Home / Interlinears (Beta) / Codex Sinaiticus / Shepherd of Hermas / Chapter 4Shepherd of Hermas, Chapter 4
Interlinear version from Codex Sinaiticus (Beta)
G3753
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Part of Speech: Adverb
Sounds like: OH-teh
Translations: when, whenever, at which time
Notes: This word functions as a temporal adverb or conjunction, indicating a point or period in time. It is used to introduce a clause that specifies when an action occurs or occurred, similar to 'when' or 'whenever' in English. It can refer to a specific past event or a general, recurring condition.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΗΝΙΚΑ, ΟΠΟΤΕ
Etymology: From the demonstrative pronoun 'ho' (the) and the particle 'te' (then, at that time). It originally meant 'at that time when'.
G3767
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Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction, Adverb
Sounds like: OON
Translations: therefore, then, accordingly, consequently, so, now, indeed
Notes: This word is a particle used to indicate a logical consequence, transition, or continuation. It often introduces a conclusion or a statement that follows from what has just been said. It can also be used to resume a narrative or to emphasize a point, sometimes translated as 'now' or 'indeed' in such contexts.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΑΡΑ, ΔΕ, ΤΟΙΓΑΡΟΥΝ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *h₂u, a particle indicating 'away from'. In Greek, it developed into a particle of inference or transition.
G5055
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: eh-TEH-leh-sen
Translations: he finished, he completed, he accomplished, he fulfilled, he brought to an end, he paid
Notes: This is the third person singular, aorist active indicative form of the verb 'τελέω' (teleō). It describes an action that was completed in the past. It signifies bringing something to an end, accomplishing a task, fulfilling a duty, or paying a debt. The action is viewed as a whole, without emphasis on its duration.
Inflection: Third Person, Singular, Aorist, Active, Indicative
Synonyms: ΠΛΗΡΟΩ, ΣΥΝΤΕΛΕΩ, ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΩ
G0314
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Part of Speech: Verb (Participle)
Sounds like: ah-nah-gee-NOS-koo-sah
Translations: reading, one who reads, a reading (woman)
Notes: This word is a present active participle derived from the verb 'anaginosko', meaning 'to read' or 'to recognize'. As a participle, it describes an ongoing action and functions like an adjective or adverb, often translated as 'reading' or 'one who reads'. In this specific form, it refers to a female person who is in the act of reading.
Inflection: Singular, Present, Active, Participle, Nominative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΓΡΑΦΟΥΣΑ, ΜΑΝΘΑΝΟΥΣΑ
G2532
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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Adverb
Sounds like: kahee
Translations: and, also, even, but, then
Notes: ΚΑΙ is a very common conjunction in Koine Greek, primarily meaning 'and' to connect words, phrases, or clauses. It can also function as an adverb, emphasizing a word or phrase with meanings like 'also' or 'even'. In some contexts, it can introduce a contrast, similar to 'but', or indicate sequence, meaning 'then'.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Etymology: The word ΚΑΙ is an ancient particle, tracing its origins back to Proto-Indo-European. It has remained remarkably stable in form and function throughout the history of the Greek language.
G1453
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: ee-GER-thay
Translations: he was raised, he was awakened, he was roused, he was stirred up, he arose, he rose
Notes: This word is a form of the verb 'egeiro', meaning 'to raise' or 'to awaken'. In this specific form, it indicates that someone or something 'was raised' or 'was awakened' by an external force, or 'arose' or 'rose' by themselves. It is commonly used in contexts of rising from sleep, rising from a seated or prone position, or being raised from the dead. It can also refer to being stirred up or roused to action.
Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Passive, Third Person Singular
Synonyms: ΑΝΙΣΤΗΜΙ, ΕΞΑΝΙΣΤΗΜΙ, ΔΙΕΓΕΙΡΩ
Etymology: The word 'egeiro' comes from an ancient root meaning 'to rouse' or 'to awaken'. It is related to words in other Indo-European languages with similar meanings.
G0575
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Part of Speech: Preposition
Sounds like: AH-po
Translations: from, away from, by, of, out of, because of, by means of
Notes: This word is a preposition that primarily indicates separation, origin, or cause. It is always followed by a noun or pronoun in the genitive case. It can mean 'from' in the sense of moving away from a place, 'from' in the sense of origin or source, or 'by' when indicating the agent or cause of an action.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΕΚ, ΠΑΡΑ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *apo- 'off, away'. It is cognate with Latin ab and English off.
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: THAYS
Translations: of the
Notes: ΤΗΣ is the genitive, singular, feminine form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to indicate possession, origin, or relationship for feminine singular nouns. For example, 'the house of the woman' would use ΤΗΣ for 'of the woman'. It functions similarly to 'of the' in English.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine
Etymology: The Greek definite article 'Ο' (of which ΤΗΣ is an inflection) derives from a Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronoun root. It evolved to function as a definite article in ancient Greek, marking nouns as specific or previously mentioned.
