Home / Interlinears (Beta) / Josephus' Against Apion / Book One / Chapter 41Book One, Chapter 41
Interlinear version from Josephus' Against Apion (Beta)
G0235
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Part of Speech: Conjunction
Sounds like: AL-lah
Translations: but, yet, however, nevertheless, on the contrary, rather, moreover, indeed
Notes: This word is a strong adversative conjunction, used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or opposes a preceding statement. It often implies a stronger contrast than 'δέ' (de). It can also be used to introduce an emphatic statement, sometimes translated as 'indeed' or 'moreover'. It is frequently found at the beginning of a clause.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΔΕ, ΠΛΗΝ, ΟΜΩΣ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (other). It is related to other words meaning 'other' or 'different'.
G1063
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Part of Speech: Particle
Sounds like: gar
Translations: for, because, indeed, then, therefore
Notes: This word is a postpositive particle, meaning it typically appears second in a clause. It introduces a reason, explanation, or confirmation for what has just been stated. It can also indicate a logical consequence or a transition in thought, often translated as 'for' or 'because'. In some contexts, it can simply add emphasis or affirm a statement.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΔΙΟΤΙ, ΕΠΕΙ, ΟΥΝ
Etymology: The particle ΓΑΡ is believed to be a contraction of the particles γε (ge) meaning 'indeed' or 'at least' and ἄρα (ara) meaning 'then' or 'therefore'. It has been in use since ancient Greek.
G4012
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Part of Speech: Preposition
Sounds like: PEH-ree
Translations: about, concerning, around, for, on behalf of, with respect to, at, near
Notes: This word is a preposition that can take either the genitive or accusative case, and its meaning changes depending on the case of the noun it governs. When used with the genitive case, it typically means 'about', 'concerning', 'for', or 'on behalf of'. When used with the accusative case, it usually indicates spatial 'around', 'about' (in the sense of movement or position), 'at', or 'near'. It can also be used as a prefix in compound words, adding a sense of 'around' or 'excessive'.
Inflection: Governs Genitive or Accusative case; Does not inflect itself
Synonyms: ΥΠΕΡ, ΑΜΦΙ, ΕΠΙ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *peri, meaning 'around, about'. It is cognate with English 'peri-' (as in 'perimeter') and Latin 'per'.
G3303
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Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction
Sounds like: MEN
Translations: indeed, on the one hand, truly, certainly, but, however
Notes: This word is a particle often used to introduce a clause that is contrasted with a following clause, which is typically introduced by the particle δέ (de). It can indicate a concession, an affirmation, or simply serve to mark a transition in thought. While it often translates as 'indeed' or 'on the one hand,' its precise meaning is highly dependent on context and the presence of a contrasting 'δέ' clause.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΔΕ, ΓΕ, ΚΑΙ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is an ancient particle used to mark emphasis or contrast.
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: TONE
Translations: of the
Notes: This word is the genitive plural form of the definite article 'the'. It functions to indicate possession, origin, or relationship for plural nouns, similar to 'of the' in English. It can precede nouns of any gender.
Inflection: Genitive, Plural, All Genders (Masculine, Feminine, Neuter)
G3551
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: NO-mohn
Translations: of laws, of customs, of principles
Notes: This word is the genitive plural form of the noun 'ΝΟΜΟΣ' (nomos), which means 'law,' 'custom,' or 'principle.' As a genitive plural, 'ΝΟΜΩΝ' indicates possession, origin, or relationship concerning multiple laws, customs, or principles. It is often used to specify the source or subject of something, such as 'the book of laws' or 'the authority of laws.'
Inflection: Genitive, Plural, Masculine
Synonyms: ΘΕΣΜΩΝ, ΔΙΚΑΙΩΜΑΤΩΝ
G2532
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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Adverb
Sounds like: kahee
Translations: and, also, even, but, then
Notes: ΚΑΙ is a very common conjunction in Koine Greek, primarily meaning 'and' to connect words, phrases, or clauses. It can also function as an adverb, emphasizing a word or phrase with meanings like 'also' or 'even'. In some contexts, it can introduce a contrast, similar to 'but', or indicate sequence, meaning 'then'.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Etymology: The word ΚΑΙ is an ancient particle, tracing its origins back to Proto-Indo-European. It has remained remarkably stable in form and function throughout the history of the Greek language.
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: THAYS
Translations: of the
Notes: ΤΗΣ is the genitive, singular, feminine form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to indicate possession, origin, or relationship for feminine singular nouns. For example, 'the house of the woman' would use ΤΗΣ for 'of the woman'. It functions similarly to 'of the' in English.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine
Etymology: The Greek definite article 'Ο' (of which ΤΗΣ is an inflection) derives from a Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronoun root. It evolved to function as a definite article in ancient Greek, marking nouns as specific or previously mentioned.
G4174
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: po-li-TEI-as
Translations: of citizenship, of commonwealth, of state, of government, of way of life, of a way of life
Notes: This word refers to the rights and duties of a citizen, the administration of a state, or the form of government. It can also describe a person's conduct or way of life within a community. It is often used in contexts discussing political systems or the collective body of citizens.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine
Synonyms: ΠΟΛΙΣ, ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑ, ΒΙΟΣ
Etymology: From ancient Greek, derived from the word 'πολίτης' (politēs), meaning 'citizen', which itself comes from 'πόλις' (polis), meaning 'city' or 'state'.
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: TANE
Translations: the
Notes: ΤΗΝ is the feminine singular accusative form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to specify a noun that is feminine in gender, singular in number, and in the accusative case, indicating it is the direct object of a verb or the object of certain prepositions. For example, it would be used before a feminine singular noun like 'πόλιν' (city) when 'city' is the direct object.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine
Etymology: The Koine Greek definite article derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. It evolved from an earlier demonstrative particle, becoming a grammatical marker for definiteness.
G0196
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Part of Speech: Adjective
Sounds like: ah-kree-BEE
Translations: accurate, exact, precise, strict, careful, an accurate, an exact, a precise, a strict, a careful
Notes: This word describes something as accurate, exact, precise, or strict. It is used to qualify a noun, indicating a high degree of correctness, thoroughness, or adherence to a standard. For example, it can describe a precise measurement, a strict rule, or an accurate account.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative or Accusative, Feminine; or Plural, Nominative or Accusative, Neuter
Synonyms: ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΩΝ, ΕΞΑΚΡΙΒΩΜΕΝΟΣ
G4160
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: peh-POY-ee-my
Translations: I have been made, I have been done, I have been created, I have made for myself, I have done for myself
Notes: This is a verb in the perfect tense, middle or passive voice, first person singular. In the middle voice, it means 'I have made or done something for myself' or 'I have caused something to be made/done for myself'. In the passive voice, it means 'I have been made' or 'I have been done'. It describes an action completed in the past with ongoing results or a state resulting from a past action.
Inflection: Perfect, Indicative, Middle or Passive Voice, First Person Singular
Synonyms: ΕΡΓΑΖΟΜΑΙ, ΠΡΑΤΤΩ, ΤΙΘΗΜΙ
G3862
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: pah-rah-DOH-sin
Translations: tradition, a tradition, handing over, surrender, delivery
Notes: This word refers to something handed down or transmitted, such as a custom, teaching, or doctrine. It can also mean the act of handing over or delivering something, including the surrender of a person or a place. In a general sense, it describes the process or result of passing something from one person or generation to another.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΔΙΔΑΧΗ, ΔΙΔΑΣΚΑΛΙΑ
G1722
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Part of Speech: Preposition
Sounds like: en
Translations: in, on, among, with, by, at
Notes: This word is a common preposition in Koine Greek, primarily meaning 'in' or 'on'. It typically governs the dative case, indicating location, time, or means. Its precise translation can vary depending on the context, often conveying ideas like 'within,' 'among,' or 'by means of'.
Inflection: Does not inflect (as a preposition, it governs cases but does not change its own form).
Etymology: The Koine Greek preposition 'ἘΝ' derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *en, meaning 'in' or 'into'. It has cognates in many other Indo-European languages, reflecting its ancient origin.
