2001 Translation

Part of Speech: Particle

Sounds like: gar

Translations: for, because, indeed, then, therefore

Notes: This word is a postpositive particle, meaning it typically appears second in a clause. It introduces a reason, explanation, or confirmation for what has just been stated. It can also indicate a logical consequence or a transition in thought, often translated as 'for' or 'because'. In some contexts, it can simply add emphasis or affirm a statement.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΔΙΟΤΙ, ΕΠΕΙ, ΟΥΝ

Etymology: The particle ΓΑΡ is believed to be a contraction of the particles γε (ge) meaning 'indeed' or 'at least' and ἄρα (ara) meaning 'then' or 'therefore'. It has been in use since ancient Greek.

G4012

Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: PEH-ree

Translations: about, concerning, around, for, on behalf of, with respect to, at, near

Notes: This word is a preposition that can take either the genitive or accusative case, and its meaning changes depending on the case of the noun it governs. When used with the genitive case, it typically means 'about', 'concerning', 'for', or 'on behalf of'. When used with the accusative case, it usually indicates spatial 'around', 'about' (in the sense of movement or position), 'at', or 'near'. It can also be used as a prefix in compound words, adding a sense of 'around' or 'excessive'.

Inflection: Governs Genitive or Accusative case; Does not inflect itself

Synonyms: ΥΠΕΡ, ΑΜΦΙ, ΕΠΙ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *peri, meaning 'around, about'. It is cognate with English 'peri-' (as in 'perimeter') and Latin 'per'.

Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: peh-ree-EH-teh-men

Translations: he circumcised, he cut around

Notes: This word means 'to circumcise' or 'to cut around'. It is often used in the context of the Jewish ritual of circumcision. It can also be used more generally to mean 'to cut off' or 'to remove something from around'. In a figurative sense, it can refer to the 'circumcision of the heart', meaning a spiritual purification.

Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Active, 3rd Person, Singular

Synonyms: ΑΠΟΤΕΜΝΩ, ΕΚΚΟΠΤΩ

Etymology: The word is a compound of the preposition περί (peri), meaning 'around', and the verb τέμνω (temnō), meaning 'to cut'.

Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: TANE

Translations: the

Notes: ΤΗΝ is the feminine singular accusative form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to specify a noun that is feminine in gender, singular in number, and in the accusative case, indicating it is the direct object of a verb or the object of certain prepositions. For example, it would be used before a feminine singular noun like 'πόλιν' (city) when 'city' is the direct object.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine

Etymology: The Koine Greek definite article derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. It evolved from an earlier demonstrative particle, becoming a grammatical marker for definiteness.

G2962

Part of Speech: Noun, Adjective

Sounds like: KOO-ree-oss

Translations: Lord, a Lord, master, a master, owner, an owner, sir

Notes: This word refers to a person who has authority, control, or ownership over something or someone. It is frequently used in the New Testament to refer to God or Jesus Christ, signifying their supreme authority and sovereignty. It can also be used in a more general sense for a human master or owner.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine

Synonyms: ΔΕΣΠΟΤΗΣ, ΑΥΘΕΝΤΗΣ

Etymology: The word ΚΥΡΙΟΣ derives from the Greek word κῦρος (kyros), meaning 'supreme power' or 'authority'. It signifies one who possesses power and authority, thus a lord or master.

G1722

Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: en

Translations: in, on, among, with, by, at

Notes: This word is a common preposition in Koine Greek, primarily meaning 'in' or 'on'. It typically governs the dative case, indicating location, time, or means. Its precise translation can vary depending on the context, often conveying ideas like 'within,' 'among,' or 'by means of'.

Inflection: Does not inflect (as a preposition, it governs cases but does not change its own form).

Etymology: The Koine Greek preposition 'ἘΝ' derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *en, meaning 'in' or 'into'. It has cognates in many other Indo-European languages, reflecting its ancient origin.

G1519

Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: EES

Translations: into, to, for, unto, among, in, toward

Notes: This word is a preposition that primarily indicates motion towards or into something. It is always used with the accusative case, showing the destination or goal of an action. It can also express purpose, result, or the object of an action. For example, it is used to say 'go into the city' or 'believe into Christ'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ΕἸΣ comes from Proto-Indo-European *en-s, which is a locative adverb meaning 'in, into'. It is related to the English word 'in'.

G2532

Part of Speech: Conjunction, Adverb

Sounds like: kahee

Translations: and, also, even, but, then

Notes: ΚΑΙ is a very common conjunction in Koine Greek, primarily meaning 'and' to connect words, phrases, or clauses. It can also function as an adverb, emphasizing a word or phrase with meanings like 'also' or 'even'. In some contexts, it can introduce a contrast, similar to 'but', or indicate sequence, meaning 'then'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ΚΑΙ is an ancient particle, tracing its origins back to Proto-Indo-European. It has remained remarkably stable in form and function throughout the history of the Greek language.

G0189

Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: ah-KO-ay

Translations: hearing, a hearing, report, a report, fame, a fame, rumor, a rumor, (of) hearing, (to) hearing

Notes: This word refers to the faculty of hearing, the act of hearing, or what is heard, such as a report, rumor, or news. It can also refer to the message or teaching that is heard. For example, one might speak of 'the hearing of faith' or 'a report of what happened'.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΑΚΟΥΣΜΑ, ΦΗΜΗ, ΛΟΓΟΣ

Etymology: From the Greek verb ἀκούω (akouō), meaning 'to hear'.

Part of Speech: Definite Article, Pronoun, Interjection

Sounds like: OY

Translations: the, who, they, oh

Notes: ΟΙ is primarily the masculine plural nominative form of the definite article, meaning 'the'. It is used to specify a group of masculine nouns that are the subject of a sentence. It can also function as a demonstrative pronoun, meaning 'these' or 'they', referring to a group of people or things previously mentioned. Less commonly, it can be an interjection, similar to 'oh' or 'alas'.

Inflection: Masculine, Plural, Nominative

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, related to demonstrative pronouns and articles in other Indo-European languages.

Part of Speech: Letter, Numeral, Prefix

Sounds like: AL-fah (as the letter name), ah (as the sound)

Translations: Alpha, A, one, un-, a-

Notes: This is the first letter of the Greek alphabet, equivalent to the English 'A'. It can also function as the numeral '1'. Furthermore, it is commonly used as a prefix (known as the 'alpha privative') when placed before a word, indicating negation, absence, or the opposite of the word's meaning, similar to the English prefixes 'un-' or 'a-'. For example, 'atheist' (without God) comes from 'a-' (without) and 'theos' (God).

Inflection: Does not inflect as a letter or numeral. As a prefix, it modifies the meaning of the word it precedes.

Etymology: The letter 'Alpha' is derived from the Phoenician letter 'aleph', which meant 'ox'. It was adopted by the Greeks and became the first letter of their alphabet.

G4160

Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eh-POY-ay-sah

Translations: I made, I did, I created, I produced

Notes: This is a common verb meaning 'to make', 'to do', 'to create', or 'to produce'. It describes the act of bringing something into existence or performing an action. The form 'ἘΠΟΙΗΣΑ' specifically indicates a completed action in the past, performed by the speaker ('I'). It is often used in contexts of creation, performance of deeds, or the execution of commands.