G2515
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: kah-THEH-dras
Translations: of a seat, of a chair, of a throne, of a bench, of a teaching seat, of a teacher's chair, of a cathedra
Notes: This is a feminine noun in the genitive singular case. It refers to a seat, chair, or throne, often implying a position of authority or teaching. It can also refer to the place where one sits, such as a bench or a teaching platform. In a sentence, it would indicate possession or origin, for example, 'the authority of the seat' or 'from the chair'.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine
Synonyms: ΘΡΟΝΟΣ, ΣΚΑΜΝΟΝ, ΕΔΡΑ
G2064
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: EEL-than
Translations: they came, they went
Notes: This is the aorist indicative active third person plural form of the verb 'erchomai', meaning 'to come' or 'to go'. It describes an action that happened in the past, completed at a specific point, and is used to indicate that a group of people or things arrived or departed.
Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Active, Third Person, Plural
Synonyms: ΕΒΗΣΑΝ, ΕΓΕΝΟΝΤΟ
G5064
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Part of Speech: Numeral
Sounds like: TES-sah-res
Translations: four
Notes: This word means 'four' and is used to denote the quantity of four items or people. It functions as an adjective, agreeing in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies. This specific form is used for masculine and feminine nouns in the nominative or accusative case.
Inflection: Plural, Nominative or Accusative, Masculine or Feminine
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is related to similar words for 'four' in other Indo-European languages.
G0450
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: NES
Translations: he arose, he stood up, he stood, he raised, he restored, he appeared
Notes: This word is an inflected form of the Koine Greek verb 'ἀνίστημι' (anistēmi), meaning 'to stand up', 'to arise', or 'to raise'. It is often used to describe someone getting up from a seated or lying position, or rising to take action. It can also refer to raising someone from the dead or restoring something. In the provided examples, it describes Jonah 'arising' or 'standing up' to go somewhere.
Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Active, Third Person, Singular
Synonyms: ΕΓΕΙΡΩ, ΟΡΘΟΩ
G3495
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: neh-ah-NEE-ai
Translations: young man, a young man, youth, young men
Notes: This word refers to a young man, typically one who is in the prime of his life, often implying strength, vigor, or military age. It is used to describe males who are not yet old men but have passed childhood. In the provided context, it refers to multiple young men.
Inflection: Plural, Nominative, Masculine
Synonyms: ΝΕΟΣ, ΝΕΩΤΕΡΟΣ
G0142
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: EE-ran
Translations: they took, they lifted, they carried, they bore, they removed, they took away
Notes: This word is a verb in the past tense, indicating an action that was completed. It means 'they took' or 'they lifted' something, or 'they carried' or 'they bore' something. It can also mean 'they removed' or 'they took away'. It describes an action performed by a group of people in the past.
Inflection: 3rd Person Plural, Aorist, Active, Indicative
Synonyms: ΛΑΜΒΑΝΩ, ΦΕΡΩ
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: TANE
Translations: the
Notes: ΤΗΝ is the feminine singular accusative form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to specify a noun that is feminine in gender, singular in number, and in the accusative case, indicating it is the direct object of a verb or the object of certain prepositions. For example, it would be used before a feminine singular noun like 'πόλιν' (city) when 'city' is the direct object.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine
Etymology: The Koine Greek definite article derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. It evolved from an earlier demonstrative particle, becoming a grammatical marker for definiteness.
G2515
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: kah-THEH-dran
Translations: a chair, a seat, a throne
Notes: This word refers to a chair, seat, or throne. It is used to denote a place where one sits, often implying a position of authority or teaching, such as a teacher's chair or a ruler's throne. It is a feminine noun.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΘΡΟΝΟΣ, ΕΔΡΑ
Etymology: The word ΚΑΘΕΔΡΑ (kathedra) comes from the Greek preposition κατά (kata), meaning 'down' or 'against', and the verb ἕδρα (hedra), meaning 'seat' or 'sitting'. Thus, it literally means 'a sitting down' or 'a seat'.
G0565
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: ap-EEL-thon
Translations: they went away, they departed, they went
Notes: This word is the third person plural aorist indicative active form of the verb 'ἀπέρχομαι' (aperchomai), meaning 'to go away' or 'to depart'. It describes an action of leaving or going away that occurred in the past. It is often used to indicate a physical movement from one place to another.
Inflection: Third Person, Plural, Aorist, Indicative, Active
Synonyms: ΕΞΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ, ΥΠΑΓΩ, ΑΝΑΧΩΡΕΩ
G4314
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Part of Speech: Preposition
Sounds like: PROSS
Translations: to, toward, with, against, for, at, near, by, in relation to
Notes: This is a common and versatile preposition in Koine Greek. It indicates direction, relation, or purpose, and its precise meaning often depends on the case of the noun it governs. For example, with the accusative case, it typically means 'to' or 'toward' (indicating motion or direction), 'against' (indicating opposition), or 'in relation to'. With the genitive case, it can mean 'from' (indicating origin or source) or 'in the presence of'. With the dative case, it can mean 'at' or 'near' (indicating proximity). It is used to express a wide range of relationships between actions, objects, and people.
