Book One Chapter 42, Interlinear version from Josephus' Against Apion (Beta)

Notes: This word is a preposition that can take either the genitive or accusative case, and its meaning changes depending on the case of the noun it governs. When used with the genitive case, it typically means 'about', 'concerning', 'for', or 'on behalf of'. When used with the accusative case, it usually indicates spatial 'around', 'about' (in the sense of movement or position), 'at', or 'near'. It can also be used as a prefix in compound words, adding a sense of 'around' or 'excessive'.

Inflection: Governs Genitive or Accusative case; Does not inflect itself

Synonyms: ΥΠΕΡ, ΑΜΦΙ, ΕΠΙ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *peri, meaning 'around, about'. It is cognate with English 'peri-' (as in 'perimeter') and Latin 'per'.

G3756

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Part of Speech: Adverb, Particle

Sounds like: OOK

Translations: not, no

Notes: This word is a negative particle used to express absolute negation. It typically precedes verbs, adjectives, or adverbs to deny or contradict a statement. It is used when the negation is a statement of fact, as opposed to a hypothetical or willed negation. It has variant forms like οὐ (ou) before a consonant and οὐχ (ouch) before a rough breathing.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΜΉ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'not'. It is an ancient negative particle found in various Indo-European languages.

G1189

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eh-DEH-eh-seh

Translations: needed, lacked, was wanting, asked, prayed

Notes: This is the aorist active indicative third person singular form of the verb 'δέομαι' (deomai). It means 'he/she/it needed' or 'he/she/it lacked'. It can also mean 'he/she/it asked' or 'he/she/it prayed', depending on the context. It is often used impersonally with an infinitive to mean 'it was necessary' or 'there was need'.

Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Active, Third Person, Singular

Synonyms: ΧΡΗΖΩ, ΔΕΩ

Etymology: The verb 'δέομαι' (deomai) is derived from the root 'δέω' (deō), meaning 'to bind' or 'to lack'. The middle/passive voice 'δέομαι' developed the meaning of 'to be in need' or 'to ask'.

G3056

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: LOH-goo

Translations: of word, of account, of reason, of speech, of message, of saying, of statement, of report, of matter, of thing

Notes: This word refers to a word, speech, discourse, or a divine utterance. It can also mean an account, reason, or a matter/thing. In its genitive form, as seen here, it indicates possession or origin, often translated with 'of'. It is frequently used in contexts relating to communication, divine revelation, or logical reasoning.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine

Synonyms: ΡΗΜΑ, ΜΥΘΟΣ, ΕΠΟΣ

G4119

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: PLAY-oh-nos

Translations: of more, of much, of many, of a greater, of a larger

Notes: This word is the genitive singular form of the comparative adjective 'πλείων' (pleion), meaning 'more' or 'greater'. It is used to indicate a quantity or degree that is larger than something else. In a sentence, it would typically modify a noun, indicating that the noun possesses 'more' or 'a greater amount' of something. For example, 'of more time' or 'of a greater number'.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter

Synonyms: ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ, ΠΕΡΙΣΣΟΤΕΡΟΥ

G1063

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Part of Speech: Particle

Sounds like: gar

Translations: for, because, indeed, then, therefore

Notes: This word is a postpositive particle, meaning it typically appears second in a clause. It introduces a reason, explanation, or confirmation for what has just been stated. It can also indicate a logical consequence or a transition in thought, often translated as 'for' or 'because'. In some contexts, it can simply add emphasis or affirm a statement.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΔΙΟΤΙ, ΕΠΕΙ, ΟΥΝ

Etymology: The particle ΓΑΡ is believed to be a contraction of the particles γε (ge) meaning 'indeed' or 'at least' and ἄρα (ara) meaning 'then' or 'therefore'. It has been in use since ancient Greek.

G1223

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Part of Speech: Preposition, Numeral

Sounds like: DEE

Translations: through, by means of, on account of, because of, 14

Notes: This word is most commonly an elided form of the preposition ΔΙΑ (dia), meaning 'through', 'by means of', 'on account of', or 'because of'. It is used to indicate the means by which something is done or the reason for an action. It can also represent the Greek numeral 14, indicated by a keraia (a mark similar to an apostrophe) which is often omitted in transcription.