Inflection: First Person, Singular, Aorist, Active, Indicative

Synonyms: ΠΡΑΤΤΩ, ΕΡΓΑΖΟΜΑΙ, ΤΙΘΗΜΙ

G2588

Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: kar-DEE-as

Translations: of heart, of a heart, of mind, of soul, of inner self, of conscience, of courage, of will

Notes: This word refers to the physical heart, but more commonly in Koine Greek, it signifies the center of one's being, including thoughts, emotions, will, and conscience. It is often used to denote the inner person, the seat of spiritual and moral life. For example, it can refer to the core of one's beliefs or the source of one's intentions.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine

Synonyms: ΨΥΧΗ, ΝΟΥΣ, ΠΝΕΥΜΑ

G2474

Part of Speech: Proper Noun

Sounds like: Iss-rah-AYL

Translations: Israel

Notes: This word refers to Israel, which can denote the patriarch Jacob (who was renamed Israel), the nation descended from him, or the land occupied by that nation. It is used to refer to the people of God, the twelve tribes, or the northern kingdom of Israel as distinct from Judah. It is often used in contexts referring to the history, covenant, and identity of God's chosen people.

Inflection: Indeclinable

Etymology: The word is of Hebrew origin, meaning 'God strives' or 'he strives with God'. It was the new name given to Jacob after he wrestled with God (Genesis 32:28).

G3754

Part of Speech: Conjunction, Relative Pronoun

Sounds like: OH-tee

Translations: that, because, for, since, how, what, which

Notes: ΟΤΙ is a versatile word in Koine Greek, primarily functioning as a conjunction meaning 'that', 'because', 'for', or 'since'. It can introduce a clause explaining a reason or consequence, or it can introduce direct speech, similar to how quotation marks function in English. It can also act as a relative pronoun meaning 'what' or 'which'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΔΙΟΤΙ, ΕΠΕΙ, ΓΑΡ

Etymology: The word ΟΤΙ is derived from the neuter accusative singular of the relative pronoun ὅστις (hostis), meaning 'whoever, whatever'. Over time, it evolved to function primarily as a conjunction.

G3778

Part of Speech: Demonstrative Pronoun

Sounds like: TA-deh

Translations: these things, thus, as follows

Notes: ΤΑΔΕ is the neuter plural form of the demonstrative pronoun ὅδε (hode), meaning 'this' or 'these'. It is often used to introduce a statement, a list of items, or direct speech, functioning like 'thus' or 'as follows'. For example, 'thus says the Lord'. It can refer to things that are about to be said or have just been mentioned.

Inflection: Neuter, Plural, Nominative or Accusative

Synonyms: ΟΥΤΟΣ, ΤΟΙΟΥΤΟΣ

Etymology: The word ὅδε (hode) is formed from the demonstrative pronoun ὁ (ho, 'this, that') and the deictic particle -δε (-de), which emphasizes proximity or immediate reference.

Part of Speech: Definite Article, Relative Pronoun, Letter

Sounds like: OH

Translations: the, who, which, O

Notes: Ο is primarily the masculine singular nominative form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to specify a noun, similar to 'the' in English. It can also function as a relative pronoun, meaning 'who' or 'which', introducing a relative clause. Additionally, 'Ο' is the fifteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, Omicron, which corresponds to the short 'o' sound.

Inflection: Masculine, Singular, Nominative (for the article/relative pronoun); Does not inflect (for the letter)

Etymology: The definite article 'Ο' derives from Proto-Indo-European. The letter 'Ο' (Omicron) is derived from the Phoenician letter 'ayin'.

G2316

Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: THEH-os

Translations: God, a God, Lord

Notes: ΘΕΟΣ (theos) is a singular noun meaning 'God' or 'a god'. In Koine Greek, it is frequently used to refer to the singular, supreme God, often with the definite article. It can also refer to a generic deity or even a human figure considered divine. It functions as a subject or object in sentences, depending on its case.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine

Synonyms: ΚΥΡΙΟΣ, ΠΑΤΗΡ

Etymology: The word ΘΕΟΣ is believed to derive from a Proto-Indo-European root, though its precise origin is debated. It has cognates in various Indo-European languages.

Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: toh

Translations: the

Notes: ΤΟ is the neuter singular form of the definite article 'the' in Koine Greek. It is used to specify a noun, much like 'the' in English. It can function as both the subject (nominative case) or the direct object (accusative case) of a sentence when referring to a neuter singular noun.

Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative

Etymology: The Greek definite article, including ΤΟ, derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. Its forms developed to agree in gender, number, and case with the nouns they modify.

G4151

Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: PNEV-mah

Translations: spirit, a spirit, wind, a wind, breath, a breath

Notes: This word refers to 'spirit,' 'wind,' or 'breath.' In a physical sense, it can mean a gust of wind or the act of breathing. Theologically, it often refers to the Holy Spirit, a spiritual being, or the human spirit. It is a neuter noun and its meaning can vary depending on the context, from a literal breeze to a divine essence.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Accusative, or Vocative, Neuter

Synonyms: ΑΝΕΜΟΣ, ΠΝΟΗ

Etymology: The word ΠΝΕΥΜΑ derives from the verb πνέω (pneō), meaning 'to breathe,' 'to blow,' or 'to gasp.' It refers to something that is breathed or blown.

G2962

Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: KOO-ree-OO

Translations: of Lord, of the Lord, of God, of the Master

Notes: This word refers to a lord, master, or owner. In religious contexts, particularly in the Septuagint and New Testament, it is frequently used to refer to God or Jesus Christ, often as a title of reverence and authority. It can be used in sentences like 'the house of the Lord' or 'the word of the Lord'.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine

Synonyms: ΘΕΟΣ, ΔΕΣΠΟΤΗΣ

Etymology: The word ΚΥΡΙΟΣ (kyrios) derives from the root κῦρος (kyros), meaning 'power, authority'. It originally referred to someone who possessed authority or control, such as a master or owner, and later evolved to be used as a title for deities or rulers.

G5101

Part of Speech: Interrogative Pronoun, Indefinite Pronoun, Interrogative Adjective

Sounds like: TEES

Translations: who, what, which, what kind of, someone, something, anyone, anything, a certain one, a certain thing

Notes: ΤΙΣ is a versatile pronoun and adjective in Koine Greek. As an interrogative, it asks 'who?', 'what?', or 'which?'. As an indefinite, it means 'someone', 'something', 'anyone', or 'anything', often implying an unspecified person or thing. Its meaning depends heavily on context and whether it has an accent.

Inflection: Singular or Plural, Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter, Nominative, Genitive, Dative, or Accusative. It is a highly inflected word.

Etymology: The word ΤΙΣ is an ancient Greek word, tracing its origins back to Proto-Indo-European roots. It has cognates in many other Indo-European languages, indicating its long history and fundamental role in language.

G2309

Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: THEH-lohn

Translations: wanting, willing, desiring, intending, wishing, choosing, purposing

Notes: This word is a present active participle derived from the verb 'θέλω' (thelo), meaning 'to want' or 'to will'. It describes someone who is in the process of wanting, willing, or desiring something. It can function adjectivally, modifying a noun, or adverbially, indicating the manner or reason for an action. For example, it could mean 'he who wants' or 'while wanting'.

Inflection: Present, Active, Participle, Nominative, Singular, Masculine or Neuter

Synonyms: ΒΟΥΛΟΜΑΙ, ΕΠΙΘΥΜΩ

Etymology: The word θέλω (thelo) comes from Proto-Indo-European, related to concepts of 'will' or 'desire'.

Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: THAYS

Translations: of the

Notes: ΤΗΣ is the genitive, singular, feminine form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to indicate possession, origin, or relationship for feminine singular nouns. For example, 'the house of the woman' would use ΤΗΣ for 'of the woman'. It functions similarly to 'of the' in English.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine

Etymology: The Greek definite article 'Ο' (of which ΤΗΣ is an inflection) derives from a Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronoun root. It evolved to function as a definite article in ancient Greek, marking nouns as specific or previously mentioned.