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: toys
Translations: to the, for the, the
Notes: ΤΟΙΣ is the dative plural form of the definite article in Koine Greek. It functions similarly to 'the' in English, but specifically indicates the indirect object or the recipient of an action, or location/instrument when used with a dative noun. It can be used with masculine, feminine, or neuter nouns in the plural.
Inflection: Plural, Dative, All genders
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is a demonstrative pronoun that evolved into the definite article in Greek.
G0746
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: ar-khai-ol-o-GEE-as
Translations: of archaeology, of ancient history, of ancient lore
Notes: This word refers to the study of ancient things, encompassing ancient history, traditions, and lore. It is a compound word derived from 'ἀρχαῖος' (archaios), meaning 'ancient' or 'old', and 'λόγος' (logos), meaning 'word', 'reason', or 'study'. Thus, it literally means 'the study of ancient things'. It is used to refer to the field of knowledge concerning antiquity.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine
Synonyms: ΑΡΧΑΙΟΤΗΣ, ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ
Etymology: The word 'ἀρχαιολογία' (archaiologia) is a compound of 'ἀρχαῖος' (archaios), meaning 'ancient' or 'old', and '-λογία' (-logia), meaning 'the study of' or 'discourse'. 'ἀρχαῖος' comes from 'ἀρχή' (archē), meaning 'beginning' or 'origin'.
G1473
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Part of Speech: Pronoun
Sounds like: MOY
Translations: (to) me, (for) me
Notes: ΜΟΙ is the dative form of the first-person singular pronoun 'I'. It is used to indicate the indirect object of a verb, showing to whom or for whom an action is performed. It can also express possession or benefit.
Inflection: Singular, Dative, First Person
Synonyms: ΕΜΟΙ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is a very ancient word, found across many Indo-European languages.
G1125
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Part of Speech: Participle
Sounds like: grah-FEY-see
Translations: to those having been written, to those written, to the things having been written, to the things written
Notes: This word is a perfect passive participle, meaning 'having been written' or 'written'. It is used here in the dative plural, indicating 'to' or 'for' the ones or things that have been written. It can refer to people (e.g., 'to those whose names are written') or to texts/documents (e.g., 'to the things written in the books').
Inflection: Perfect, Passive, Participle, Dative, Plural, Masculine or Neuter
Synonyms: ΕΓΓΡΑΦΩ, ΚΑΤΑΓΡΑΦΩ, ΥΠΟΓΡΑΦΩ
G3568
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Part of Speech: Adverb
Sounds like: NOO-nee
Translations: now, even now, just now, at present, therefore, so then
Notes: This word is an emphatic form of the adverb 'ΝΥΝ' (now). It is used to emphasize the present moment or to introduce a consequence, meaning 'now indeed' or 'even now'. It can also function as a transitional word, similar to 'therefore' or 'so then', indicating a logical progression or conclusion.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΑΡΤΙ, ΗΔΗ
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Part of Speech: Letter, Numeral
Sounds like: DEL-tah
Translations: Delta, four, 4
Notes: Δ (Delta) is the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. In the Greek numeral system, it represents the number four. It is also used as a symbol in various contexts, including mathematics and science, though its primary function in Koine Greek texts is as a letter or a numeral.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Etymology: The Greek letter Delta is derived from the Phoenician letter Dalet, which means 'door'.
G0846
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Part of Speech: Pronoun
Sounds like: ow-TON
Translations: of them, their, of themselves
Notes: This word is a pronoun indicating possession or relation, specifically for a group of people or things. It is used to mean 'of them' or 'their', often referring back to a previously mentioned plural noun or pronoun.
Inflection: Plural, Genitive, All genders
G3403
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: ep-EM-nees-thayn
Translations: I remembered, I recalled, I mentioned
Notes: This verb means 'to remember' or 'to recall'. In this specific form, it indicates an action that happened in the past, completed at a certain point, and the subject is the one who remembered or recalled something. It can also mean 'to mention' or 'to make mention of'.
Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Passive, 1st Person, Singular
Synonyms: ΜΝΑΟΜΑΙ, ΑΝΑΜΙΜΝΗΣΚΩ, ΕΝΘΥΜΕΟΜΑΙ
G1909
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Part of Speech: Preposition, Prefix
Sounds like: EHF
Translations: on, upon, over, to, against, at, in, for, because of, with, by
Notes: This word is an elided form of the Greek preposition ἘΠΊ (epi), which means 'on,' 'upon,' or 'over.' The final vowel of ἘΠΊ is dropped before a word beginning with a vowel, especially a rough breathing mark, resulting in ἘΦ. Its precise meaning depends on the case of the noun it governs: with the genitive, it means 'on' or 'upon' (of place or time); with the dative, it means 'on,' 'at,' 'by,' or 'for' (of position or cause); and with the accusative, it means 'on,' 'to,' 'against,' or 'over' (of motion or purpose). It is also commonly used as a prefix in compound words.
Inflection: Does not inflect; it is an elided form of the preposition ἘΠΊ. Its meaning varies depending on the case of the noun it governs (Genitive, Dative, or Accusative).
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *opi, meaning 'on, near, against'. It is cognate with Latin ob and Sanskrit api.
G3745
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Part of Speech: Adjective, Adverb
Sounds like: OH-son
Translations: as much as, as many as, as great as, how much, how many, how great, as far as, as long as, as soon as, as
Notes: This word is a relative adjective or pronominal adjective, meaning 'as much as' or 'as many as'. It is often used to indicate quantity, extent, or degree. When used as an adverb, it can mean 'as far as', 'as long as', or 'as soon as'. It can introduce a clause that specifies a measure or comparison. For example, 'as much as you want' or 'as many people as there are'.
Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative
Synonyms: ΟΠΟΣΟΣ, ΗΛΙΚΟΣ
Etymology: From the demonstrative pronoun *ho* (the) and the suffix -sos, indicating quantity or measure. It is related to ὅς (hos, 'who, which') and τοσοῦτος (tosoutos, 'so great, so much').
G2258
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: HAYN
Translations: was, he was, she was, it was
Notes: This word is the imperfect indicative form of the verb 'to be' (εἰμί). It describes a continuous or ongoing state or action in the past. It can be translated as 'was', 'he was', 'she was', or 'it was', depending on the subject implied by the context. It is often used to set the scene or describe background information in a narrative.
Inflection: Imperfect Indicative, Active Voice, 3rd Person Singular
G0316
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Part of Speech: Adjective
Sounds like: ah-nang-KAI-on
Translations: necessary, important, essential, fitting, a necessary thing
Notes: This word describes something that is necessary, unavoidable, or indispensable. It can also refer to something that is proper, fitting, or closely related, such as a close friend or relative. It is often used impersonally to mean 'it is necessary' or 'it is important'.
Inflection: Nominative, Accusative, or Vocative; Singular; Neuter
Synonyms: ΧΡΗΣΙΜΟΣ, ἘΠΙΤΗΔΕΙΟΣ
Etymology: The word ἈΝΑΓΚΑΙΟΣ (anankaios) is derived from the noun ἈΝΑΓΚΗ (anankē), meaning 'necessity' or 'compulsion'. It describes that which pertains to or is caused by necessity.
G3777
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Part of Speech: Conjunction
Sounds like: OO-teh
Translations: neither, nor, and not
Notes: This word is a conjunction used to connect two or more negative clauses or phrases. It often appears in a correlative construction, meaning 'neither... nor'. For example, 'neither this nor that'. It emphasizes the complete absence or negation of all listed items.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΟΥ̓ΔΕ
Etymology: From the negative particle οὐ (ou, 'not') and the enclitic conjunction τέ (te, 'and'). It literally means 'and not'.
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: TAH
Translations: the
Notes: ΤΑ is the neuter plural form of the definite article in Koine Greek. It functions similarly to 'the' in English, indicating that a noun is definite or previously mentioned. It agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies, and in this form, it can be used for both nominative (subject) and accusative (direct object) cases.
Inflection: Neuter, Plural, Nominative or Accusative
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is a demonstrative pronoun that evolved into a definite article in Greek.
G0243
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Part of Speech: Adjective
Sounds like: AL-lohn
Translations: of other, of others, of another, of different
Notes: This word is an adjective meaning 'other' or 'another'. It is used to refer to things or people that are distinct from those already mentioned or implied. As a genitive plural, it often translates to 'of others' or 'of other things', indicating possession or relation.