Inflection: Does not inflect, but governs various cases (accusative, genitive, dative).
Synonyms: ΕΙΣ, ΕΠΙ, ΠΑΡΑ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'forward, toward'. It is related to other words indicating movement or direction.
G0395
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: ah-nah-toh-LEN
Translations: east, the east, sunrise, the sunrise, a sunrise, dawn, the dawn, a dawn, rising, a rising, branch, a branch, shoot, a shoot
Notes: This word refers to the direction of the east, the place where the sun rises. It can also denote the act of rising, such as the rising of the sun or stars. In a metaphorical sense, it can refer to a 'branch' or 'shoot,' often used in prophetic contexts to describe a descendant or a new beginning, particularly in reference to the Messiah.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΑΝΑΤΟΛΑΙ, ΑΝΑΤΟΛΗ
Etymology: Derived from the Greek verb ANATELLO (ἀνατέλλω), meaning 'to rise' or 'to cause to rise.' It combines the prefix ANA- (ἀνά), meaning 'up' or 'again,' with the root TELLO (τέλλω), meaning 'to accomplish' or 'to rise.'
G4341
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: pros-kah-LEE-teh
Translations: you call to, you summon, you invite, you call for
Notes: This word is an inflected form of the verb 'proskaleo', meaning 'to call to' or 'to summon'. It describes the action of calling someone to oneself, inviting them, or summoning them for a specific purpose. It is often used in contexts where someone is called to an assembly, a meeting, or to receive instructions.
Inflection: Second Person Plural, Present Active, Indicative or Imperative
Synonyms: ΚΑΛΕΩ, ΣΥΓΚΑΛΕΩ
G4341
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: pros-ka-LEE-tai
Translations: they call to, they summon, they invite
Notes: This word is a form of the verb 'proskaleo', meaning 'to call to oneself', 'to summon', or 'to invite'. It describes the action of someone calling or summoning others to come to them, often with the implication of gathering them for a specific purpose or conversation. It is used when a person or group is being called into the presence of another.
Inflection: Third Person Plural, Present Indicative, Middle Voice
Synonyms: ΚΑΛΕΩ, ΣΥΓΚΑΛΕΩ
G1161
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Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction
Sounds like: DEH
Translations: but, and, now, then, moreover, however
Notes: ΔΕ is a common Koine Greek particle or conjunction used to connect clauses or sentences. It often indicates a transition, a contrast, or a continuation of thought. It can be translated in various ways depending on the context, such as 'but' when indicating opposition, 'and' when simply continuing a narrative, or 'now'/'then' when marking a new point or development.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΚΑΙ, ΑΛΛΑ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'and' or 'but'. It is an ancient particle used to connect ideas or introduce new information.
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Part of Speech: Verb Ending
Sounds like: MAI
Translations: I am, I am being, I myself
Notes: This is a common verb ending in Koine Greek, specifically indicating the first person singular (I) in the middle or passive voice. It is used to form various tenses and moods, such as the present indicative middle/passive, or the perfect indicative middle/passive. It signifies that the subject is either performing an action on themselves (middle voice) or is receiving the action (passive voice).
Inflection: First Person, Singular, Middle or Passive Voice, Indicative or Subjunctive or Imperative or Optative Mood
Etymology: This ending is derived from Proto-Indo-European *-(m)ai, a primary middle voice ending. It evolved from earlier forms of Greek, maintaining its function to denote the first person singular in the middle or passive voice.
G0680
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: HEE-psah-toh
Translations: he touched, she touched, it touched, he took hold of, she took hold of, it took hold of
Notes: This word is an inflected form of the verb 'ἅπτομαι' (haptomai), meaning 'to touch' or 'to take hold of'. It is used to describe an action where someone or something made physical contact with another object or person. It can imply a gentle touch or a more firm grasp, depending on the context.
Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Middle/Passive, Third Person, Singular
Synonyms: ΘΙΓΓΑΝΩ, ΕΦΑΠΤΟΜΑΙ
G3588, G3778
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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Demonstrative Pronoun, Particle
Sounds like: too
Translations: of the, of him, of it, of this, to, in order to
Notes: This word is a form of the definite article 'the' or a demonstrative pronoun 'this/that'. It is most commonly used to indicate possession or relationship, translating as 'of the' or 'of him/it'. It can also be used before an infinitive verb to express purpose, meaning 'to' or 'in order to'.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine or Neuter
Etymology: The word 'Ο' (ho), from which 'ΤΟΥ' is derived, comes from Proto-Indo-European. It is an ancient word that has evolved to serve various grammatical functions in Greek.