G3588, G3778

Part of Speech: Definite Article, Demonstrative Pronoun, Particle

Sounds like: too

Translations: of the, of him, of it, of this, to, in order to

Notes: This word is a form of the definite article 'the' or a demonstrative pronoun 'this/that'. It is most commonly used to indicate possession or relationship, translating as 'of the' or 'of him/it'. It can also be used before an infinitive verb to express purpose, meaning 'to' or 'in order to'.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine or Neuter

Etymology: The word 'Ο' (ho), from which 'ΤΟΥ' is derived, comes from Proto-Indo-European. It is an ancient word that has evolved to serve various grammatical functions in Greek.

G1795

Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eh-noh-TEE-zoh

Translations: listen, give ear, pay attention, hear

Notes: This verb means to listen attentively or to give ear to something. It implies a focused act of hearing, often with the sense of taking something into one's ears. It is used as an imperative to command someone to listen.

Inflection: Present, Middle/Passive Voice, Imperative Mood, 2nd Person Singular

Synonyms: ἈΚΟΥΩ, ΠΡΟΣΕΧΩ

Etymology: From the prefix ἐν (en, 'in') and the noun οὖς (ous, 'ear'), literally meaning 'to put into the ear' or 'to give ear to'.

G3142

Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: mar-too-REE-on

Translations: testimony, a testimony, witness, a witness, evidence, a proof

Notes: This word refers to a testimony, witness, or evidence. It is used to describe something that provides proof or confirmation of a fact or event. It can refer to the act of bearing witness or the content of what is testified.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Accusative, Neuter

Synonyms: ΜΑΡΤΥΣ, ΜΑΡΤΥΡΙΑ

Etymology: From G3144 (μάρτυς, 'martys'), meaning 'witness'. It refers to that which is borne witness to, or the content of a witness's testimony.

Part of Speech: Definite Article, Pronoun

Sounds like: TAY

Translations: to the, for the, by the, with the, in the, who, which

Notes: This word is the dative singular feminine form of the definite article, meaning 'to the', 'for the', 'by the', 'with the', or 'in the' when used with a feminine noun in the dative case. It can also function as a relative pronoun, meaning 'who' or 'which', referring to a feminine antecedent. It is used to specify a particular feminine noun or to introduce a relative clause.

Inflection: Singular, Dative, Feminine

Etymology: The Greek definite article derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. It developed from an earlier demonstrative pronoun in Ancient Greek.

G3767

Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction, Adverb

Sounds like: oo-KOON

Translations: therefore, then, accordingly, consequently, so, well then, is it not so?

Notes: This is a compound particle formed from ΟΥ̓Κ (not) and ΟΥ̓Ν (therefore, then). It is used to draw a conclusion or inference, often with a sense of 'therefore' or 'consequently'. When used in a question, it expects an affirmative answer, similar to 'is it not so?' or 'surely then?'. It can also introduce a new point in an argument or narrative, meaning 'well then' or 'accordingly'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ἌΡΑ, ΤΟΊΝΥΝ

Etymology: The word ΟΥ̓ΚΟΥΝ is a compound of the negative particle ΟΥ̓Κ (not) and the inferential particle ΟΥ̓Ν (therefore, then).

G2443

Part of Speech: Conjunction

Sounds like: EE-nah

Translations: in order that, that, so that, to

Notes: This word is a conjunction used to introduce a clause expressing purpose, result, or content. It often translates to 'in order that' or simply 'that' when indicating the aim or outcome of an action. It can also be used to express a command or exhortation, especially when followed by the subjunctive mood.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΟΠΩΣ, ΩΣΤΕ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *en- (in). It is related to the preposition 'in' and developed into a conjunction expressing purpose or result.

G4100

Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: pis-TEV-so-men

Translations: let us believe, we may believe, we should believe, we might believe

Notes: This word means 'to believe' or 'to trust'. It is a verb form that expresses a hortatory subjunctive, which is used to encourage or urge a group (in this case, 'us') to perform an action. Therefore, it translates to 'let us believe' or 'we should believe'. It can be used in sentences where a speaker is proposing an action for a group to undertake.

Inflection: First Person, Plural, Aorist, Active, Subjunctive

Synonyms: ΠΕΠΟΙΘΑΜΕΝ, ΕΛΠΙΖΟΜΕΝ

G0235

Part of Speech: Conjunction

Sounds like: AL-lah

Translations: but, yet, however, nevertheless, on the contrary, rather, moreover, indeed

Notes: This word is a strong adversative conjunction, used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or opposes a preceding statement. It often implies a stronger contrast than 'δέ' (de). It can also be used to introduce an emphatic statement, sometimes translated as 'indeed' or 'moreover'. It is frequently found at the beginning of a clause.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΔΕ, ΠΛΗΝ, ΟΜΩΣ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (other). It is related to other words meaning 'other' or 'different'.

G3588, G3739, G2228

Part of Speech: Definite Article, Relative Pronoun, Conjunction, Interjection

Sounds like: AY

Translations: the, who, which, or, oh, ah

Notes: This word is most commonly used as the definite article 'the' in Koine Greek, specifically as the feminine nominative singular form (e.g., 'the cry') or the neuter nominative/accusative plural form. It can also function as a relative pronoun meaning 'who' or 'which' (feminine nominative singular). Additionally, it can be a conjunction meaning 'or' or an interjection expressing surprise or emotion, similar to 'oh' or 'ah'. Its meaning is highly dependent on context.

Inflection: Feminine, Nominative, Singular (Definite Article or Relative Pronoun); Neuter, Nominative or Accusative, Plural (Definite Article); Does not inflect (Conjunction or Interjection)

Etymology: The Greek definite article and related forms derive from a Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronoun. The conjunction and interjection forms have separate, though related, origins within Proto-Indo-European.

Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: peh-ree-toh-MEE

Translations: circumcision, a circumcision

Notes: This word refers to the act of circumcision, a religious or cultural practice involving the removal of the foreskin. It is often used in a literal sense, but in the New Testament, it can also be used metaphorically to refer to a spiritual transformation or a covenant relationship with God, as opposed to a mere physical act.

Inflection: Singular, Feminine, Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative

Etymology: From the Greek verb περιτέμνω (peritemnō), meaning 'to cut around', which is a compound of περί (peri, 'around') and τέμνω (temnō, 'to cut').

G1909

Part of Speech: Preposition, Prefix

Sounds like: EHF

Translations: on, upon, over, to, against, at, in, for, because of, with, by

Notes: This word is an elided form of the Greek preposition ἘΠΊ (epi), which means 'on,' 'upon,' or 'over.' The final vowel of ἘΠΊ is dropped before a word beginning with a vowel, especially a rough breathing mark, resulting in ἘΦ. Its precise meaning depends on the case of the noun it governs: with the genitive, it means 'on' or 'upon' (of place or time); with the dative, it means 'on,' 'at,' 'by,' or 'for' (of position or cause); and with the accusative, it means 'on,' 'to,' 'against,' or 'over' (of motion or purpose). It is also commonly used as a prefix in compound words.

Inflection: Does not inflect; it is an elided form of the preposition ἘΠΊ. Its meaning varies depending on the case of the noun it governs (Genitive, Dative, or Accusative).

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *opi, meaning 'on, near, against'. It is cognate with Latin ob and Sanskrit api.

G2673

Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: kah-tahr-GAY-tai

Translations: it has been abolished, it has been rendered ineffective, it has been made void, it has been done away with, it has been brought to nothing

Notes: This word describes something that has been rendered inactive, ineffective, or abolished. It implies a state of being nullified or brought to an end, often in a way that makes it powerless or obsolete. It is used to describe laws, practices, or powers that have lost their force or authority.