Inflection: Plural, Genitive, Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter
Synonyms: ΕΤΕΡΩΝ, ΛΟΙΠΩΝ
G5589
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: pse-GEIN
Translations: to blame, to find fault with, to censure, to criticize
Notes: This verb means to blame, to find fault with, or to censure someone or something. It is used to express disapproval or criticism. For example, one might use it to say 'to blame someone for their actions' or 'to criticize a policy'.
Inflection: Present, Active, Infinitive
Synonyms: ΜΕΜΦΟΜΑΙ, ΚΑΤΑΚΡΙΝΩ, ΕΛΕΓΧΩ
G3844
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Part of Speech: Preposition, Prefix
Sounds like: pa-RAH
Translations: beside, by, near, from, with, at, along, beyond, against, through, in the presence of, alongside, a
Notes: This word functions primarily as a preposition, indicating proximity, origin, or comparison. It can mean 'beside,' 'from,' 'with,' 'at,' or 'alongside,' depending on the case of the noun it governs. When used as a prefix in compound words, it often conveys ideas of proximity, deviation, or intensity, such as 'alongside,' 'beyond,' 'contrary to,' or 'through.'
Inflection: Does not inflect (as a preposition); as a prefix, it modifies the meaning of the verb or noun it attaches to.
Synonyms: ΠΡΟΣ, ΕΠΙ, ΣΥΝ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *per- (meaning 'forward, through'). It is cognate with English 'for' and 'through'.
G2254
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Part of Speech: Pronoun
Sounds like: HEE-meen
Translations: (to) us, (for) us, us
Notes: This word is the dative plural form of the first-person plural pronoun 'we'. It is used to indicate the indirect object of a verb, meaning 'to us' or 'for us'. It can also signify possession or benefit/detriment for 'us'. For example, it might be used in a sentence like 'He gave the book to us' or 'This is good for us'.
Inflection: First Person, Plural, Dative
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, related to the first-person plural pronoun in other Indo-European languages.
G1453
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: eng-koh-mee-AH-dzein
Translations: to praise, to commend, to eulogize
Notes: This word means to praise, commend, or eulogize someone or something. It is often used in the context of giving a formal commendation or expressing high approval. It is a compound word formed from the preposition ἘΝ (en, meaning 'in' or 'on') and ΚΩΜΟΣ (komos, meaning 'revel' or 'procession'), suggesting a public or formal act of praise.
Inflection: Present, Active, Infinitive
Synonyms: ἘΠΑΙΝΕΩ, ΑἸΝΕΩ, ὙΜΝΕΩ
G4388
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Part of Speech: Participle
Sounds like: pro-THEM-eh-nos
Translations: having set before, having purposed, having planned, having displayed, having proposed
Notes: This word is an aorist middle/passive participle derived from the verb 'προτίθημι'. It describes an action completed in the past by the subject, or an action done to the subject, with the result continuing into the present. It generally means 'having set something before oneself or others', 'having purposed or planned something', or 'having displayed something publicly'. It implies a deliberate act of placing or presenting.
Inflection: Aorist, Middle or Passive Voice, Masculine, Nominative, Singular
Synonyms: ΒΟΥΛΕΥΣΑΜΕΝΟΣ, ΣΚΟΠΕΥΣΑΜΕΝΟΣ
G0243
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Part of Speech: Prefix
Sounds like: ALL
Translations: other, another, different, foreign
Notes: This is a prefix form of the word 'ἄλλος' (allos), meaning 'other' or 'another'. It is used to form compound words that convey the idea of something being different, foreign, or belonging to another group. For example, 'ἀλλογενῶν' means 'of other races', 'ἀλλότριοι' means 'strangers' or 'foreigners', and 'ἀλλόφυλους' means 'foreigners' or 'of another tribe'.
Inflection: Does not inflect (as a prefix)
Synonyms: ΕΤΕΡΟΣ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *alyos, meaning 'other, another'. It is related to Latin alius and English else.
G2443
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Part of Speech: Conjunction
Sounds like: EE-nah
Translations: in order that, that, so that, to
Notes: This word is a conjunction used to introduce a clause expressing purpose, result, or content. It often translates to 'in order that' or simply 'that' when indicating the aim or outcome of an action. It can also be used to express a command or exhortation, especially when followed by the subjunctive mood.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΟΠΩΣ, ΩΣΤΕ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *en- (in). It is related to the preposition 'in' and developed into a conjunction expressing purpose or result.
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Demonstrative Pronoun
Sounds like: TOOS
Translations: the, them, those
Notes: ΤΟΥΣ is the masculine plural accusative form of the definite article or demonstrative pronoun 'ὁ'. As an article, it functions like 'the' in English, specifying a noun that is already known or has been previously mentioned. As a pronoun, it means 'them' or 'those', referring to a group of masculine individuals or things in the accusative case, indicating they are the direct object of a verb or the object of a preposition.
Inflection: Plural, Accusative, Masculine
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *so- (demonstrative pronoun).
G2249
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Part of Speech: Pronoun
Sounds like: hay-MOHN
Translations: of us, our
Notes: This word is the genitive plural form of the first-person personal pronoun, meaning 'of us' or 'our'. It indicates possession or origin related to a group of speakers. For example, it might be used in phrases like 'the house of us' or 'our house'.
Inflection: Plural, Genitive, First Person
G0092
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Part of Speech: Adverb
Sounds like: ah-dee-KOS
Translations: unjustly, wrongly, without cause, unfairly
Notes: This word describes an action or state that is done in an unjust, unfair, or wrongful manner. It indicates that something is not in accordance with what is right or lawful. It is used to qualify verbs, showing how an action is performed.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΑΝΟΜΩΣ, ΑΣΕΒΩΣ
G1125
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Part of Speech: Participle
Sounds like: ge-GRA-fo-tas
Translations: having written, those who have written, the ones who have written
Notes: This word is a perfect active participle, meaning 'having written' or 'those who have written'. It describes someone who has completed the action of writing. As a participle, it can function like an adjective, modifying a noun, or like a noun itself, referring to the people who performed the action. In this form, it is accusative masculine plural, indicating it refers to multiple male individuals (or a group including males) who have completed the action of writing, and it is the direct object of a verb or the object of a preposition.
Inflection: Perfect, Active, Participle, Accusative, Masculine, Plural
Synonyms: ΓΕΓΡΑΜΜΕΝΟΥΣ, ΠΕΠΟΙΗΚΟΤΑΣ
G1651
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: eh-LENG-ksoh
Translations: I will convict, I will rebuke, I will reprove, I will expose, I will correct, I will admonish
Notes: This word is the first person singular future active indicative form of the verb 'ἐλέγχω'. It means to bring to light, to expose, to convict, or to rebuke someone, often with the aim of demonstrating their fault or error and leading them to repentance or acknowledgment of the truth. It can be used in contexts of legal conviction, moral reproof, or correction.
Inflection: First Person, Singular, Future, Active, Indicative
Synonyms: ἘΠΙΤΙΜΩ, ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΕΩ, ἘΛΕΓΧΩ
Etymology: The word 'ἐλέγχω' comes from an ancient root meaning 'to put to the test' or 'to examine'. It is related to the idea of bringing something to light through scrutiny.
G4314
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Part of Speech: Preposition
Sounds like: PROSS
Translations: to, toward, with, against, for, at, near, by, in relation to
Notes: This is a common and versatile preposition in Koine Greek. It indicates direction, relation, or purpose, and its precise meaning often depends on the case of the noun it governs. For example, with the accusative case, it typically means 'to' or 'toward' (indicating motion or direction), 'against' (indicating opposition), or 'in relation to'. With the genitive case, it can mean 'from' (indicating origin or source) or 'in the presence of'. With the dative case, it can mean 'at' or 'near' (indicating proximity). It is used to express a wide range of relationships between actions, objects, and people.
Inflection: Does not inflect, but governs various cases (accusative, genitive, dative).
Synonyms: ΕΙΣ, ΕΠΙ, ΠΑΡΑ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'forward, toward'. It is related to other words indicating movement or direction.