G4746
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: STAY-thoos
Translations: of the breast, of the chest, of the bosom
Notes: This word refers to the breast, chest, or bosom, typically of a human or animal. It can also refer to the front part of the body. In the provided context, it refers to the breastplate or ephod worn by the high priest, which held the Urim and Thummim.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Neuter
Synonyms: ΚΟΛΠΟΥ, ΜΑΣΤΟΥ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *steygʰ- (to step, walk), possibly referring to the chest as the part of the body that 'stands out'.
G1700
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Part of Speech: Pronoun
Sounds like: moo
Translations: of me, my, mine
Notes: ΜΟΥ is the genitive singular form of the first-person personal pronoun, meaning "of me," "my," or "mine." It indicates possession or origin, similar to how "my" or "mine" is used in English. It can be used with nouns to show ownership (e.g., "my house") or with verbs to indicate the source or object of an action (e.g., "he heard of me").
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Common Gender
G3003
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: LEH-gee
Translations: Legion, a legion
Notes: This word is a Latin loanword, 'legio', meaning a legion, which was a large unit of the Roman army, typically comprising several thousand soldiers. In the New Testament, it is notably used metaphorically to describe a large number of demons, as seen in the story of the Gerasene demoniac where the demons identify themselves as 'Legion' because they are many. It signifies a vast, organized multitude.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative or Vocative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΠΛΗΘΟΣ, ΣΤΡΑΤΕΥΜΑ
G1473
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Part of Speech: Pronoun
Sounds like: MOY
Translations: (to) me, (for) me
Notes: ΜΟΙ is the dative form of the first-person singular pronoun 'I'. It is used to indicate the indirect object of a verb, showing to whom or for whom an action is performed. It can also express possession or benefit.
Inflection: Singular, Dative, First Person
Synonyms: ΕΜΟΙ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is a very ancient word, found across many Indo-European languages.
G0700
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: HEH-reh-seh
Translations: it pleased, it was pleasing, it was agreeable, it was acceptable
Notes: This word is the third person singular aorist active indicative form of the verb 'areskō'. It means 'it pleased' or 'it was pleasing/agreeable/acceptable'. It describes something that was satisfactory or well-received, often in the sense of being agreeable to someone or something.
Inflection: Third Person, Singular, Aorist, Active, Indicative
Synonyms: ΕΥΔΟΚΕΩ, ΣΥΝΑΡΕΣΚΩ
Etymology: The verb ἀρέσκω (areskō) is derived from the root ἀρ- (ar-), which is related to fitting, joining, or being suitable. It conveys the idea of something being well-fitted or agreeable.
G4771
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Part of Speech: Pronoun
Sounds like: SOY
Translations: (to) you, (for) you, you
Notes: This is the second-person singular dative pronoun in Koine Greek, meaning 'to you' or 'for you'. It can also simply translate as 'you' when the context implies a dative relationship, such as indirect object or a recipient of an action. It is used to indicate the person to whom something is given, said, or done, or for whom an action is performed. For example, 'I give to you' or 'I do this for you'.
Inflection: Singular, Dative, Second Person
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is a very ancient pronoun, found across many Indo-European languages.
G3588, G3739, G2228
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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Relative Pronoun, Conjunction, Interjection
Sounds like: AY
Translations: the, who, which, or, oh, ah
Notes: This word is most commonly used as the definite article 'the' in Koine Greek, specifically as the feminine nominative singular form (e.g., 'the cry') or the neuter nominative/accusative plural form. It can also function as a relative pronoun meaning 'who' or 'which' (feminine nominative singular). Additionally, it can be a conjunction meaning 'or' or an interjection expressing surprise or emotion, similar to 'oh' or 'ah'. Its meaning is highly dependent on context.
Inflection: Feminine, Nominative, Singular (Definite Article or Relative Pronoun); Neuter, Nominative or Accusative, Plural (Definite Article); Does not inflect (Conjunction or Interjection)
Etymology: The Greek definite article and related forms derive from a Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronoun. The conjunction and interjection forms have separate, though related, origins within Proto-Indo-European.
G0320
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: ah-nahg-NOH-sis
Translations: reading, a reading, public reading
Notes: This word refers to the act of reading, particularly a public reading, such as the reading of sacred texts or other documents in an assembly. It emphasizes the process or activity of reading rather than the content being read.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Feminine
Etymology: From ANA (up, again) and GINOSKO (to know, perceive). It literally means 'to know again' or 'to know thoroughly', which evolved into the sense of 'to read' (to recognize written characters).
G3004
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: LEH-goh
Translations: say, speak, tell, call, mean
Notes: This is a very common verb meaning 'to say' or 'to speak'. It is used to introduce direct or indirect speech, to give commands, or to express an opinion. It can also mean 'to call' or 'to name' someone or something, or 'to mean' something.
Inflection: First Person, Singular, Present, Active, Indicative
Synonyms: ΛΑΛΕΩ, ΦΗΜΙ, ΕΡΩ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *leg- meaning 'to collect, gather'. In Greek, it evolved to mean 'to pick out words', hence 'to speak' or 'to say'.