Inflection: Does not inflect (as a preposition or numeral)

Synonyms: ΕΚ, ΥΠΟ, ΕΝΕΚΕΝ

Etymology: The preposition ΔΙΑ comes from a Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'through' or 'apart'.

G3303

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Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction

Sounds like: MEN

Translations: indeed, on the one hand, truly, certainly, but, however

Notes: This word is a particle often used to introduce a clause that is contrasted with a following clause, which is typically introduced by the particle δέ (de). It can indicate a concession, an affirmation, or simply serve to mark a transition in thought. While it often translates as 'indeed' or 'on the one hand,' its precise meaning is highly dependent on context and the presence of a contrasting 'δέ' clause.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΔΕ, ΓΕ, ΚΑΙ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is an ancient particle used to mark emphasis or contrast.

G227

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: ah-lay-thay-STA-teen

Translations: most true, truest, very true

Notes: This word is the superlative form of the adjective 'true'. It describes something as being the most genuine, authentic, or truthful among all possibilities. It is used to emphasize the absolute truthfulness or reality of a noun it modifies.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine, Superlative

Synonyms: ΑΛΗΘΙΝΟΣ, ΓΝΗΣΙΟΣ

Etymology: The word ἀληθής (alēthēs) comes from the prefix ἀ- (a-), meaning 'not' or 'un-', and λήθω (lēthō), meaning 'to escape notice' or 'to be hidden'. Thus, it literally means 'unhidden' or 'unconcealed', implying truth as that which is revealed or evident.

G1321

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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: di-DAS-kon-tes

Translations: teaching, instructing, training, explaining

Notes: This word is a present active participle derived from the verb 'διδάσκω' (didaskō), meaning 'to teach' or 'to instruct'. As a participle, it functions like a verb and an adjective, describing an action that is ongoing. In this form, 'διδάσκοντες' means 'those who are teaching' or 'teaching ones', often used to describe a group of male or mixed-gender individuals performing the action of teaching.

Inflection: Present, Active, Participle, Masculine, Nominative, Plural

Synonyms: ΠΑΙΔΕΥΩ, ΚΑΤΗΧΕΩ

G3761

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Part of Speech: Adverb, Conjunction

Sounds like: OOD

Translations: not, no, nor, neither, not even

Notes: This word is a negative particle used to express absolute negation. It is often used in combination with other negative words to strengthen the negation, such as in the phrase "οὐ μή" (ou mē), which conveys a strong, emphatic negation, often translated as "never" or "by no means." It can also function as a conjunction meaning "nor" or "neither," connecting two negative clauses or ideas.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΟΥ̓, ΜΗ

Etymology: From the negative particle οὐ (ou) and the particle δέ (de), meaning 'but' or 'and'. It emphasizes the negation.

G1909

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Part of Speech: Preposition, Adverb

Sounds like: eh-PEE

Translations: on, upon, over, to, against, at, in, for, concerning, during, by, beside, near, among, with respect to

Notes: This is a very common and versatile preposition in Koine Greek. Its meaning changes significantly depending on the case of the noun it governs. With the genitive case, it often means 'upon, over, on, at, in the time of, during, concerning, in the presence of'. With the dative case, it can mean 'upon, on, at, by, near, beside, in, for, in addition to, on the basis of, because of, in the time of, during, in the presence of, against'. With the accusative case, it typically means 'upon, on, to, against, over, for, with a view to, at, by, during, in the time of'. It can also function as an adverb meaning 'upon, besides, in addition'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ἘΠΙ comes from Proto-Indo-European. It is related to similar prepositions in other Indo-European languages, conveying ideas of 'on, upon, over'.

G0243

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Part of Speech: Prefix

Sounds like: ALL

Translations: other, another, different, foreign

Notes: This is a prefix form of the word 'ἄλλος' (allos), meaning 'other' or 'another'. It is used to form compound words that convey the idea of something being different, foreign, or belonging to another group. For example, 'ἀλλογενῶν' means 'of other races', 'ἀλλότριοι' means 'strangers' or 'foreigners', and 'ἀλλόφυλους' means 'foreigners' or 'of another tribe'.