G0846
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Part of Speech: Pronoun
Sounds like: ow-TEEN
Translations: her, it, herself
Notes: This is a third-person personal pronoun, specifically the feminine, singular, accusative form of 'ΑΥ̓ΤΟΣ'. It is used to refer to a feminine noun that is the direct object of a verb or the object of certain prepositions. It can be translated as 'her' or 'it' (when referring to a feminine object), and sometimes reflexively as 'herself' or 'itself'.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine
G0332
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Part of Speech: Adverb
Sounds like: ah-NAI-dohs
Translations: shamelessly, impudently, without shame, persistently, importunately
Notes: This word describes an action performed without shame or modesty, often implying a bold or persistent manner. It can also convey the sense of being importunate or insistent, especially in requesting something. It is used to qualify verbs, indicating how an action is carried out.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ἈΝΕΠΙΣΧΥΝΤΩΣ, ἈΠΡΟΣΩΠΩΣ
Etymology: Derived from the adjective ἀναιδής (anaidēs), meaning 'shameless', which is formed from ἀ- (a-, 'not') and αἰδώς (aidōs, 'shame, reverence').
G225
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: ah-lay-THEY-ahn
Translations: truth, a truth
Notes: This word refers to truth, reality, or sincerity. It is often used to describe something that is factual, genuine, or in accordance with what is real. In a sentence, it typically functions as the direct object when in the accusative case, indicating the thing that is known, spoken, or done truthfully.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΑΛΗΘΕΣ, ΑΛΗΘΙΝΟΣ
G5359
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: peh-fee-loh-nee-KEE-koh-tas
Translations: having contended, having disputed, having been contentious, having been quarrelsome
Notes: This word is a perfect active participle, meaning 'having contended' or 'having disputed'. It describes an action that has been completed in the past and whose results are still relevant. As a participle, it functions like an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun, and can also convey a sense of cause or circumstance. For example, it might describe someone who, having contended, then did something else.
Inflection: Perfect Active Participle, Accusative, Masculine, Plural
Synonyms: ΕΡΙΖΩ, ΜΑΧΟΜΑΙ, ΑΝΤΙΛΕΓΩ
G1211
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Part of Speech: Adverb, Particle
Sounds like: DAY
Translations: now, indeed, then, already, certainly, truly, come, go to
Notes: This word is an indeclinable particle used to give emphasis, urgency, or to mark a transition in discourse. It can express a sense of 'now' or 'already', or it can be used to urge someone to action, similar to 'come on' or 'go to'. It often adds a sense of immediacy or certainty to a statement.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΑΡΑ, ΓΕ, ΝΥΝ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is an ancient particle used to emphasize or urge.
G1380
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: DOH-koh
Translations: I think, I suppose, I seem, I appear, I believe, I consider, I resolve, I am determined
Notes: This verb means 'to think', 'to suppose', 'to seem', or 'to appear'. It is often used to express an opinion or a perception. It can also imply a decision or resolution, meaning 'to be determined' or 'to resolve'. When used impersonally (it seems), it often takes an infinitive.
Inflection: First Person, Singular, Present, Active, Indicative
Synonyms: ΝΟΜΙΖΩ, ΗΓΕΟΜΑΙ, ΦΑΙΝΟΜΑΙ
Etymology: From the Proto-Indo-European root *dek- meaning 'to take, accept'. In Greek, it evolved to mean 'to seem good, to think, to suppose'.
G4137
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: pep-lay-ROH-sthai
Translations: to be fulfilled, to be completed, to be filled, to be made full
Notes: This word is a perfect passive infinitive form of the verb 'πληρόω' (plēroō). It describes a state of having been filled, completed, or fulfilled. It can be used to express that something has reached its full measure, has been accomplished, or has come to pass.
Inflection: Perfect, Passive, Infinitive
Synonyms: ΤΕΛΕΩ, ΑΝΑΠΛΗΡΟΩ, ΕΚΠΛΗΡΟΩ
G1223
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Part of Speech: Preposition
Sounds like: dee-AH
Translations: through, by, by means of, on account of, because of, for the sake of
Notes: This word is a preposition that can take two different cases, which changes its meaning. When used with the genitive case, it means 'through' or 'by means of', indicating the instrument or agency by which something is done. When used with the accusative case, it means 'on account of', 'because of', or 'for the sake of', indicating the cause or reason for something.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΕΚ, ΕΝΕΚΑ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'through' or 'apart'.
G1124
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: grah-FESS
Translations: of writing, of scripture, of a writing, of a document, of a record, of a register, of a list, of a description, of a drawing, of a painting
Notes: This word refers to something written, such as a document, a record, a list, or a description. It can also refer to the act of writing itself, or to a drawing or painting. In a religious context, it often refers to the sacred scriptures.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine
Synonyms: ΒΙΒΛΟΣ, ΕΠΙΣΤΟΛΗ, ΧΑΡΤΗΣ
G2425
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Part of Speech: Adverb
Sounds like: ee-kah-NOHS
Translations: sufficiently, adequately, enough, well, greatly, abundantly
Notes: This word is an adverb meaning 'sufficiently' or 'adequately'. It indicates that something is done to a satisfactory or ample degree. It can also mean 'well' or 'greatly', emphasizing the extent or quality of an action. It is often used to describe the measure or amount of something.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΑΡΚΟΥΝΤΩΣ, ΕΥ
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Part of Speech: Letter, Numeral, Prefix
Sounds like: AL-fah (as the letter name), ah (as the sound)
Translations: Alpha, A, one, un-, a-
Notes: This is the first letter of the Greek alphabet, equivalent to the English 'A'. It can also function as the numeral '1'. Furthermore, it is commonly used as a prefix (known as the 'alpha privative') when placed before a word, indicating negation, absence, or the opposite of the word's meaning, similar to the English prefixes 'un-' or 'a-'. For example, 'atheist' (without God) comes from 'a-' (without) and 'theos' (God).
Inflection: Does not inflect as a letter or numeral. As a prefix, it modifies the meaning of the word it precedes.
Etymology: The letter 'Alpha' is derived from the Phoenician letter 'aleph', which meant 'ox'. It was adopted by the Greeks and became the first letter of their alphabet.
G4399
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: proo-oo-PES-kho-men
Translations: I had promised, I had offered, I had presented, I had held forth
Notes: This is a compound verb formed from the prefixes πρό (pro, 'before' or 'forth') and ὑπό (hypo, 'under' or 'secretly') combined with the verb ἔχω (echō, 'to have' or 'to hold'). In this specific form, it means 'I had promised' or 'I had offered/presented beforehand'. It describes an action of promising or presenting something that occurred prior to another past event.
Inflection: First Person, Singular, Indicative, Aorist, Middle Voice
Synonyms: ΥΠΙΣΧΝΕΟΜΑΙ, ΕΠΑΓΓΕΛΛΟΜΑΙ
G0749
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: ar-khai-O-tee-tee
Translations: (to) antiquity, (to) ancientness, (to) oldness
Notes: This word refers to the state of being ancient or very old. It can describe the quality of something that has existed for a long time, or a period of time far in the past. In the provided context, it is used to indicate that something surpasses others in age or ancientness.
Inflection: Singular, Dative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΠΑΛΑΙΟΤΗΣ, ΑΡΧΑΙΟΝ
G5225
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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle
Sounds like: proo-OO-par-khon
Translations: existing before, having existed before, being before, having been before
Notes: This word is a compound participle, combining 'pro' (before) and 'huparcho' (to exist or be). It describes something that was already in existence or present at an earlier time. It is used to indicate a prior state or condition of being.
Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative, Present, Active, Participle
Synonyms: ΠΡΟΟΝ, ΠΡΟΓΕΓΟΝΟΣ, ΠΡΟΕΝΩΝ
G1925
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: eh-peh-DEIK-sah
Translations: showed, demonstrated, exhibited, displayed, pointed out
Notes: This word is a compound verb meaning to show, demonstrate, or exhibit something. It implies making something visible or clear to others, often with an intention to prove or display. It can be used in contexts where someone presents evidence, performs an action to illustrate a point, or simply makes something apparent.
