΣΥΝΙΩΝ

G4927

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Part of Speech: Participle

Sounds like: soon-oy-KOON-tas

Translations: dwelling together, living together, cohabiting, those who dwell together, those who live together

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'συνοικέω', meaning 'to dwell together' or 'to live together'. It describes individuals who share a common dwelling or life. It can refer to people living in the same house, city, or even those united in a marriage or partnership.

Inflection: Masculine, Plural, Accusative, Present Active Participle

Synonyms: ΣΥΜΒΙΟΥΝΤΑΣ, ΣΥΝΟΙΚΟΥΝΤΕΣ

G0846

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Part of Speech: Pronoun

Sounds like: ow-TOYS

Translations: (to) them, (to) themselves, (to) it, (to) him, (to) her

Notes: This word is a dative plural form of the personal/demonstrative pronoun 'ΑΥ̓ΤΟΣ'. It typically means 'to/for them' or 'to/for themselves', depending on the context. It can refer to people or things. When used reflexively, it emphasizes the subject performing an action on or for themselves. It can also be used to refer to 'it', 'him', or 'her' in the dative case when the gender and number are clear from context, though 'them' is its primary plural translation.

Inflection: Dative, Plural, Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter

G4388

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: pro-te-THEY-tai

Translations: is set forth, is displayed, is purposed, is proposed, is presented

Notes: This verb means to set before, to display, to propose, or to purpose. It is often used in the sense of publicly displaying something or setting something forth for a specific aim or intention. It is a compound word formed from the preposition πρό (pro), meaning 'before' or 'in front of', and the verb τίθημι (tithēmi), meaning 'to place' or 'to put'.

Inflection: Third Person Singular, Present Tense, Indicative Mood, Middle/Passive Voice

Synonyms: ΕΚΤΙΘΗΜΙ, ΠΑΡΑΤΙΘΗΜΙ

G1565

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Part of Speech: Demonstrative Pronoun, Demonstrative Adjective

Sounds like: eh-KAY-noys

Translations: to those, for those, with those, by those, those

Notes: This word is a demonstrative pronoun or adjective, meaning 'those' or 'that one' (when singular). In this inflected form, it is plural and in the dative case, indicating the indirect object of an action or a relationship of benefit or detriment. It can be translated as 'to those,' 'for those,' or 'with those,' depending on the context. It can refer to people or things previously mentioned or understood from the context.

Inflection: Plural, Dative, Masculine or Neuter

Synonyms: ΟΥ̓͂ΤΟΙ, ΑΥ̓ΤΟΙ

G3058, G3059

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: loy-dor-EIS-thai

Translations: to revile, to insult, to abuse, to rail at, to be reviled, to be insulted, to be abused

Notes: This word means to revile, insult, or abuse someone verbally. It can also mean to be reviled or insulted, especially when used in the middle or passive voice, indicating that the subject is receiving the action or acting upon themselves. It describes harsh, abusive language directed at another person.

Inflection: Present, Middle or Passive, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΒΛΑΣΦΗΜΕΩ, ΥΒΡΙΖΩ, ΚΑΚΟΛΟΓΕΩ

Etymology: The word ΛΟΙΔΟΡΕΩ comes from the noun λοιδορία (loidoria), meaning 'reproach, abuse, railing,' which itself is derived from λοίδορος (loidoros), meaning 'abusive, reviling.'

G4843

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: soom-peh-ree-lam-BAH-neen

Translations: to include, to comprise, to embrace, to contain

Notes: This word is the present active infinitive form of the verb 'συμπεριλαμβάνω'. It means 'to include', 'to comprise', or 'to embrace'. It is used to express the action of bringing something into a larger group or category, or of containing something within a whole. For example, one might use it to say 'to include all the members' or 'to comprise all the necessary elements'.

Inflection: Present, Active, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΠΕΡΙΛΑΜΒΑΝΩ, ΕΝΕΧΩ, ΠΕΡΙΕΧΩ

Etymology: The word ΣΥΜΠΕΡΙΛΑΜΒΑΝΩ is a compound verb formed from three parts: σύν (syn, meaning 'with' or 'together'), περί (peri, meaning 'around' or 'about'), and λαμβάνω (lambano, meaning 'to take' or 'to receive'). Thus, it literally means 'to take together around', conveying the sense of encompassing or including.

G0537

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: ah-PAN-tas

Translations: all, every, the whole, everyone

Notes: This word is an adjective meaning 'all', 'every', or 'the whole'. It is used to indicate the entirety of a group or quantity. In this form, it is the masculine or feminine accusative plural, meaning it refers to 'all' or 'everyone' as the direct object of a verb, or after a preposition that takes the accusative case.

Inflection: Plural, Accusative, Masculine or Feminine

Synonyms: ΠΑΣ, ΟΛΟΣ

Etymology: The word ἅπας (hapas) is a compound word formed from the prefix ἁ- (ha-), meaning 'together' or 'one and the same', and πᾶς (pas), meaning 'all' or 'every'. It emphasizes the totality or completeness of something.

G5574

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Part of Speech: Participle

Sounds like: psyoo-DOH-meh-nos

Translations: lying, deceiving, a liar, one who lies

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'to lie' or 'to deceive'. It describes someone who is actively engaged in the act of lying or deceiving, or refers to a person who is a liar. It can function like an adjective modifying a noun, or as a noun itself, meaning 'the one who lies'.

Inflection: Present, Middle/Passive Voice, Participle, Masculine, Singular, Nominative

Synonyms: ΑΠΑΤΩΝ, ΠΛΑΝΩΝ

Etymology: From an uncertain root, possibly related to 'ψεύδος' (pseudos), meaning 'falsehood' or 'lie'.

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Book Two, Chapter 3

Interlinear version from Josephus' Against Apion (Beta)

3:28

3:29

3:30

3:31

3:32

This interlinear database is in beta