Inflection: Does not inflect (as a prefix)

Synonyms: ΕΤΕΡΟΣ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *alyos, meaning 'other, another'. It is related to Latin alius and English else.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: TANE

Translations: the

Notes: ΤΗΝ is the feminine singular accusative form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to specify a noun that is feminine in gender, singular in number, and in the accusative case, indicating it is the direct object of a verb or the object of certain prepositions. For example, it would be used before a feminine singular noun like 'πόλιν' (city) when 'city' is the direct object.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine

Etymology: The Koine Greek definite article derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. It evolved from an earlier demonstrative particle, becoming a grammatical marker for definiteness.

G1510

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Part of Speech: Participle

Sounds like: ON-ton

Translations: of being, of existing, of those who are, of those who exist, of things that are, of things that exist

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'to be'. It functions like an adjective or a noun, indicating 'of those who are' or 'of things that exist'. It is often used to describe the state or condition of a group of people or things, or to refer to existing entities in a genitive context, meaning 'belonging to' or 'concerning' them.

Inflection: Present, Active, Genitive, Plural, Masculine or Neuter

Synonyms: ΥΠΑΡΧΟΝΤΩΝ, ΓΙΝΟΜΕΝΩΝ

G3870

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Part of Speech: Participle, Verb

Sounds like: pah-rah-kah-LOON-tes

Translations: exhorting, comforting, encouraging, appealing, beseeching, entreating, inviting, calling upon, a comforter, an encourager

Notes: This word is a present active participle derived from the verb 'παρακαλέω'. It describes someone who is actively engaged in the process of exhorting, comforting, encouraging, or appealing to others. It can function adjectivally (e.g., 'the comforting ones') or adverbially (e.g., 'while comforting').

Inflection: Present, Active, Participle, Nominative, Masculine, Plural

Synonyms: ΠΡΟΤΡΕΠΟΝΤΕΣ, ΠΑΡΑΜΥΘΟΥΜΕΝΟΙ, ΕΝΘΑΡΡΥΝΟΝΤΕΣ

G2190

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: ekh-THROY

Translations: enemies, foes, adversaries

Notes: This word refers to those who are hostile or adversarial towards someone or something. It is used to describe opponents, whether in conflict, legal disputes, or general opposition. It can be used in a literal sense for military adversaries or in a more figurative sense for those who are opposed to a person's beliefs or actions.

Inflection: Nominative, Vocative, or Dative; Masculine; Plural

Synonyms: ἈΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΙ, ΠΟΛΕΜΙΟΙ, ἈΝΤΙΔΙΚΟΙ

Etymology: This word comes from the Greek verb ἔχθω (echthō), meaning 'to hate'. It is related to the concept of hatred and hostility.

G1343

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: dee-kah-yoh-SOO-nays

Translations: of righteousness, of justice, of a righteousness, of a justice

Notes: This word refers to the quality of being morally right, just, or righteous. It encompasses both the state of being right with God and the act of doing what is right. It is often used in a theological context to describe divine justice or human uprightness.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine

Synonyms: ΑΛΗΘΕΙΑ, ΕΥΘΥΤΗΣ

Etymology: From the Greek word δίκαιος (dikaios), meaning 'just' or 'righteous', combined with the suffix -σύνη (-synē), which forms abstract nouns, indicating a state or quality.

G0692

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: ar-GHEE-an

Translations: idleness, inactivity, laziness, an idleness, an inactivity, a laziness

Notes: This word refers to a state of being idle, inactive, or lazy. It describes a lack of work or effort, often implying a negative connotation of sloth or unproductiveness. It can be used in sentences to describe someone's state of being without work or their general disposition towards avoiding effort.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine

Synonyms: ἈΠΡΑΞΙΑ, ἈΝΕΡΓΙΑ

Etymology: From the Greek word ἀργός (argos), meaning 'idle, inactive', which is a compound of ἀ- (a-, 'not') and ἔργον (ergon, 'work'). Thus, it literally means 'without work'.

G2532

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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Adverb

Sounds like: kahee

Translations: and, also, even, but, then

Notes: ΚΑΙ is a very common conjunction in Koine Greek, primarily meaning 'and' to connect words, phrases, or clauses. It can also function as an adverb, emphasizing a word or phrase with meanings like 'also' or 'even'. In some contexts, it can introduce a contrast, similar to 'but', or indicate sequence, meaning 'then'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ΚΑΙ is an ancient particle, tracing its origins back to Proto-Indo-European. It has remained remarkably stable in form and function throughout the history of the Greek language.