Inflection: Aorist Indicative Active, 1st Person Singular
Synonyms: ΔΕΙΚΝΥΜΙ, ΦΑΙΝΩ, ΕΝΔΕΙΚΝΥΜΙ
Etymology: The word ΕΠΙΔΕΙΚΝΥΜΙ is a compound of the preposition ΕΠΙ (epi), meaning 'upon' or 'to', and the verb ΔΕΙΚΝΥΜΙ (deiknymi), meaning 'to show' or 'to point out'.
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: toh
Translations: the
Notes: ΤΟ is the neuter singular form of the definite article 'the' in Koine Greek. It is used to specify a noun, much like 'the' in English. It can function as both the subject (nominative case) or the direct object (accusative case) of a sentence when referring to a neuter singular noun.
Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative
Etymology: The Greek definite article, including ΤΟ, derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. Its forms developed to agree in gender, number, and case with the nouns they modify.
G1085
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: GEH-nos
Translations: race, kind, family, nation, offspring, stock, a race, a kind
Notes: This word refers to a group of people or things sharing a common origin, characteristic, or lineage. It can denote a family, a nation, a race, a species, or a type. It is often used to describe a lineage or descent, such as 'the race of Israel' or 'the family of David'. It can also refer to a general category or kind of something.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative or Accusative, Neuter
Synonyms: ΦΥΛΗ, ΕΘΝΟΣ, ΣΠΕΡΜΑ
Etymology: From the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵenh₁- meaning 'to produce, beget, give birth'. It is related to words like 'genesis' and 'generation' in English.
G2723
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: kah-tay-go-RON
Translations: accusing, bringing a charge against, testifying against
Notes: This word is the present active participle of the verb 'κατηγορέω', meaning 'to accuse' or 'to bring a charge against'. It describes someone who is currently in the act of accusing or testifying against another person. It is often used in legal or judicial contexts.
Inflection: Present, Active, Participle, Masculine or Neuter, Genitive, Plural
Synonyms: ΕΓΚΑΛΕΩ, ΕΠΙΤΙΘΕΜΑΙ
G3754
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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Relative Pronoun
Sounds like: OH-tee
Translations: that, because, for, since, how, what, which
Notes: ΟΤΙ is a versatile word in Koine Greek, primarily functioning as a conjunction meaning 'that', 'because', 'for', or 'since'. It can introduce a clause explaining a reason or consequence, or it can introduce direct speech, similar to how quotation marks function in English. It can also act as a relative pronoun meaning 'what' or 'which'.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΔΙΟΤΙ, ΕΠΕΙ, ΓΑΡ
Etymology: The word ΟΤΙ is derived from the neuter accusative singular of the relative pronoun ὅστις (hostis), meaning 'whoever, whatever'. Over time, it evolved to function primarily as a conjunction.
G3501
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Part of Speech: Adjective
Sounds like: neh-OH-tah-ton
Translations: newest, youngest, a newest thing, a youngest thing
Notes: This word is the superlative form of the adjective 'ΝΕΟΣ' (neos), meaning 'new' or 'young'. Therefore, 'ΝΕΩΤΑΤΟΝ' means 'newest' or 'youngest'. It describes something that is the most recent, most fresh, or least old among a group. It can be used to refer to the newest or youngest person, object, or concept.
Inflection: Neuter, Singular, Nominative or Accusative
Synonyms: ΚΑΙΝΟΤΑΤΟΝ
G1510
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: ES-tin
Translations: is, a is
Notes: This word is the third person singular present indicative form of the verb 'to be' (εἰμί). It means 'he is', 'she is', 'it is', or 'there is'. It is used to express existence, identity, or a state of being, often linking a subject to a predicate. It can also imply 'exists' or 'happens'.
Inflection: Third Person, Singular, Present, Indicative, Active
G2036
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: ee-RAY-koh-tohn
Translations: of those who have said, of those who have spoken, of those who have told
Notes: This word is a perfect active participle, meaning 'having said' or 'having spoken'. As a participle, it functions like an adjective or a noun, describing someone who has completed the action of speaking. In this form, it is genitive plural, indicating 'of those who have said' or 'of those who have spoken'. It can refer to a group of people who have previously made a statement or declaration.
Inflection: Perfect, Active, Participle, Genitive, Plural, Masculine or Neuter
Synonyms: ΛΑΛΟΥΝΤΩΝ, ΦΩΝΟΥΝΤΩΝ
G4183
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Part of Speech: Adjective
Sounds like: pol-LOOS
Translations: many, much, great
Notes: This word is an adjective meaning 'many', 'much', or 'great'. It is used to describe a large quantity or number of something. In this form, it functions as the direct object of a verb, indicating that 'many' people or things are being acted upon.
Inflection: Accusative, Masculine, Plural
Synonyms: ΙΚΑΝΟΣ, ΠΛΕΙΩΝ, ΑΦΘΟΝΟΣ
G4863
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: soong-GRAHM-mah-sin
Translations: writings, documents, books, treatises
Notes: This word refers to written compositions, such as documents, books, or treatises. It is a compound word formed from 'σύν' (syn), meaning 'with' or 'together', and 'γράφω' (grapho), meaning 'to write'. Therefore, it literally means 'that which is written together' or 'a compilation of writings'. It is used to refer to a body of written work.
Inflection: Plural, Dative, Neuter
Synonyms: ΒΙΒΛΙΑ, ΓΡΑΦΑΙ
G3421
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Part of Speech: Participle
Sounds like: em-nay-moh-NEV-koh-tas
Translations: having remembered, having kept in mind, having called to mind, having been mindful
Notes: This word is a perfect active participle derived from the verb 'μνημονεύω' (mnēmoneuō), meaning 'to remember' or 'to keep in mind'. As a participle, it functions like an adjective or a noun, describing someone or something that has performed the action of remembering. It indicates a completed action with ongoing results.
Inflection: Plural, Accusative, Masculine, Perfect Active Participle
Synonyms: ΜΕΜΝΗΜΕΝΟΥΣ, ἈΝΕΜΝΗΣΘΕΝΤΑΣ, ἘΠΙΛΕΛΗΣΜΕΝΟΥΣ
G0744
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Part of Speech: Adjective
Sounds like: ar-KHAH-ee-oos
Translations: ancient, old, former, the ancients, old ones
Notes: This word is an adjective meaning 'ancient' or 'old', referring to something that existed or happened in a distant past. It can describe people, things, or times. In its plural form, it often refers to 'the ancients' or 'those of old'. It is used to qualify nouns, indicating their age or origin.
Inflection: Accusative, Plural, Masculine
Synonyms: ΠΑΛΑΙΟΣ, ΑΡΧΕΓΟΝΟΣ
G3930
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: par-ES-kho-men
Translations: we provided, we offered, we granted, we caused, we showed
Notes: This is a compound verb formed from the preposition παρά (para, 'beside, from') and the verb ἔχω (echō, 'to have, to hold'). It means to provide, offer, grant, or cause something to be. It can also mean to show or present oneself. It is used to describe the act of making something available or bringing something forth.
Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Middle/Passive, 1st Person Plural
Synonyms: ΔΙΔΩΜΙ, ΠΑΡΕΧΩ
G3144
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: MAR-too-ras
Translations: witness, a witness, martyr, a martyr
Notes: This word refers to a witness, someone who testifies or gives evidence, often in a legal or public setting. It can also refer to someone who suffers for their beliefs, leading to the English word 'martyr'. It is used to describe a person who has seen or knows something and can provide an account of it.
Inflection: Masculine, Plural, Accusative
Synonyms: ΜΑΡΤΥΡ, ΜΑΡΤΥΣ
G1565
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Part of Speech: Pronoun, Adjective
Sounds like: eh-KAY-nohn
Translations: of those, of them, those
Notes: This word is a demonstrative pronoun or adjective, meaning 'that' or 'those'. In this inflected form, it indicates possession or origin, translating to 'of those' or 'of them'. It is used to refer to people or things that are distant in space or time, or to distinguish them from others. For example, it might be used in a phrase like 'the houses of those people' or 'the events of those days'.