G0846
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Part of Speech: Pronoun
Sounds like: OW-tay
Translations: she, her, it, this, that, the same
Notes: This word is a pronoun, specifically the feminine nominative singular form of 'ΑΥΤΟΣ'. It can function as a personal pronoun meaning 'she', 'her', or 'it', or as a demonstrative pronoun meaning 'this' or 'that'. When used intensively, it can mean 'the same' or 'herself'. It agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun it refers to.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΕΚΕΙΝΗ
G2962
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Part of Speech: Noun, Adjective
Sounds like: koo-REE-ah
Translations: lady, mistress, a lady, a mistress, Lord, master
Notes: This word is the feminine form of the noun 'κύριος' (kyrios), meaning 'lord' or 'master'. It can refer to a female head of a household, a mistress, or a lady of high standing. It can also be used as an adjective meaning 'lordly' or 'authoritative'. In some contexts, it can refer to the Lord (God) in a more general sense, or to a female deity.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΔΕΣΠΟΙΝΑ, ΚΥΡΑ
G3778
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Part of Speech: Demonstrative Pronoun, Demonstrative Adjective
Sounds like: TOW-tah
Translations: these, these things
Notes: This word is a demonstrative pronoun or adjective, meaning 'these' or 'these things'. It refers to something previously mentioned or understood from the context, pointing it out specifically. As a pronoun, it stands in place of a noun, while as an adjective, it modifies a noun.
Inflection: Plural, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative
Synonyms: ΟΔΕ, ΕΚΕΙΝΟΣ
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: TAH
Translations: the
Notes: ΤΑ is the neuter plural form of the definite article in Koine Greek. It functions similarly to 'the' in English, indicating that a noun is definite or previously mentioned. It agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies, and in this form, it can be used for both nominative (subject) and accusative (direct object) cases.
Inflection: Neuter, Plural, Nominative or Accusative
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is a demonstrative pronoun that evolved into a definite article in Greek.
G2078
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Part of Speech: Adjective, Noun
Sounds like: ES-kha-tah
Translations: last, outermost, uttermost, end, a last thing, the last things, the ends, the uttermost parts
Notes: This word refers to something that is at the very end, the furthest point, or the ultimate limit. As an adjective, it describes something as 'last' or 'outermost'. As a noun, it can refer to 'the end' or 'the last things', often in a temporal or spatial sense. It is frequently used in discussions about the end times or the final events.
Inflection: Feminine, Nominative, Plural; or Neuter, Nominative, Plural; or Neuter, Accusative, Plural; or Feminine, Vocative, Plural
Synonyms: ΤΕΛΟΣ, ΠΕΡΑΣ
G0700
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: ah-RES-kee
Translations: I please, I am pleasing, I try to please, I seek to please
Notes: This word is an inflected form of the verb 'aresko', meaning 'to please' or 'to be pleasing'. It describes the action of making someone happy or agreeable, or seeking to do so. It can also imply a desire to conform or adapt to someone's will.
Inflection: First Person Singular, Present Indicative, Active Voice
Synonyms: ΕΥΑΡΕΣΤΕΩ, ΕΥΔΟΚΕΩ
G4387
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Part of Speech: Adjective
Sounds like: PRO-teh-rah
Translations: former, earlier, previous, prior
Notes: This word is an adjective meaning 'former' or 'earlier'. It is used to describe something that came before in time or order. For example, it can refer to 'former days' or 'previous things'. It often appears in comparative contexts, indicating something is 'more former' or 'prior' to something else.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative or Vocative, Feminine; or Plural, Nominative or Accusative, Neuter
Synonyms: ΠΡΩΤΟΣ, ΑΡΧΑΙΟΣ, ΠΑΛΑΙΟΣ
G5467
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Part of Speech: Adjective
Sounds like: kha-LEH-pa
Translations: difficult, hard, grievous, fierce, dangerous, harsh, severe, difficult things, hard things, grievous things
Notes: This word describes something that is difficult, hard, or grievous to bear, often implying danger or severity. It can refer to things that are physically or morally challenging, or to people who are fierce or harsh in their character. It is often used to describe circumstances or conditions that are troublesome.
Inflection: Plural, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative; or Singular, Feminine, Nominative or Vocative
Synonyms: ΔΥΣΚΟΛΟΣ, ΒΑΡΥΣ, ΣΚΛΗΡΟΣ
Etymology: The word ΧΑΛΕΠΟΣ is of uncertain origin, possibly related to a root meaning 'to press' or 'to burden'.