Inflection: Third Person Singular, Perfect Indicative, Passive Voice

Synonyms: ΑΘΕΤΕΩ, ΑΚΥΡΟΩ, ΚΑΤΑΛΥΩ

Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: peh-ree-toh-MEN

Translations: circumcision, a circumcision

Notes: This word refers to the act of circumcision, a religious or cultural practice involving the removal of the foreskin. In Koine Greek, it often refers to the Jewish practice of circumcision, which was a sign of the covenant with God. It can be used in both a literal sense and a metaphorical sense, referring to a spiritual cleansing or transformation.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine

Etymology: From the Greek verb περιτέμνω (peritemnō), meaning 'to cut around'. It is a compound word formed from περί (peri), meaning 'around', and τέμνω (temnō), meaning 'to cut'.

G1096

Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: geh-nay-THEE-nai

Translations: to become, to be, to come into being, to happen, to arise, to be made

Notes: This is the aorist passive infinitive form of the verb 'γίνομαι' (ginomai), meaning 'to become' or 'to be'. It expresses the idea of something coming into existence, happening, or being made. As an infinitive, it often functions like a verbal noun, indicating the purpose or result of an action, or simply the action itself without a specific subject.

Inflection: Aorist, Passive, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΕΙΜΙ, ΥΠΑΡΧΩ, ΦΥΟΜΑΙ

G0032

Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: ANG-geh-los

Translations: angel, a angel, messenger, a messenger

Notes: This word refers to a messenger, envoy, or one who is sent to deliver a message. In a religious context, it commonly refers to a divine messenger or an angel. It is a masculine noun and is frequently used in the New Testament to describe both human and divine agents.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine

Synonyms: ΚΗΡΥΞ, ΔΙΑΚΟΝΟΣ

Etymology: From an assumed primary verb meaning 'to bring tidings'. It is related to the idea of sending or conveying a message.

G4190

Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: po-NEE-ros

Translations: evil, wicked, bad, malicious, harmful, worthless, a wicked person, the evil one

Notes: This word describes something or someone as evil, wicked, or bad. It can refer to moral depravity, harmfulness, or worthlessness. It is often used to describe people who are morally corrupt or actions that are harmful. When used substantively, it can refer to 'the evil one,' often understood as the devil.

Inflection: Masculine, Nominative, Singular

Synonyms: ΚΑΚΟΣ, ΦΑΥΛΟΣ, ΑΣΕΒΗΣ

Etymology: The word is derived from πονέω (poneō), meaning 'to toil, labor, suffer,' suggesting something that causes toil or suffering, hence 'evil' or 'painful.'

G4679

Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eh-SO-fid-zen

Translations: he was making wise, he was devising cunningly, he was outwitting

Notes: This word describes the action of making someone wise, or more commonly, to act with cunning or craftiness, often to deceive or outwit someone. It can also mean to invent or devise something cleverly. In this form, it indicates an ongoing or repeated action in the past.

Inflection: Third Person Singular, Imperfect, Active, Indicative

Synonyms: ΜΗΧΑΝΑΟΜΑΙ, ΤΕΧΝΑΖΩ

Etymology: The word ΣΟΦΙΖΩ is derived from the Greek word ΣΟΦΟΣ (sophos), meaning 'wise' or 'clever'. It implies the application of wisdom or cleverness, often in a strategic or cunning manner.

G4314

Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: PROSS

Translations: to, toward, with, against, for, at, near, by, in relation to

Notes: This is a common and versatile preposition in Koine Greek. It indicates direction, relation, or purpose, and its precise meaning often depends on the case of the noun it governs. For example, with the accusative case, it typically means 'to' or 'toward' (indicating motion or direction), 'against' (indicating opposition), or 'in relation to'. With the genitive case, it can mean 'from' (indicating origin or source) or 'in the presence of'. With the dative case, it can mean 'at' or 'near' (indicating proximity). It is used to express a wide range of relationships between actions, objects, and people.

Inflection: Does not inflect, but governs various cases (accusative, genitive, dative).

Synonyms: ΕΙΣ, ΕΠΙ, ΠΑΡΑ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'forward, toward'. It is related to other words indicating movement or direction.

G5602

Part of Speech: Adverb

Sounds like: OH-deh

Translations: here, hither, in this place, to this place

Notes: This word is an adverb indicating location or direction, meaning 'here' or 'to this place'. It is used to point to a specific location or to indicate movement towards the speaker or a particular spot. For example, it can be used in commands like 'Come here!' or to state that something is located 'here'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΕΝΘΑΔΕ, ΕΝΤΑΥΘΑ

Etymology: From the demonstrative stem *ho- (this) and the locative suffix -de. It indicates proximity to the speaker.

G2147

Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: yoo-REE-koh

Translations: I find, I discover, I obtain, I perceive

Notes: This word means 'to find' or 'to discover'. It is used to express the act of coming across something, whether physically or intellectually. It can also mean to obtain something or to perceive something. The form 'ΕΥΡΙΚΩ' appears to be a misspelling or a variant of the more common Koine Greek word 'ΕΥΡΙΣΚΩ'.

Inflection: First Person Singular, Present Tense, Active Voice, Indicative Mood (likely a misspelling of ΕΥΡΙΣΚΩ)

Synonyms: ΑΝΕΥΡΙΣΚΩ, ΚΑΤΑΛΑΜΒΑΝΩ

G3361

Part of Speech: Particle, Adverb

Sounds like: MAY

Translations: not, lest, no, do not

Notes: ΜΗ is a negative particle used in Koine Greek to express a subjective negation. It is typically used with non-indicative moods (like the subjunctive, imperative, infinitive, or participle) to express prohibition, a condition, or a denial of something that is wished for or imagined. For example, it is used in commands like 'do not do this' or in clauses expressing fear or purpose, such as 'lest something happen'. It contrasts with 'οὐ' (ou), which negates objective facts.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ΜΗ comes from Proto-Indo-European. It is an ancient negative particle that has been present in various forms across Indo-European languages.

G1909

Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: ep

Translations: on, upon, over, to, against, at, in, for, by, before, among, concerning, with

Notes: This word is a preposition, often used as a prefix in compound words. It is a shortened form of the preposition ἘΠΙ (epi), which loses its final vowel when the next word begins with a vowel and a rough breathing mark. Its precise meaning varies significantly depending on the case of the noun it governs: with the genitive, it often means 'on, upon, over' (of place) or 'at, during' (of time); with the dative, it can mean 'on, at, by' (of place), 'in addition to', or 'for, because of'; and with the accusative, it typically means 'to, toward, against' (of motion) or 'over, upon' (of extent).

Inflection: Does not inflect (preposition)

Synonyms: ΠΡΟΣ, ὙΠΕΡ, ΠΑΡΑ

Etymology: The word ἘΠΙ (epi) comes from a Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'on, at, near'.

G2962

Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: KOO-ree-OH

Translations: to the Lord, for the Lord, to the master, for the master, to an owner, for an owner

Notes: This word is the dative singular form of the noun ΚΥΡΙΟΣ, meaning 'Lord,' 'master,' or 'owner.' In the dative case, it typically indicates the indirect object of an action, the recipient, or the beneficiary. It is commonly used in religious contexts to refer to God or Jesus Christ, but can also refer to a human master or owner. For example, it might be used in phrases like 'to give thanks to the Lord' or 'to serve the master.'

Inflection: Singular, Dative, Masculine

Synonyms: ΔΕΣΠΟΤΗΣ

G5101

Part of Speech: Pronoun, Adjective

Sounds like: TEE

Translations: what, why, what kind of, how much, something, anything, a certain thing

Notes: This word is the neuter singular form of the interrogative/indefinite pronoun 'τίς'. It can be used to ask 'what?' or 'why?', or to refer to 'something' or 'anything' in an indefinite sense. When used as an adjective, it means 'what kind of' or 'how much'.

Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative

Etymology: The word 'ΤΙ' originates from Proto-Indo-European, serving as the neuter singular form of the interrogative/indefinite pronoun.

G4645

Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: sklee-roo-NEH-teh

Translations: harden, make hard, make stubborn

Notes: This verb means to make something hard or stubborn. It is often used metaphorically in the New Testament and Septuagint to describe the hardening of one's heart or neck, signifying resistance to God's will or a refusal to obey. It can be used in a literal sense for physical hardening, but its most common usage is figurative.

Inflection: 2nd Person Plural, Present Active Indicative or Imperative

Synonyms: ΣΚΛΗΡΥΝΩ, ΣΚΛΗΡΟΚΑΡΔΙΑ

Etymology: From the Greek adjective σκληρός (sklēros), meaning 'hard' or 'harsh'. The verb σκληρύνω means 'to make hard'.

Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: TAH

Translations: the

Notes: ΤΑ is the neuter plural form of the definite article in Koine Greek. It functions similarly to 'the' in English, indicating that a noun is definite or previously mentioned. It agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies, and in this form, it can be used for both nominative (subject) and accusative (direct object) cases.

Inflection: Neuter, Plural, Nominative or Accusative

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is a demonstrative pronoun that evolved into a definite article in Greek.

G0061

Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: ah-peh-RIT-mee-tah

Translations: uncircumcised, uncircumcised (things), uncircumcised (people)

Notes: This word describes something or someone that has not undergone circumcision. It is often used literally to refer to Gentiles who were not part of the covenant people of Israel, but it can also be used metaphorically to describe those who are spiritually unresponsive or resistant to God's word, as if their hearts or ears are 'uncircumcised' and unable to receive it.

Inflection: Plural, Nominative or Accusative, Neuter

Etymology: The word is a compound of the negative prefix Ἀ- (a-), meaning 'un-' or 'not', and the adjective ΠΕΡΙΤΜΗΤΟΣ (peritmētos), meaning 'circumcised'. The latter comes from the verb ΠΕΡΙΤΕΜΝΩ (peritemnō), 'to cut around' or 'to circumcise'.

G0007

Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: ak-roh-by-STEE-ah

Translations: uncircumcision, foreskin, a state of being uncircumcised

Notes: This word refers to the state of being uncircumcised, or more literally, the foreskin itself. It is often used in a religious or cultural context to distinguish between Jews (who were circumcised) and Gentiles (who were uncircumcised). It can also metaphorically refer to a state of spiritual unresponsiveness or impurity.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine

Etymology: The word is a compound of two Greek words: ἄκρος (akros), meaning 'highest' or 'outermost,' and βύστη (bystē), meaning 'penis' or 'glans.' Thus, it literally refers to the 'outermost part of the glans,' or foreskin.

G1161

Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction

Sounds like: DEH

Translations: but, and, now, then, moreover, however

Notes: ΔΕ is a common Koine Greek particle or conjunction used to connect clauses or sentences. It often indicates a transition, a contrast, or a continuation of thought. It can be translated in various ways depending on the context, such as 'but' when indicating opposition, 'and' when simply continuing a narrative, or 'now'/'then' when marking a new point or development.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΚΑΙ, ΑΛΛΑ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'and' or 'but'. It is an ancient particle used to connect ideas or introduce new information.

G3778

Part of Speech: Pronoun, Adjective

Sounds like: OO-tos

Translations: this, that, he, she, it, these, those, this one, that one

Notes: This word is a demonstrative pronoun, meaning 'this' or 'that'. It is used to point out something or someone that is near, or has just been mentioned. It can function as a substantive (e.g., 'he', 'she', 'it', 'this one') or as an adjective modifying a noun (e.g., 'this man', 'these things'). It often refers to something immediately present or recently discussed in the discourse.

Inflection: Masculine, Nominative, Singular

Synonyms: ΕΚΕΙΝΟΣ, ΟΔΕ

Etymology: The word ΟΥΤΟΣ is of uncertain origin, but it is thought to be an ancient demonstrative pronoun in Greek, possibly related to other Indo-European demonstratives.

G0564

Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: ah-peh-rit-MEE-tos

Translations: uncircumcised, an uncircumcised

Notes: This word describes someone or something that has not undergone circumcision. In a literal sense, it refers to a male who has not been circumcised. Figuratively, especially in a religious context, it can refer to someone who is not part of the covenant people of God, or more broadly, someone who is spiritually unregenerate or resistant to God's will, often described as having 'uncircumcised hearts' or 'ears'.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine or Feminine or Neuter

Synonyms: ἈΚΡΟΒΥΣΤΙΑ

Etymology: The word ἈΠΕΡΙΤΜΗΤΟΣ is a compound word formed from the negative prefix ἀ- (a-, 'un-') and the word περιτμητός (peritmētos, 'circumcised'), which comes from the verb περιτέμνω (peritemnō, 'to circumcise').

G0243

Part of Speech: Prefix

Sounds like: ALL

Translations: other, another, different, foreign

Notes: This is a prefix form of the word 'ἄλλος' (allos), meaning 'other' or 'another'. It is used to form compound words that convey the idea of something being different, foreign, or belonging to another group. For example, 'ἀλλογενῶν' means 'of other races', 'ἀλλότριοι' means 'strangers' or 'foreigners', and 'ἀλλόφυλους' means 'foreigners' or 'of another tribe'.

Inflection: Does not inflect (as a prefix)

Synonyms: ΕΤΕΡΟΣ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *alyos, meaning 'other, another'. It is related to Latin alius and English else.

G2046

Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eh-REIS

Translations: you will say, you shall say, you will speak, you shall speak

Notes: This is a verb meaning 'to say' or 'to speak' in the future tense. It is used when referring to an action of speaking that will happen in the future, often in a declarative or prophetic context. For example, 'you will say to them' or 'you shall speak the word'.

Inflection: Second Person, Singular, Future, Indicative, Active

Synonyms: ΛΕΓΕΙΣ, ΦΗΣΕΙΣ

Etymology: The verb ἔρομαι (eromai) 'to ask' and ἐρῶ (erō) 'to say' are related to the Proto-Indo-European root *werh₁- 'to say, speak'.

G3376, G3378

Part of Speech: Noun, Adverb

Sounds like: MAYN

Translations: month, a month, surely, indeed, truly, certainly

Notes: This word has two primary meanings in Koine Greek. As a noun (G3378), it refers to a 'month', a period of time. As an adverb (G3376), it functions as an emphatic particle, meaning 'surely', 'indeed', 'truly', or 'certainly', often used to confirm or emphasize a statement. It can also be used in questions to expect a positive answer.

Inflection: Noun: Singular, Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative; Adverb: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΕΤΟΣ, ΑΛΗΘΩΣ, ΟΝΤΩΣ

Etymology: The noun 'ΜΗΝ' (month) comes from Proto-Indo-European, referring to the moon and its cycle. The adverb 'ΜΗΝ' (surely) is also of uncertain but ancient origin, possibly related to particles of affirmation.

Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: peh-ree-TET-mee-tai

Translations: has been circumcised, is circumcised

Notes: This word is a verb meaning 'to circumcise'. The form 'περιτέτμηται' indicates a completed action in the past (perfect tense) that has ongoing results in the present. It is in the passive voice, meaning the subject is the one being circumcised. It is used to describe someone or something that has undergone the act of circumcision.

Inflection: Perfect, Passive, Indicative, 3rd Person Singular

Etymology: From Ancient Greek περί (peri, “around”) and τέμνω (temnō, “to cut”). It literally means 'to cut around'.