Inflection: Plural, Genitive, Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter
Synonyms: ΑΥΤΩΝ, ΤΟΥΤΩΝ
G3367
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Part of Speech: Pronoun, Adjective
Sounds like: may-DEHSS
Translations: no one, nothing, none, no, not any
Notes: This word is a compound of the negative particle 'ΜΗ' (not) and the numeral 'ΕΙΣ' (one). It functions as a negative pronoun meaning 'no one' or 'nothing', or as a negative adjective meaning 'no' or 'not any'. It is used to express a prohibition or a hypothetical negative statement, often in contexts where a specific action or entity is being denied or excluded.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine or Feminine
Synonyms: ΟΥΔΕΙΣ, ΟΥΔΕΝ
G1226
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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle
Sounds like: dee-ah-veh-veh-ee-oo-MEH-noh-n
Translations: of those confirming, of those asserting, of those establishing, of things being confirmed, of things being asserted, of things being established
Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb meaning 'to confirm, assert, or establish'. As a participle, it describes an action that is ongoing or completed, functioning like an adjective or adverb. In this form, it refers to 'those who are confirming/asserting/establishing' or 'things that are being confirmed/asserted/established'.
Inflection: Plural, Genitive, Masculine, Feminine or Neuter, Present, Middle or Passive
Synonyms: ΒΕΒΑΙΟΥΜΕΝΩΝ, ΚΥΡΟΥΜΕΝΩΝ
G3376, G3378
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Part of Speech: Noun, Adverb
Sounds like: MAYN
Translations: month, a month, surely, indeed, truly, certainly
Notes: This word has two primary meanings in Koine Greek. As a noun (G3378), it refers to a 'month', a period of time. As an adverb (G3376), it functions as an emphatic particle, meaning 'surely', 'indeed', 'truly', or 'certainly', often used to confirm or emphasize a statement. It can also be used in questions to expect a positive answer.
Inflection: Noun: Singular, Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative; Adverb: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΕΤΟΣ, ΑΛΗΘΩΣ, ΟΝΤΩΣ
Etymology: The noun 'ΜΗΝ' (month) comes from Proto-Indo-European, referring to the moon and its cycle. The adverb 'ΜΗΝ' (surely) is also of uncertain but ancient origin, possibly related to particles of affirmation.
G0007
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Part of Speech: Adjective, Noun
Sounds like: ai-GYP-tee-oos
Translations: Egyptians
Notes: This word refers to people from Egypt. It is used to describe the inhabitants of the land of Egypt or things pertaining to Egypt. In the provided examples, it is used as a noun referring to the people themselves.
Inflection: Accusative, Plural, Masculine
Etymology: The word "Αἰγύπτιος" (Aigyptios) is derived from "Αἴγυπτος" (Aigyptos), which is the Greek name for Egypt. It refers to someone or something belonging to or originating from Egypt.
G5346
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: eh-PHA-san
Translations: they said, they spoke
Notes: This word is the third person plural aorist indicative active form of the verb 'φημί' (phēmi), meaning 'to say' or 'to speak'. It describes an action of speaking or saying that occurred in the past, completed at a specific point in time. It is commonly used to report what a group of people stated.
Inflection: Third person plural, Aorist, Indicative, Active
Synonyms: ΛΕΓΩ, ΛΑΛΕΩ, ΕΙΠΩΝ
G4269
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: pro-GO-noos
Translations: ancestors, forefathers, a forefather
Notes: This word refers to one's ancestors or forefathers. It is a compound word formed from 'πρό' (pro), meaning 'before' or 'in front of', and 'γόνος' (gonos), meaning 'offspring' or 'birth'. Thus, it literally means 'those born before'. It is typically used in the plural to refer to a lineage or line of descent.
Inflection: Plural, Accusative, Masculine
Synonyms: ΠΑΤΕΡΕΣ, ΠΑΛΑΙΟΙ
G1166
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: eh-DEIKH-theh-san
Translations: they were shown, they were pointed out, they were made known, they were displayed, they were proved
Notes: This word is the third person plural aorist passive indicative form of the verb 'deiknymi', meaning 'to show' or 'to point out'. In this passive form, it means 'they were shown' or 'they were pointed out'. It describes an action completed in the past where a group of people or things were the recipients of being shown or revealed.
Inflection: 3rd Person Plural, Aorist, Indicative, Passive
Synonyms: ΦΑΙΝΟΜΑΙ, ΔΗΛΟΩ, ΕΠΙΔΕΙΚΝΥΜΙ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- ('to show, to point out'). In Greek, it developed into a verb meaning 'to show, to point out, to display, to prove'.
G1519
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Part of Speech: Preposition
Sounds like: EES
Translations: into, to, for, unto, among, in, toward
Notes: This word is a preposition that primarily indicates motion towards or into something. It is always used with the accusative case, showing the destination or goal of an action. It can also express purpose, result, or the object of an action. For example, it is used to say 'go into the city' or 'believe into Christ'.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Etymology: The word ΕἸΣ comes from Proto-Indo-European *en-s, which is a locative adverb meaning 'in, into'. It is related to the English word 'in'.
G125
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Part of Speech: Proper Noun
Sounds like: AI-gyp-TON
Translations: Egypt
Notes: This is a proper noun referring to the country of Egypt. In the provided examples, it is used as the object of a verb or preposition, indicating a destination or location.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine
G2064
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: el-THON-tes
Translations: having come, coming, who came, when they came
Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'to come' or 'to go'. It describes an action that has already occurred or is occurring, often indicating the state of having arrived or the act of coming. It functions like an adjective or adverb, modifying a noun or verb to provide additional information about the action of coming.
Inflection: Aorist Active Participle, Nominative, Masculine, Plural
Synonyms: ΗΚΟΝΤΕΣ, ΠΑΡΑΓΕΝΟΜΕΝΟΙ
G2087
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Part of Speech: Adverb
Sounds like: eh-teh-ROH-then
Translations: from another place, from elsewhere, from another side, from another source
Notes: This adverb indicates movement or origin from a different place, direction, or source. It is used to specify that something comes from 'the other side' or 'another quarter' rather than the current or expected one.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΑΛΛΟΘΕΝ, ΑΛΛΑΧΟΘΕΝ
G1161
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Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction
Sounds like: DEH
Translations: but, and, now, then, moreover, however
Notes: ΔΕ is a common Koine Greek particle or conjunction used to connect clauses or sentences. It often indicates a transition, a contrast, or a continuation of thought. It can be translated in various ways depending on the context, such as 'but' when indicating opposition, 'and' when simply continuing a narrative, or 'now'/'then' when marking a new point or development.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΚΑΙ, ΑΛΛΑ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'and' or 'but'. It is an ancient particle used to connect ideas or introduce new information.
G3089
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: LOO-main
Translations: destruction, ruin, a destruction, a ruin
Notes: This word refers to destruction, ruin, or devastation. It describes the act or result of causing harm or damage, often leading to complete undoing or decay. It can be used to speak of the ruin of a place, a person, or a state of affairs.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine
Synonyms: ΟΛΕΘΡΟΣ, ΑΠΩΛΕΙΑ, ΦΘΟΡΑ
Etymology: From the verb λυμαίνω (lymainō), meaning 'to outrage, to ruin, to destroy'.
G4983
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: SOH-mah-TON
Translations: of bodies, of persons, of slaves
Notes: This word refers to the physical body, a person, or a slave. It is often used in the plural to refer to multiple bodies or people, and in the genitive case, it indicates possession or relationship, such as 'belonging to bodies' or 'concerning bodies'. In some contexts, it can specifically refer to slaves or servants.
Inflection: Plural, Genitive, Neuter
Synonyms: ΣΑΡΚΩΝ, ΨΥΧΩΝ, ΔΟΥΛΩΝ
G0846
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Part of Speech: Pronoun
Sounds like: ow-TOOS
Translations: them, themselves, these, those
Notes: This word is the masculine accusative plural form of the pronoun 'αὐτός' (autos). It is used to refer to a group of male or mixed-gender individuals as the direct object of a verb or the object of a preposition. It can mean 'them' or, when used emphatically, 'themselves'.