G4642
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Part of Speech: Adjective
Sounds like: sklay-RAH
Translations: hard, harsh, severe, difficult, stubborn, a hard, a harsh, a severe, a difficult, a stubborn
Notes: This word describes something as hard, harsh, or severe. It can refer to physical hardness, like a hard surface, or to a harsh or difficult situation, person, or statement. It can also imply stubbornness or obstinacy when describing a person or their heart.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative or Accusative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΔΥΣΚΟΛΟΣ, ΒΑΡΥΣ, ΣΤΕΡΕΟΣ
G5346
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: EH-fay
Translations: he said, she said, it said, he spoke, she spoke, it spoke
Notes: This is a common verb form meaning 'he/she/it said' or 'he/she/it spoke'. It is used to introduce direct or indirect speech, indicating what someone or something stated. It is often found at the beginning of a quote or a reported statement.
Inflection: Third Person, Singular, Imperfect Indicative, Active Voice
Synonyms: ΕΙΠΕΝ, ΛΕΓΕΙ
G3004
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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle
Sounds like: leh-GOO-sah
Translations: saying, speaking, telling, a woman saying
Notes: This word is a present active participle, indicating an ongoing action. It is in the feminine, singular, and nominative case, meaning it describes a female subject who is in the act of saying, speaking, or telling something. It functions like an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun, or can be used substantively (as a noun) to refer to 'the one who is saying'.
Inflection: Present Active Participle, Singular, Nominative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΛΑΛΟΥΣΑ, ΦΩΝΟΥΣΑ
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: toys
Translations: to the, for the, the
Notes: ΤΟΙΣ is the dative plural form of the definite article in Koine Greek. It functions similarly to 'the' in English, but specifically indicates the indirect object or the recipient of an action, or location/instrument when used with a dative noun. It can be used with masculine, feminine, or neuter nouns in the plural.
Inflection: Plural, Dative, All genders
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is a demonstrative pronoun that evolved into the definite article in Greek.
G1342
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Part of Speech: Adjective
Sounds like: dee-KAI-oys
Translations: to the righteous, for the righteous, by the righteous, with the righteous, righteous
Notes: This word describes someone or something as being righteous, just, or upright. It is used to refer to those who act in accordance with divine or moral law. In the provided examples, it is used in the dative case, indicating 'to' or 'for' the righteous ones, or in the plural, referring to 'the righteous' people.
Inflection: Plural, Dative, Masculine or Feminine
Synonyms: ΕΥΣΕΒΗΣ, ΟΣΙΟΣ, ΑΓΙΟΣ
G4413
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Part of Speech: Adjective, Adverb
Sounds like: PRO-tah
Translations: first, foremost, chief, principal, first things, firstly, at first, before
Notes: This word can function as an adjective or an adverb. As an adjective, it means 'first,' 'foremost,' 'chief,' or 'principal,' referring to something that is initial in time, order, or importance. In its neuter plural form, it can refer to 'the first things.' As an adverb, it means 'firstly,' 'at first,' or 'before,' indicating the initial action or position in a sequence.
Inflection: Neuter, Plural, Nominative or Accusative (as an adjective); Does not inflect (as an adverb)
Synonyms: ΠΡΩΤΟΣ, ΠΡΩΤΟΝ, ΠΡΩΤΩΣ
G1484
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: ETH-neh-sin
Translations: (to) nations, (to) Gentiles, (to) peoples
Notes: This word refers to a nation, a people, or a group of Gentiles. In the New Testament, it often distinguishes non-Jewish peoples from the Israelites. As a dative plural, it indicates the indirect object of an action, meaning 'to' or 'for' nations, Gentiles, or peoples.
Inflection: Plural, Dative, Neuter
Synonyms: ΛΑΟΙΣ, ΓΕΝΕΣΙΝ
G646
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: ah-pos-TAH-tays
Translations: to apostates, for apostates, by apostates, with apostates
Notes: This word refers to individuals who have abandoned their religious faith, principles, or allegiance. It is used in the dative plural case, indicating that the action or state described is directed towards, for the benefit of, or associated with multiple apostates.
Inflection: Plural, Dative, Masculine
Synonyms: ΑΝΤΑΡΤΗΣ, ΑΠΕΙΘΗΣ
G2980
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Part of Speech: Verb (Participle)
Sounds like: lah-LOO-sees
Translations: of speaking, of talking, of saying, of proclaiming
Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'λαλέω', meaning 'to speak' or 'to talk'. As a participle, it describes an action that is ongoing or concurrent with the main verb of the sentence. It functions like an adjective or adverb, modifying a noun or verb to indicate the manner or time of an action. For example, it can describe someone 'who is speaking' or an action that occurs 'while speaking'.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine, Present Active Participle
Synonyms: ΛΕΓΟΥΣΗΣ, ΦΩΝΟΥΣΗΣ
G0846
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Part of Speech: Pronoun
Sounds like: ow-TEES
Translations: of her, of it, her, its
Notes: This word is a pronoun meaning 'of her' or 'of it', referring to a feminine noun or concept. It is used to indicate possession or relationship, similar to the English 'her' or 'its' when referring to a feminine antecedent. For example, 'the house of her' or 'her house'.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine
G3326
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Part of Speech: Preposition, Adverb
Sounds like: MEH-tah
Translations: with, after, among, behind, by, in company with, in pursuit of, according to
Notes: This word is a preposition that can also function as an adverb. Its meaning varies depending on the case of the noun it governs. When used with the genitive case, it typically means 'with' or 'in company with'. When used with the accusative case, it usually means 'after' or 'behind' (indicating sequence or pursuit). It can also denote a change of state or position.