G4973

Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: sfra-GHEE-da

Translations: seal, a seal, signet, a signet, mark, a mark

Notes: This word refers to a seal or signet, often used to authenticate documents, mark ownership, or secure something. It could be an impression made by a signet ring or a device used to make such an impression. In a broader sense, it can signify a mark or a token of authenticity or possession.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΣΗΜΕΙΟΝ, ΤΥΠΟΣ

Etymology: The word ΣΦΡΑΓΙΣ (sphragis) is of uncertain origin, possibly pre-Greek or from an unknown root.

G3956

Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: PAS

Translations: all, every, whole, any, a whole

Notes: This word means 'all', 'every', or 'whole'. It is used to indicate totality or completeness. It can refer to every single item in a group, or the entirety of something. For example, 'all people' or 'the whole house'. It often takes on the meaning of 'every' when used with a singular noun, and 'all' when used with a plural noun. It can also mean 'any' in certain contexts.

Inflection: Masculine, Singular, Nominative

Synonyms: ΟΛΟΣ, ΑΠΑΣ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is related to words meaning 'all' or 'every' in various Indo-European languages.

G0686, G0685

Part of Speech: Particle, Noun

Sounds like: AH-rah

Translations: then, therefore, so, consequently, perhaps, indeed, is it that?, curse, an imprecation

Notes: The word 'ἈΡΑ' can function as a particle or a noun. As a particle, it is used to introduce a question, often expecting a negative answer, or to draw an inference, meaning 'then' or 'therefore'. It can also express a degree of uncertainty or possibility, translating to 'perhaps' or 'indeed'. As a noun, 'ἈΡΑ' refers to a curse or an imprecation, a solemn utterance intended to invoke a supernatural power to inflict harm or punishment on someone or something.

Inflection: As a particle, it does not inflect. As a noun, it is Feminine, Singular, Nominative.

Synonyms: ΟΥ̓Ν, ΤΟΙΓΑΡΟΥΝ, ΚΑΤΑΡΑ

Etymology: The particle 'ἈΡΑ' is of uncertain origin, possibly an onomatopoeic exclamation. The noun 'ἈΡΑ' (curse) is also of uncertain origin, possibly related to the verb 'ἀράομαι' (araomai) meaning 'to pray, to curse'.

G3767

Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction, Adverb

Sounds like: OON

Translations: therefore, then, so, consequently, accordingly, now, indeed

Notes: This word is a particle used to indicate a logical consequence, transition, or emphasis. It often connects a statement to what precedes it, meaning 'therefore' or 'consequently'. It can also be used to introduce a new point or a summary, translated as 'then' or 'now'. In some contexts, it adds emphasis, meaning 'indeed' or 'certainly'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ἈΡΑ, ΔΕ, ΤΟΙΓΑΡΟΥ͂Ν

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *nu, meaning 'now' or 'then'. It is related to Latin 'nunc' (now) and English 'now'.

G1242

Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: Dee-ah-THEE-kees

Translations: (of) a covenant, (of) the covenant, (of) a testament, (of) the testament, (of) a will, (of) the will

Notes: This word refers to a solemn agreement or a binding compact, often between God and humans, or between two parties. It can also refer to a last will and testament, a legal document outlining a person's wishes for their possessions after death. Its meaning can shift depending on the context, often referring to a divine covenant in religious texts or a human will in legal contexts.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine

Synonyms: ΣΥΝΘΗΚΗ

G0026

Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: ah-GAH-pays

Translations: of love, of charity, of affection, of goodwill

Notes: This word refers to a deep, unconditional love, often described as 'charity' in older translations. It is a noun in the genitive case, indicating possession or relationship, so it often translates as 'of love' or 'belonging to love'. It is used to describe divine love, brotherly love, or the love between people.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine

Synonyms: ΦΙΛΙΑ, ΕΡΩΣ, ΣΤΟΡΓΗ

Etymology: The word ἀγάπη (agapē) is of uncertain origin, possibly pre-Greek. It was used in the Septuagint and the New Testament to translate the Hebrew word 'ahavah' (love), and it came to signify a distinct type of selfless, divine love, differentiating it from other Greek words for love like 'eros' (passionate love) or 'philia' (friendship love).

G0011

Part of Speech: Proper Noun

Sounds like: ah-brah-AHM

Translations: Abraham, (to) Abraham, (of) Abraham

Notes: This is the proper name Abraham, a pivotal figure in the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam). He is considered the patriarch through whom God established a covenant, promising him numerous descendants and a land. The name means 'father of a multitude'. It is used in sentences to refer directly to the person Abraham.

Inflection: Does not inflect (indeclinable)

Etymology: The name Ἀβραάμ (Abraham) is of Hebrew origin, derived from the Hebrew name אַבְרָהָם ('Avraham), which means 'father of a multitude' or 'father of many nations'. It was originally Abram, meaning 'exalted father', before God changed it.

G4413

Part of Speech: Adjective, Noun

Sounds like: PRO-tos

Translations: first, a first, chief, principal, foremost, the first

Notes: This word means 'first' in terms of order, rank, or importance. It can be used as an adjective to describe a noun, or it can be used substantively (as a noun) to refer to 'the first one' or 'the chief person/thing'. It indicates precedence or priority.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine

Synonyms: ΑΡΧΗ, ΠΡΩΤΙΣΤΟΣ

Etymology: From a superlative form of the Proto-Indo-European root *pro- (forward, before). It is related to the English word 'prior'.

G1325

Part of Speech: Participle

Sounds like: DOOS

Translations: giving, having given, a giver, one who gives

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'to give'. It describes someone or something that is in the act of giving, or has already given. It can function like an adjective, modifying a noun, or like an adverb, describing the manner of an action. For example, it could be used in a phrase like 'the man giving the gift' or 'he spoke, giving a warning'.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine, Aorist, Active

Synonyms: ΠΑΡΕΧΩΝ, ΧΑΡΙΖΟΜΕΝΟΣ

G4151

Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: PNEV-mah-tee

Translations: (to) spirit, (to) a spirit, (to) wind, (to) a wind, (to) breath, (to) a breath, (to) the Spirit, (to) Holy Spirit, (to) mind, (to) disposition

Notes: This word refers to spirit, wind, or breath. In a theological context, it often refers to the Holy Spirit. It can also denote a person's inner disposition or mind. As a dative case, it indicates the indirect object of an action, meaning 'to' or 'for' the spirit/wind/breath, or the instrument by which something is done, meaning 'by' or 'with' the spirit/wind/breath.

Inflection: Singular, Dative, Neuter

Synonyms: ΨΥΧΗ, ΑΝΕΜΟΣ

G4308

Part of Speech: Participle

Sounds like: pro-BLEP-sas

Translations: having foreseen, having looked ahead, having provided for

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'to foresee' or 'to look ahead'. It describes an action that has already occurred, indicating that someone has previously seen, considered, or made provision for something. It functions like an adjective or adverb in a sentence, modifying a noun or verb to show that the subject had foresight or made prior arrangements.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Masculine, Singular, Nominative, Participle

Synonyms: ΠΡΟΟΡΑΩ, ΠΡΟΓΙΝΩΣΚΩ

G2424

Part of Speech: Proper Noun

Sounds like: ee-ay-SOON

Translations: Jesus, Joshua

Notes: This is a proper name, the Greek form of the Hebrew name 'Joshua'. It refers primarily to Jesus Christ, the central figure of Christianity. It can also refer to other individuals named Joshua in the Old Testament or other historical figures. In a sentence, it functions as the direct object of a verb or the object of a preposition.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Masculine

Etymology: The Greek name ἸΗΣΟΥΣ (Iēsous) is a transliteration of the Hebrew name יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (Yehoshua), meaning 'Yahweh is salvation' or 'Yahweh saves'.