Inflection: Plural, Accusative, Masculine
G1544
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: ek-bleh-THEE-nai
Translations: to be cast out, to be thrown out, to be driven out, to be expelled, to be put out
Notes: This word is the aorist passive infinitive form of the verb 'ekballō', meaning 'to cast out' or 'to throw out'. It describes the action of being forcibly removed or expelled from a place or situation. It can be used in contexts ranging from physical expulsion to being driven out by a spirit or a disease.
Inflection: Aorist, Passive, Infinitive
Synonyms: ΕΞΕΛΘΕΙΝ, ΑΠΟΒΑΛΛΕΣΘΑΙ, ΕΞΩΘΕΙΝ
G2680
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: kah-tep-SEV-sahn-toh
Translations: they lied against, they falsely accused, they bore false witness against
Notes: This is a compound verb formed from the preposition κατά (kata, 'down, against') and the verb ψεύδομαι (pseudomai, 'to lie'). It means to lie against someone, to accuse falsely, or to bear false witness against them. It implies a deliberate and often malicious act of deception directed at another person.
Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Middle/Passive, 3rd Person Plural
Synonyms: ΨΕΥΔΟΜΑΙ, ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΕΩ
G4286
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: pro-ahee-REH-seh
Translations: choice, purpose, decision, intention, will
Notes: This word refers to a deliberate choice, a fixed purpose, or a firm decision made by an individual. It implies a conscious act of will or intention, often with a moral or ethical dimension. It can describe a person's settled disposition or a specific resolution they have made.
Inflection: Singular, Dative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΒΟΥΛΗ, ΓΝΩΜΗ, ΘΕΛΗΜΑ
G4047
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: peh-ree-oo-SEE-ah
Translations: possession, a possession, property, wealth, abundance, special possession, peculiar treasure
Notes: This word refers to a possession, property, or wealth, often implying an abundance or surplus. It can also denote something that is a 'special possession' or 'peculiar treasure' to someone, highlighting its value or unique status. It is used to describe material goods or resources that are owned.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Accusative, or Vocative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΚΤΗΜΑ, ΥΠΑΡΧΟΝΤΑ, ΠΛΟΥΤΟΣ
Etymology: From the Greek preposition περί (peri), meaning 'around, about, concerning', and the verb οὐσία (ousia), meaning 'being, substance, property'. It literally means 'that which is around one's being' or 'that which is over and above'.
G4516
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Part of Speech: Proper Noun
Sounds like: ROH-mays
Translations: of Rome
Notes: This word refers to the city of Rome, the capital of the Roman Empire. In the ancient world, Rome was a powerful and influential city, serving as the center of political, economic, and cultural life. As a proper noun, it is used to specifically identify this historical city.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine
Etymology: From Latin Roma, of uncertain origin. It is the name of the ancient city and empire.
G5316
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: eh-FAH-nay-sahn
Translations: they appeared, they were seen, they became visible, they shone
Notes: This word is the third person plural, aorist passive indicative form of the verb 'phainō'. It means 'they appeared' or 'they were seen', indicating that a group of people or things became visible or manifested themselves. It describes an action that occurred in the past, where the subjects were the recipients of the action of being made visible.
Inflection: Third Person Plural, Aorist, Passive, Indicative
Synonyms: ΟΡΑΩ, ΔΕΙΚΝΥΜΙ
Etymology: The word 'phainō' comes from the Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'to shine' or 'to show'. It is related to words in other Indo-European languages that convey ideas of light, appearance, or manifestation.
G1909
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Part of Speech: Preposition, Adverb
Sounds like: eh-PEE
Translations: on, upon, over, to, against, at, in, for, concerning, during, by, beside, near, among, with respect to
Notes: This is a very common and versatile preposition in Koine Greek. Its meaning changes significantly depending on the case of the noun it governs. With the genitive case, it often means 'upon, over, on, at, in the time of, during, concerning, in the presence of'. With the dative case, it can mean 'upon, on, at, by, near, beside, in, for, in addition to, on the basis of, because of, in the time of, during, in the presence of, against'. With the accusative case, it typically means 'upon, on, to, against, over, for, with a view to, at, by, during, in the time of'. It can also function as an adverb meaning 'upon, besides, in addition'.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Etymology: The word ἘΠΙ comes from Proto-Indo-European. It is related to similar prepositions in other Indo-European languages, conveying ideas of 'on, upon, over'.
G3624
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Part of Speech: Adjective
Sounds like: oy-KAY-an
Translations: one's own, a private, a proper, a suitable, a domestic, a household, a family
Notes: This word describes something that belongs to oneself, or is proper, suitable, or domestic. It is often used to refer to one's own family, household, or possessions. It can also imply something that is appropriate or fitting for a particular situation.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΙΔΙΟΣ, ΕΜΟΣ, ΣΟΣ
G5290
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Part of Speech: Participle
Sounds like: hoo-pos-TREP-san-tes
Translations: having returned, returning, when they returned
Notes: This word is an aorist active participle, indicating an action completed prior to or at the same time as the main verb in the sentence. It describes the subject as having performed the action of returning. It is often translated with a clause like 'when they returned' or 'after they returned'.
Inflection: Aorist Active Participle, Nominative, Masculine, Plural
Synonyms: ΕΠΙΣΤΡΕΦΩ, ΑΝΑΚΑΜΠΤΩ
Etymology: From Ancient Greek ὑπό (hupó, “under, below”) + στρέφω (stréphō, “to turn”). The combination means to turn back or return.
G1093
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: GAYN
Translations: earth, an earth, land, a land, ground, a ground, country, a country, region, a region
Notes: ΓΗΝ is the accusative singular form of the noun ΓΗ, meaning 'earth', 'land', 'ground', 'country', or 'region'. It is used to indicate the direct object of a verb or the destination of motion, often translated as 'to the earth' or 'into the land' depending on the context and accompanying prepositions. It can refer to the planet, a specific territory, or the soil itself.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΧΩΡΑ, ΓΕΑ
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Pronoun, Interjection
Sounds like: OY
Translations: the, who, they, oh
Notes: ΟΙ is primarily the masculine plural nominative form of the definite article, meaning 'the'. It is used to specify a group of masculine nouns that are the subject of a sentence. It can also function as a demonstrative pronoun, meaning 'these' or 'they', referring to a group of people or things previously mentioned. Less commonly, it can be an interjection, similar to 'oh' or 'alas'.
Inflection: Masculine, Plural, Nominative
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, related to demonstrative pronouns and articles in other Indo-European languages.
G5613
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Part of Speech: Adverb, Conjunction, Preposition
Sounds like: OHS
Translations: as, like, when, how, about, approximately, that, so that
Notes: ΩΣ is a versatile particle in Koine Greek, primarily functioning as a conjunction or adverb. It is used to introduce comparisons ('as,' 'like'), indicate time ('when'), express manner ('how'), or denote purpose or result ('so that,' 'that'). It can also indicate approximation ('about,' 'approximately') or serve as a preposition meaning 'to' or 'towards' with certain cases.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΩΣΠΕΡ, ΚΑΘΩΣ, ΩΣΑΝΕΙ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is related to demonstrative pronouns and adverbs indicating manner or comparison.
G5337
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Part of Speech: Adjective
Sounds like: fah-oo-LOH-tah-ton
Translations: worst, most worthless, most evil, the worst, a worst thing
Notes: This word is the superlative form of the adjective 'φαῦλος' (phaulos), meaning 'bad, worthless, or evil'. As a superlative, it describes something as being of the absolute lowest quality, most contemptible, or most morally corrupt. It can be used to describe a person, an action, or a thing as being the worst of its kind.
Inflection: Superlative, Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative
Synonyms: ΚΑΚΙΣΤΟΣ, ΠΟΝΗΡΟΤΑΤΟΣ
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: TON
Translations: the
Notes: This word is the masculine singular accusative form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to specify a particular masculine noun that is the direct object of a verb or preposition. For example, it would be used in phrases like 'he saw the man' or 'towards the God'.
Inflection: Masculine, Singular, Accusative
Etymology: The Greek definite article derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. It developed to function as a marker of definiteness in Greek.