Inflection: Does not inflect (as a preposition, it governs cases)
Synonyms: ΣΥΝ, ΕΠΙ, ΠΡΟΣ
Etymology: The word 'μετά' (meta) comes from Proto-Indo-European *met- 'in the middle, among, with'. It is related to English 'mid' and 'middle'.
G1473
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Part of Speech: Pronoun
Sounds like: eh-MOO
Translations: (of) me, my, mine
Notes: This word is the genitive singular form of the first-person pronoun, meaning 'I'. It indicates possession or origin, similar to 'of me' or 'my' in English. It can be used to show that something belongs to the speaker or comes from the speaker.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, First Person
G1417
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Part of Speech: Numeral
Sounds like: DEE-oh
Translations: two
Notes: This word is a cardinal numeral meaning 'two'. It is used to indicate a quantity of two of something. It is indeclinable, meaning its form does not change regardless of gender, case, or number.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is cognate with English 'two'.
G5100
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Part of Speech: Pronoun
Sounds like: TI-nes
Translations: some, certain ones, who, what
Notes: This word is an indefinite pronoun meaning 'some' or 'certain ones'. It can also function as an interrogative pronoun, asking 'who?' or 'what?' in the plural. Its meaning often depends on the context of the sentence.
Inflection: Plural, Nominative, Masculine or Feminine
G0435
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: AHN-drais
Translations: to men, for men, with men, among men
Notes: This word is the dative plural form of 'ΑΝΗΡ' (anēr), meaning 'man' or 'husband'. It indicates the indirect object of an action, often translated with prepositions like 'to', 'for', 'with', or 'among' when referring to multiple men.
Inflection: Plural, Dative, Masculine
Synonyms: ΑΝΘΡΩΠΟΙΣ
G5316
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: eh-FAH-nee-sahn
Translations: they appeared, they were seen, they became visible, they shone
Notes: This word is the third person plural, aorist active indicative form of the verb 'phainō'. It describes an action that occurred in the past, indicating that a group of subjects 'appeared', 'became visible', or 'were seen'. It can also mean 'they shone' or 'they became evident'. It is used to describe something coming into view or becoming manifest.
Inflection: Aorist, Active, Indicative, 3rd Person, Plural
Synonyms: ΕΦΑΝΕΡΩΘΗΣΑΝ, ΕΔΕΙΧΘΗΣΑΝ, ΕΦΩΤΙΣΘΗΣΑΝ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'to shine' or 'to show'. It is related to words signifying light or appearance.
G0846
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Part of Speech: Pronoun
Sounds like: ow-TEEN
Translations: her, it, this, that
Notes: This word is a third-person pronoun, meaning 'her' or 'it' when referring to a feminine noun. It is used in the accusative case, indicating that the feminine noun it refers to is the direct object of a verb or the object of a preposition. It can also function as an intensive pronoun, meaning 'herself' or 'itself', or as a demonstrative pronoun, meaning 'this' or 'that'.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: TONE
Translations: of the
Notes: This word is the genitive plural form of the definite article 'the'. It functions to indicate possession, origin, or relationship for plural nouns, similar to 'of the' in English. It can precede nouns of any gender.
Inflection: Genitive, Plural, All Genders (Masculine, Feminine, Neuter)
G0044
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: ang-KO-non
Translations: of elbows, of arms, of angles, of corners
Notes: This word refers to the elbow, the arm (specifically from the elbow to the shoulder), or metaphorically, a corner or angle. In the provided context, it refers to the elbows or arms, indicating that someone was lifted by their arms. It is typically used to describe a physical part of the body or a spatial angle.
Inflection: Plural, Genitive, Masculine
Synonyms: ΒΡΑΧΙΟΝΩΝ, ΩΛΕΝΩΝ
Etymology: The root word ΑΓΚΩΝ (AGKON) is derived from a Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'bend' or 'angle', referring to the bend of the arm.
G0565
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: ap-EEL-tha
Translations: I went away, I departed, I left, I went
Notes: This is a verb meaning 'to go away', 'to depart', or 'to leave'. It describes movement from one place to another, indicating a separation or departure. It is often used to describe someone leaving a location or a situation. The form 'ΑΠΗΛΘΑ' specifically indicates a past action, meaning 'I went away' or 'I departed'.
Inflection: First Person, Singular, Indicative, Aorist, Active
Synonyms: ΕΞΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ, ΥΠΑΓΩ, ΑΝΑΧΩΡΕΩ
Etymology: From Ancient Greek ἀπό (apo, 'from, away from') + ἔρχομαι (erchomai, 'to come, to go'). It literally means 'to go away from'.