G1820

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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: eks-or-EE-zon-tes

Translations: exiling, banishing, driving out, casting out

Notes: This word is a present active participle, meaning 'exiling' or 'banishing'. It describes someone who is in the act of driving out or casting out another person or group from a place. It is often used in contexts of forced removal or expulsion.

Inflection: Present, Active, Participle, Nominative, Masculine, Plural

Synonyms: ΕΚΒΑΛΛΩ, ΑΠΟΔΙΩΚΩ

Etymology: From Ancient Greek ἐξορίζω (exorízō), which is formed from ἐξ (ex, 'out of') and ὁρίζω (horízō, 'to limit, define, set boundaries'). Thus, it literally means 'to put out of boundaries' or 'to expel beyond limits'.

G4171

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Part of Speech: Noun, Proper Noun

Sounds like: POH-leh-mohn

Translations: war, battle, fight, of wars, of battles, of fights, Polemon

Notes: This word can refer to a war, battle, or fight. It is often used in the plural to refer to multiple conflicts. It can also be used as a proper noun, referring to the personal name Polemon. In the provided examples, it appears both as a common noun in the genitive plural (meaning 'of wars') and potentially as a proper noun (Polemon).

Inflection: Singular, Nominative (Proper Noun); Plural, Genitive (Common Noun)

Synonyms: ΜΑΧΗ, ΕΡΙΣ, ΑΓΩΝ

G0549

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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: ah-PEIR-gon-tes

Translations: restraining, hindering, preventing, keeping off, those who restrain, those who hinder

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'ἀπείργω', meaning to keep away, hinder, prevent, or restrain. As a participle, it describes an action being performed by the subject, often translated as 'restraining' or 'those who restrain'. It can be used to indicate someone or something that is actively preventing or holding back another.

Inflection: Present, Active, Participle, Nominative, Masculine, Plural

Synonyms: ΚΩΛΥΟΝΤΕΣ, ἘΜΠΟΔΙΖΟΝΤΕΣ

G1519

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: EES

Translations: into, to, for, unto, among, in, toward

Notes: This word is a preposition that primarily indicates motion towards or into something. It is always used with the accusative case, showing the destination or goal of an action. It can also express purpose, result, or the object of an action. For example, it is used to say 'go into the city' or 'believe into Christ'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ΕἸΣ comes from Proto-Indo-European *en-s, which is a locative adverb meaning 'in, into'. It is related to the English word 'in'.

G0407

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: an-DREH-oos

Translations: brave, courageous, manly, valiant

Notes: This word describes someone who is brave, courageous, or manly. It is used to characterize individuals who exhibit valor or strength, especially in the face of danger or adversity. It can be applied to people who are valiant in battle or who show fortitude in their actions.

Inflection: Masculine, Accusative, Plural

Synonyms: ΓΕΝΝΑΙΟΣ, ΘΑΡΣΑΛΕΟΣ

Etymology: From the Greek word ἀνήρ (anēr), meaning 'man', combined with the suffix -ειος, indicating 'of the nature of' or 'pertaining to'. Thus, it literally means 'manly' or 'pertaining to a man'.

G1161

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Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction

Sounds like: DEH

Translations: but, and, now, then, moreover, however

Notes: ΔΕ is a common Koine Greek particle or conjunction used to connect clauses or sentences. It often indicates a transition, a contrast, or a continuation of thought. It can be translated in various ways depending on the context, such as 'but' when indicating opposition, 'and' when simply continuing a narrative, or 'now'/'then' when marking a new point or development.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΚΑΙ, ΑΛΛΑ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'and' or 'but'. It is an ancient particle used to connect ideas or introduce new information.

G5228

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: hoo-PER

Translations: over, above, for, on behalf of, concerning, beyond, more than

Notes: ΥΠΕΡ is a Koine Greek preposition. Its meaning varies depending on the grammatical case of the noun it governs. When used with the genitive case, it often means 'on behalf of', 'for the sake of', 'concerning', or 'instead of'. When used with the accusative case, it typically means 'over', 'above', 'beyond', or 'more than', often indicating position or motion.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΕΠΙ, ΠΕΡΙ, ΑΝΤΙ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *uperi, meaning 'over, above'. It is cognate with English 'over' and Latin 'super'.