G2983

Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: lah-BOHN

Translations: taking, having taken, receiving, having received, seizing, having seized

Notes: This word is an aorist active participle derived from the verb 'λαμβάνω' (lambanō), meaning 'to take,' 'to receive,' or 'to seize.' As a participle, it functions like an adjective or adverb, describing an action that has already occurred. It often indicates the means or circumstance by which another action takes place. For example, 'having taken the book, he read it' or 'receiving the gift, she smiled.'

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Participle, Singular, Masculine, Nominative

Synonyms: ΚΟΜΙΣΑΜΕΝΟΣ, ΔΕΞΑΜΕΝΟΣ, ΕΙΛΗΦΩΣ

G1121

Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: grahm-MAH-tohn

Translations: of letters, of writings, of documents, of scriptures, of a writing, of a document, of a letter

Notes: This word is the genitive plural form of 'γραμμα' (gramma). It refers to written characters, letters of the alphabet, or more broadly, written documents, scriptures, or literature. It is used to indicate possession or origin, such as 'of letters' or 'belonging to writings'. In the provided context, 'πόλις γραμμάτων' (polis grammaton) means 'city of writings' or 'city of scribes/scholars', implying a place known for its literacy or written records.

Inflection: Plural, Genitive, Neuter

Synonyms: ΒΙΒΛΙΩΝ, ΓΡΑΦΩΝ

G3624

Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: OY-koo

Translations: of a house, of a home, of a household, of a temple, of a family, of a dwelling, of a building

Notes: This word is the genitive singular form of 'οἶκος' (oikos), meaning 'house', 'home', 'household', 'family', or 'temple'. It indicates possession or origin, often translated with 'of' or 'belonging to'. For example, 'τοῦ οἴκου' would mean 'of the house'. It can refer to a physical dwelling, a family unit, or even a spiritual dwelling like a temple.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine

Synonyms: ΟΙΚΙΑ, ΟΙΚΗΜΑ, ΝΑΟΣ

Etymology: The word 'οἶκος' comes from the Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'dwelling' or 'house'. It is related to words for 'house' in other Indo-European languages.

G0846

Part of Speech: Pronoun

Sounds like: ow-TOH

Translations: (to) him, (to) her, (to) it, (to) himself, (to) herself, (to) itself

Notes: This word is the dative singular form of the pronoun 'ΑΥ̓ΤΟΣ'. It functions as a personal pronoun meaning 'him', 'her', or 'it' when used as an indirect object, often translated with 'to' or 'for'. It can also function as an intensive pronoun meaning 'himself', 'herself', or 'itself', emphasizing the subject. In some contexts, especially with the definite article, it can act as a demonstrative pronoun meaning 'the same'. Its usage depends heavily on the surrounding context.

Inflection: Singular, Dative, Masculine or Feminine or Neuter

G1108

Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: GNO-sis

Translations: knowledge, a knowledge

Notes: This word refers to knowledge, understanding, or insight. It is often used in a general sense to denote intellectual apprehension or awareness, but in a religious context, it can refer to spiritual knowledge or discernment. It is a feminine noun.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΣΟΦΙΑ, ΕΠΙΓΝΩΣΙΣ

Etymology: From the verb γινώσκω (ginōskō), meaning 'to know' or 'to come to know'. It is related to the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵneh₃-, meaning 'to know'.

Part of Speech: Definite Article, Demonstrative Pronoun

Sounds like: TOOS

Translations: the, them, those

Notes: ΤΟΥΣ is the masculine plural accusative form of the definite article or demonstrative pronoun 'ὁ'. As an article, it functions like 'the' in English, specifying a noun that is already known or has been previously mentioned. As a pronoun, it means 'them' or 'those', referring to a group of masculine individuals or things in the accusative case, indicating they are the direct object of a verb or the object of a preposition.

Inflection: Plural, Accusative, Masculine

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *so- (demonstrative pronoun).

G1292

Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: dee-A-stee-mah

Translations: interval, space, distance, a space, an interval, a distance

Notes: This word refers to a space or interval, either in terms of physical distance or a period of time. It can also denote a separation or a gap. It is a compound word formed from 'διά' (dia), meaning 'through' or 'apart', and 'ἵστημι' (histēmi), meaning 'to stand'. It is typically used to describe the extent or duration between two points or events.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Accusative, or Vocative, Neuter

Synonyms: ΧΩΡΟΣ, ΚΑΙΡΟΣ, ΧΡΟΝΟΣ

Etymology: The word ΔΙΑΣΤΗΜΑ is derived from the Greek preposition διά (dia), meaning 'through' or 'apart', and the verb ἵστημι (histēmi), meaning 'to stand' or 'to set'. It literally means 'that which stands apart' or 'a standing through', evolving to signify a space or interval.

G4160

Part of Speech: Participle, Verb

Sounds like: poy-AY-sas

Translations: having made, having done, making, doing, who made, who did

Notes: This word is an aorist active participle derived from the verb 'ποιέω' (poieō), meaning 'to make' or 'to do'. As a participle, it functions like an adjective or adverb, describing an action that has been completed. It often translates as 'having made' or 'having done', indicating an action that occurred prior to or concurrently with the main verb of the sentence. It can also be translated as 'making' or 'doing' in certain contexts, or as a relative clause like 'who made' or 'who did'.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine, Aorist, Active, Participle

Synonyms: ΠΡΑΞΑΣ, ΕΡΓΑΣΑΜΕΝΟΣ

G4716

Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: stow-ROS

Translations: cross, a cross, stake, a stake

Notes: This word refers to an upright stake, pole, or a cross, especially as an instrument of execution. In the New Testament, it primarily denotes the cross on which Jesus Christ was crucified, symbolizing his sacrifice and the Christian faith. It can be used literally to refer to the physical object or metaphorically to represent suffering, self-denial, or the Christian life.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine

Synonyms: ΞΥΛΟΝ, ΠΑΣΧΑ

Etymology: The word Σταυρός comes from an ancient Greek root meaning 'to stand' or 'to set up'. It originally referred to an upright pole or stake, and later evolved to mean a cross, particularly as an instrument of crucifixion.

G5485

Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: KHA-rin

Translations: grace, favor, kindness, thanks, a grace, a favor, a kindness, a thanks

Notes: This word refers to grace, favor, or kindness, often implying a divine or unmerited gift. It can also mean thanks or gratitude. In its accusative form, as seen in ΧΑΡΙΝ, it often functions as the direct object of a verb, such as 'to find favor' or 'to give thanks'. It can also be used in adverbial phrases meaning 'for the sake of' or 'on account of'.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΕΥΝΟΙΑ, ΔΩΡΟΝ, ΕΥΧΑΡΙΣΤΙΑ

Etymology: The word ΧΑΡΙΣ (charis) comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰer- meaning 'to desire, to like'. It is related to words signifying joy, delight, and goodwill.

G1213

Part of Speech: Verb, Adjective

Sounds like: DAY-loy

Translations: shows, makes clear, reveals, manifests, declares, makes known, evident, clear, manifest

Notes: This word can function as a verb meaning 'to show, make clear, or reveal,' or as an adjective meaning 'clear, evident, or manifest.' As a verb, it describes the act of making something known or visible. As an adjective, it describes something that is already apparent or easily understood.