G3550
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: noh-moh-theh-TEHN
Translations: lawgiver, a lawgiver
Notes: This word refers to someone who establishes or enacts laws. It is used to describe a person who creates a legal system or body of regulations. In a sentence, it would typically function as the object of a verb or a preposition, indicating the recipient of an action or the subject of a description.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Masculine
Synonyms: ΝΟΜΟΘΕΤΗΣ, ΝΟΜΟΔΟΤΗΣ
G3058
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: eh-loy-DOR-eh-san
Translations: they reviled, they insulted, they abused, they slandered
Notes: This word describes the act of speaking abusively or insultingly to someone. It implies a harsh and often public verbal attack, intended to demean or shame. It is used to express strong disapproval or contempt through words.
Inflection: Aorist, Active, Indicative, 3rd Person Plural
Synonyms: ΥΒΡΙΖΩ, ΚΑΚΟΛΟΓΕΩ, ΒΛΑΣΦΗΜΕΩ
Etymology: The word ΛΟΙΔΟΡΕΩ (loidoreō) comes from the noun ΛΟΙΔΟΡΟΣ (loidoros), meaning 'a reviler' or 'abusive'. This noun is related to ΛΟΙΔΟΣ (loidos), meaning 'abuse' or 'reproach'.
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: TOH
Translations: to the, for the, by the, with the, in the
Notes: ΤΩ is the dative singular form of the definite article 'the'. It indicates the indirect object of a verb or the means/instrument by which an action is performed. It can also be used to indicate location or association, often translated with prepositions like 'to', 'for', 'by', 'with', or 'in'.
Inflection: Singular, Dative, Masculine or Neuter
G703
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: ah-reh-TAYS
Translations: of virtue, of excellence, of moral goodness, of valor
Notes: This word refers to moral excellence, virtue, or valor. It describes a quality of high moral standing or outstanding ability, often implying courage or effectiveness.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine
Synonyms: ΑΓΑΘΟΣΥΝΗ, ΚΑΛΟΚΑΓΑΘΙΑ
Etymology: The word 'Ἀρετή' (aretē) is of uncertain origin, possibly related to 'ἀρή' (arē), meaning 'prayer' or 'curse', or from the root 'ἀρ-' (ar-), meaning 'to fit' or 'to join'. It evolved to signify excellence of any kind, and later, moral excellence.
G3819
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Part of Speech: Adverb
Sounds like: pa-LAI
Translations: long ago, of old, formerly, anciently
Notes: This word is an adverb of time, meaning 'long ago' or 'of old'. It is used to refer to events or states that occurred in the distant past. It can modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, indicating that the action or quality described happened or existed a considerable time before the present.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΑΝΩΘΕΝ, ΠΡΟΤΕΡΟΝ
Etymology: From the Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'to spread, flat'. In Greek, it developed to refer to something that is 'old' or 'ancient', leading to its use as an adverb for 'long ago'.
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Relative Pronoun, Letter
Sounds like: OH
Translations: the, who, which, O
Notes: Ο is primarily the masculine singular nominative form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to specify a noun, similar to 'the' in English. It can also function as a relative pronoun, meaning 'who' or 'which', introducing a relative clause. Additionally, 'Ο' is the fifteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, Omicron, which corresponds to the short 'o' sound.
Inflection: Masculine, Singular, Nominative (for the article/relative pronoun); Does not inflect (for the letter)
Etymology: The definite article 'Ο' derives from Proto-Indo-European. The letter 'Ο' (Omicron) is derived from the Phoenician letter 'ayin'.
G2316
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: THEH-os
Translations: God, a God, Lord
Notes: ΘΕΟΣ (theos) is a singular noun meaning 'God' or 'a god'. In Koine Greek, it is frequently used to refer to the singular, supreme God, often with the definite article. It can also refer to a generic deity or even a human figure considered divine. It functions as a subject or object in sentences, depending on its case.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine
Synonyms: ΚΥΡΙΟΣ, ΠΑΤΗΡ
Etymology: The word ΘΕΟΣ is believed to derive from a Proto-Indo-European root, though its precise origin is debated. It has cognates in various Indo-European languages.
G3326
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Part of Speech: Preposition, Adverb
Sounds like: MEH-tah
Translations: with, after, among, behind, by, in company with, in pursuit of, according to
Notes: This word is a preposition that can also function as an adverb. Its meaning varies depending on the case of the noun it governs. When used with the genitive case, it typically means 'with' or 'in company with'. When used with the accusative case, it usually means 'after' or 'behind' (indicating sequence or pursuit). It can also denote a change of state or position.
Inflection: Does not inflect (as a preposition, it governs cases)
Synonyms: ΣΥΝ, ΕΠΙ, ΠΡΟΣ
Etymology: The word 'μετά' (meta) comes from Proto-Indo-European *met- 'in the middle, among, with'. It is related to English 'mid' and 'middle'.
G1565
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Part of Speech: Demonstrative Pronoun, Demonstrative Adjective
Sounds like: eh-KAY-non
Translations: that (one), him, it
Notes: This word is a demonstrative pronoun or adjective, meaning 'that' or 'that one'. It refers to something distant in space or time, or something previously mentioned or understood from the context. As a pronoun, it can stand alone, meaning 'that one' or 'him/it'. As an adjective, it modifies a noun, meaning 'that [noun]'. In this form, it is used for a masculine singular object of a verb or preposition.
Inflection: Masculine, Singular, Accusative
Synonyms: ΟΥ̓ΤΟΣ, ὉΔΕ
Etymology: The word ἘΚΕΙΝΟΣ (ekeinos) is derived from the adverb ἐκεῖ (ekei), meaning 'there'. It refers to something 'over there' or 'that one there', indicating distance.
G3144
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: MAR-toos
Translations: witness, a witness, martyr, a martyr
Notes: This word refers to a witness, someone who gives testimony or evidence, often in a legal or judicial context. In later Christian usage, it also came to mean a 'martyr,' someone who bears witness to their faith by suffering death. It can be used to describe a person who has seen or heard something and can provide an account of it, or someone who attests to the truth of something.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine or Feminine
Synonyms: ΜΑΡΤΥΡΙΟΝ, ΜΑΡΤΥΡΙΑ
Etymology: The word ΜΑΡΤΥΣ comes from an ancient root meaning 'to remember' or 'to be mindful of,' which evolved to mean 'to bear witness' or 'to testify.'
G5550
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: KHROH-nos
Translations: time, a time, period, season, age
Notes: This word refers to a period of time, whether a specific duration, a season, or a general era. It can denote chronological time, a specific point in time, or a duration. It is often used to describe the passage of time or a particular interval.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine
Synonyms: ΚΑΙΡΟΣ, ΑΙΩΝ
Etymology: From an unknown root. It refers to a period of time, often contrasted with 'kairos' which refers to a specific, opportune time.
G2147
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: yoo-REE-tah-ee
Translations: it has been found, it is found, it was found
Notes: This word is a verb in the perfect tense, passive voice, third person singular. It indicates an action that was completed in the past and whose results continue into the present. It means 'it has been found' or 'it is found', emphasizing the state of being found as a result of a past action.
Inflection: Perfect, Indicative, Passive, 3rd Person, Singular
Synonyms: ΑΝΕΥΡΙΣΚΩ, ΚΑΤΑΛΑΜΒΑΝΩ
Etymology: From an intensive form of εὑρέω (heurisko), meaning 'to find'. Its origin is uncertain, but it is an ancient Greek verb.
G1096
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Part of Speech: Participle, Adjective
Sounds like: geh-geh-NEE-meh-noss
Translations: having become, having been born, having come into being, having been made, having happened
Notes: This word is a perfect passive participle of the verb ΓΙΝΟΜΑΙ (ginomai), meaning 'to become' or 'to come into being'. As a participle, it functions like an adjective, describing a noun, or can be used verbally to indicate an action that has been completed and has ongoing results. It describes something that has already occurred or come into existence.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine, Perfect, Passive, Participle
Synonyms: ΓΕΓΟΝΩΣ, ΓΕΝΟΜΕΝΟΣ
Etymology: The verb ΓΙΝΟΜΑΙ (ginomai) comes from a Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'to come into being' or 'to be born'. It is related to words in other Indo-European languages that convey similar ideas of origin or becoming.
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