G3699
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Part of Speech: Adverb
Sounds like: OH-poo
Translations: where, whither, in what place, to what place
Notes: This word is an adverb of place, meaning 'where' or 'whither'. It can indicate a location or a direction. It is often used to introduce a clause that specifies a place, similar to how 'where' is used in English.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΟΠΗ, ΟΥ
Etymology: From the interrogative stem *po- (from which also ΠΟΥ, 'where?') and the particle -ου (from which also ΟΥ, 'where'). It indicates a place or direction.
G2515
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: kah-THEH-drah
Translations: seat, chair, throne, a seat, a chair, a throne
Notes: This word refers to a seat, a chair, or a throne. It is often used to denote a place of authority or teaching, such as a teacher's chair or a judge's bench. It can also refer to a literal seat or a place where someone sits.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΘΡΟΝΟΣ, ΕΔΡΑ
Etymology: The word ΚΑΘΕΔΡΑ (kathedra) is a compound word derived from the preposition κατά (kata), meaning 'down' or 'against', and the verb ἕδρα (hedra), meaning 'seat' or 'sitting'. It literally means 'a sitting down' or 'a place for sitting'.
G2431
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Part of Speech: Adjective
Sounds like: hee-LAH-rah
Translations: cheerful, joyful, glad, merry, a cheerful one
Notes: This word describes something or someone as cheerful, joyful, or glad. It is used to express a state of happiness or a disposition that is bright and pleasant. It can modify nouns to indicate that they possess this quality, such as 'cheerful giving' or 'joyful songs'.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative or Accusative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΕΥΦΡΩΝ, ΧΑΡΜΟΣΥΝΟΣ
Etymology: The word ἱλαρός (hilaros) comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *selh₂- meaning 'to be gracious, to be kind'. It is related to words signifying propitiation or appeasement.
G0565
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: ap-EEL-then
Translations: he went away, she went away, it went away, he departed, she departed, it departed
Notes: This word is a compound verb formed from the preposition 'ἀπό' (apo), meaning 'from' or 'away from', and the verb 'ἔρχομαι' (erchomai), meaning 'to come' or 'to go'. Therefore, 'ἀπῆλθεν' specifically means 'he/she/it went away' or 'he/she/it departed'. It describes movement from one place to another, indicating a departure or withdrawal.
Inflection: Aorist Indicative, Active Voice, Third Person Singular
Synonyms: ΑΠΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ, ΕΞΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ, ΥΠΑΓΩ
G5217
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Part of Speech: Participle
Sounds like: hoo-pa-GOO-sah
Translations: going away, departing, a going away, a departing
Notes: This word is a present active participle, meaning 'going away' or 'departing'. It describes an action that is currently happening or ongoing. It can function adjectivally, describing someone who is in the process of leaving, or substantively, referring to 'the one who is going away' or 'the act of going away'.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Feminine, Present Active Participle
Synonyms: ΑΠΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ, ΕΞΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ
Etymology: From Ancient Greek ὑπάγω (hupágō), from ὑπό (hupó, “under, by”) + ἄγω (ágō, “to lead, to bring”).
G3004
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: LEH-ghei
Translations: says, speaks, he says, he speaks, she says, she speaks, it says, it speaks
Notes: This is a common Koine Greek verb meaning 'to say' or 'to speak'. It is frequently used to introduce direct quotes or to state what someone (or something) is declaring. It is often translated as 'he says' or 'the Lord says' in biblical contexts.
Inflection: Third person singular, Present, Indicative, Active
Synonyms: ΛΑΛΕΩ, ΦΗΜΙ
G0407
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: an-DRI-zoo
Translations: be strong, act like a man, play the man, be brave, show oneself a man
Notes: This word is a verb meaning 'to be strong,' 'to act like a man,' or 'to show oneself brave.' It implies courage, fortitude, and maturity, often in the face of adversity. It is used as an exhortation to stand firm and be courageous.
Inflection: Present Active Imperative, 2nd Person Singular
Synonyms: ΚΡΑΤΑΙΟΥΣΘΩ, ΙΣΧΥΕ
Etymology: From the noun ἀνήρ (ANER), meaning 'man,' combined with the verbal suffix -ίζω (-IZO), which forms verbs indicating 'to act like' or 'to become like.' Thus, it literally means 'to act like a man' or 'to become a man.'
G2079
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: ER-ma
Translations: a support, a prop, a stay, a foundation, a reef, a rock, a shoal
Notes: This word refers to something that provides support or stability, like a prop or a foundation. It can also refer to a reef or a rock, especially one that is submerged and acts as a hazard or a base. In a figurative sense, it can denote a firm basis or something that provides stability.
Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative
Synonyms: ΒΑΣΙΣ, ΘΕΜΕΛΙΟΣ, ΣΤΗΡΙΓΜΑ
Etymology: The word "ΕΡΜΑ" is of uncertain origin, possibly related to the verb ἐρείδω (ereidō), meaning "to prop, to lean upon."
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