Inflection: Verb: Present, Indicative, Active, Third Person Singular; Adjective: Nominative, Plural, Masculine or Feminine; or Nominative/Accusative, Plural, Neuter

Synonyms: ΦΑΙΝΩ, ΓΝΩΡΙΖΩ, ΦΑΝΕΡΟΣ

G3303

Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction

Sounds like: MEN

Translations: indeed, on the one hand, truly, certainly, but, however

Notes: This word is a particle often used to introduce a clause that is contrasted with a following clause, which is typically introduced by the particle δέ (de). It can indicate a concession, an affirmation, or simply serve to mark a transition in thought. While it often translates as 'indeed' or 'on the one hand,' its precise meaning is highly dependent on context and the presence of a contrasting 'δέ' clause.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΔΕ, ΓΕ, ΚΑΙ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is an ancient particle used to mark emphasis or contrast.

G1416

Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: DYS-in

Translations: setting, sunset, west, a setting, a sunset, a west

Notes: This word refers to the act of setting, particularly of the sun or other celestial bodies. It can also refer to the direction where the sun sets, which is the west. In a sentence, it would be used to indicate the time of day when the sun goes down or the geographical direction of the west.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΔΥΣΜΗ

Etymology: From the verb δύω (dyō), meaning 'to enter, to sink, to set'. It refers to the action of something sinking or setting, especially the sun.

G1762

Part of Speech: Adverb, Verb

Sounds like: EH-nee

Translations: there is, there are, it is possible, it is lawful, it is present, it is in

Notes: ΕΝΙ is an enclitic adverbial form of the verb εἰμί (eimi), meaning 'to be'. It typically translates to 'there is' or 'there are', indicating existence or presence. It can also convey the meaning 'it is possible' or 'it is lawful'. In some contexts, it functions as an adverb meaning 'in' or 'within', often implying 'it is in' or 'it is present in'. It is a common word in Koine Greek, used to express existence or possibility.

Inflection: Third person singular, present indicative, active, enclitic form of εἰμί (eimi)

Synonyms: ΕΣΤΙΝ, ΥΠΑΡΧΕΙ

G1492

Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: OY-den

Translations: knows, has known, understands

Notes: This verb means 'to know' or 'to understand'. It is a perfect tense verb that is used with a present meaning, indicating a state of knowing that has been acquired and continues. It describes what someone or something is aware of or comprehends.

Inflection: 3rd Person, Singular, Perfect Active Indicative

Synonyms: ΓΙΝΩΣΚΩ, ΕΠΙΣΤΑΜΑΙ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *weyd- ('to see, to know'). In Greek, it developed into a perfect tense verb with a present meaning.

G1721

Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: em-FOO-ton

Translations: inborn, implanted, innate, engrafted, an inborn thing

Notes: This word describes something that is naturally present from birth or has been firmly placed or engrafted within something else. It refers to qualities or characteristics that are inherent or deeply embedded.

Inflection: Neuter, Singular, Nominative or Accusative

Synonyms: ἘΝΓΕΝΗΣ, ΦΥΣΙΚΟΣ

Etymology: The word ἘΜΦΥΤΟΣ is derived from the prefix ἘΝ (en), meaning 'in' or 'within', and the verb ΦΥΩ (phyo), meaning 'to grow' or 'to produce'. Thus, it literally means 'grown in' or 'implanted'.

G1432

Part of Speech: Adverb

Sounds like: doh-reh-AHN

Translations: freely, for nothing, without cause, in vain, gratuitously, undeservedly

Notes: This word means 'freely' or 'gratuitously,' indicating something given or done without cost or obligation. It can also mean 'without cause' or 'in vain,' implying that something is done without a valid reason or achieves no purpose. It is used to describe actions that are unmerited or without charge.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΔΩΡΟΝ, ΔΩΡΕΑ

Etymology: From the noun δωρεά (dōrea), meaning 'a gift' or 'a present,' which itself comes from δῶρον (dōron), also meaning 'gift.' The suffix -αν makes it an adverb.

G1322

Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: di-DA-khees

Translations: of teaching, of doctrine, of instruction, a teaching, a doctrine, an instruction

Notes: This word refers to teaching, instruction, or doctrine. It is used to describe the act of teaching, the content that is taught, or a body of instruction. In this inflected form, it is in the genitive case, indicating possession or origin, often translated with 'of'.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine

Synonyms: ΔΙΔΑΣΚΑΛΙΑ, ΛΟΓΟΣ, ΠΑΙΔΕΙΑ

Etymology: From the Greek verb διδάσκω (didaskō), meaning 'to teach'.

G5087

Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: THE-meh-nos

Translations: having placed, having laid, having put, having set, having appointed

Notes: This word is the aorist middle participle of the verb τίθημι, meaning 'to place, put, set, or appoint'. As a participle, it functions like an adjective while retaining verbal characteristics, indicating an action completed in the past by the subject itself (middle voice). It is often translated as 'having placed' or 'having laid'.

Inflection: Aorist, Middle Voice, Participle, Nominative, Masculine, Singular

Synonyms: ΒΑΛΩΝ, ΕΠΙΘΕΙΣ, ΚΑΤΑΘΕΙΣ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- 'to put, place'.

G3762

Part of Speech: Pronoun, Adjective

Sounds like: oo-DACE

Translations: no one, nobody, nothing, none, no

Notes: This word is a compound negative pronoun or adjective, meaning 'no one,' 'nobody,' 'nothing,' or 'no.' It is formed from the negative particle 'οὐ' (not), the connective particle 'δέ' (but, and), and the numeral 'εἷς' (one). It is used to express absolute negation, indicating the complete absence of something or someone. When used as an adjective, it modifies a noun to mean 'no' or 'not any.'

Inflection: Masculine, Nominative, Singular

Synonyms: ΟΥ̓ΔΕΝ, ΜΗΔΕΙΣ

Etymology: The word ΟΥ̓ΔΕΙΣ is a compound of the negative particle ΟΥ̓ (not), the connective particle ΔΕ (but, and), and the numeral ΕΙΣ (one). It literally means 'not even one' or 'not one at all,' emphasizing a complete negation.

G1103

Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: gnee-see-OH-teh-ron

Translations: more genuine, more sincere, more true, a more genuine thing, a more sincere thing, a more true thing

Notes: This word is the comparative form of the adjective 'genuine' or 'sincere'. It indicates a higher degree of genuineness, sincerity, or truthfulness. It is used to describe something that is more authentic, legitimate, or pure than something else. For example, it could describe a more genuine friend or a more sincere statement.

Inflection: Comparative, Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative

Synonyms: ΑΛΗΘΕΣΤΕΡΟΝ, ΕΙΛΙΚΡΙΝΕΣΤΕΡΟΝ

G3129

Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eh-MA-then

Translations: he learned, she learned, it learned, he taught himself, she taught herself, it taught itself

Notes: This word is the third person singular aorist active indicative form of the verb 'μανθάνω' (manthano), meaning 'to learn' or 'to be taught'. It describes an action of acquiring knowledge or skill that was completed in the past. It can be used in sentences like 'He learned the truth' or 'She learned to read'.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Indicative, 3rd Person, Singular

Synonyms: ΓΙΝΩΣΚΩ, ΚΑΤΑΜΑΝΘΑΝΩ

G0575

Part of Speech: Preposition, Prefix

Sounds like: AP

Translations: from, away from, of, by, with, after, since

Notes: This is an elided form of the Greek preposition 'ἀπό' (apo), which means 'from' or 'away from'. It is commonly used to indicate separation, origin, or cause. It can also function as a prefix in compound words, carrying a similar sense of separation or completion. When used as a preposition, it typically takes the genitive case. The apostrophe indicates that the final vowel (omicron) has been dropped because the next word begins with a vowel.

Inflection: Does not inflect (preposition); functions as a prefix in compound words

Synonyms: ΕΚ, ΠΑΡΑ

Etymology: The Greek preposition 'ἀπό' (apo) comes from Proto-Indo-European *apo-, meaning 'off, away'.

G1492