G0006

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: ah-pah-RAI-tee-toy

Translations: unavoidable, irresistible, implacable, inexorable, unappeasable

Notes: This word describes something that cannot be avoided, resisted, or appeased. It implies an unyielding or relentless quality, often used to describe forces or circumstances that are impossible to turn aside or mollify. It can refer to people who are unyielding or to things that are inevitable.

Inflection: Plural, Nominative, Masculine

Synonyms: ΑΝΕΚΦΥΚΤΟΣ, ΑΝΥΠΟΧΩΡΗΤΟΣ, ΑΚΑΜΠΤΟΣ

Etymology: The word is a compound of the negative prefix ἀ- (a-), meaning 'not', and the verb παραιτέομαι (paraitéomai), meaning 'to beg off, to deprecate, to avert by entreaty'. Thus, it literally means 'not to be begged off' or 'not to be averted by entreaty'.

G4314

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: PROSS

Translations: to, toward, with, against, for, at, near, by, in relation to

Notes: This is a common and versatile preposition in Koine Greek. It indicates direction, relation, or purpose, and its precise meaning often depends on the case of the noun it governs. For example, with the accusative case, it typically means 'to' or 'toward' (indicating motion or direction), 'against' (indicating opposition), or 'in relation to'. With the genitive case, it can mean 'from' (indicating origin or source) or 'in the presence of'. With the dative case, it can mean 'at' or 'near' (indicating proximity). It is used to express a wide range of relationships between actions, objects, and people.

Inflection: Does not inflect, but governs various cases (accusative, genitive, dative).

Synonyms: ΕΙΣ, ΕΠΙ, ΠΑΡΑ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'forward, toward'. It is related to other words indicating movement or direction.

G0781

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: ah-so-FEE-stoy

Translations: unwise, foolish, unskilled, unskillful, unlearned, unpolished, unadorned, simple, unwise ones, foolish ones

Notes: This word describes someone who is lacking in wisdom, skill, or learning. It can refer to someone who is simple, unpolished in speech, or generally foolish. It is used to characterize individuals who do not possess the expected level of knowledge or discernment.

Inflection: Plural, Nominative, Masculine or Feminine; or Plural, Vocative, Masculine or Feminine; or Plural, Accusative, Masculine or Feminine

Synonyms: ἈΣΟΦΟΣ, ἈΦΡΩΝ, ἈΝΟΗΤΟΣ

Etymology: The word is a compound of the negative prefix 'α-' (a-, meaning 'not' or 'without') and 'σοφιστός' (sophistós), which relates to 'σοφία' (sophía), meaning 'wisdom' or 'skill'. Thus, it literally means 'not wise' or 'without skill'.

G3056

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: LOH-gohn

Translations: of words, of sayings, of accounts, of reasons, of messages, of speeches, of reports, of doctrines

Notes: ΛΟΓΩΝ is the genitive plural form of the noun ΛΟΓΟΣ (logos). The word ΛΟΓΟΣ is a fundamental term in Koine Greek with a very broad range of meanings, including 'word,' 'speech,' 'account,' 'reason,' 'message,' 'report,' 'doctrine,' or 'principle.' In its genitive plural form, ΛΟΓΩΝ indicates possession, origin, or relation to multiple 'words' or 'concepts.' It is used to express 'of words' or 'belonging to words' in a sentence.

Inflection: Genitive, Plural, Masculine

Synonyms: ΡΗΜΑΤΩΝ, ΜΥΘΩΝ, ΦΩΝΩΝ

G3904

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: pa-ra-skey-A-ees

Translations: preparations, provisions, equipment, supplies, resources

Notes: This word refers to the act of preparing or making ready, or the things that are prepared, such as provisions, equipment, or resources. It can be used in a general sense for any kind of preparation, or more specifically for military preparations or supplies. In some contexts, it can also refer to the day of preparation before the Sabbath, or Friday.

Inflection: Plural, Dative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΕΤΟΙΜΑΣΙΑ, ΕΦΟΔΙΑ, ΠΡΟΜΗΘΕΙΑ

G3930

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: par-E-kho-men

Translations: we provide, we offer, we furnish, we supply, we grant, we cause, we present

Notes: This word is a compound verb formed from the preposition παρά (para), meaning 'beside' or 'from', and the verb ἔχω (echō), meaning 'to have' or 'to hold'. In its middle or passive voice, it means 'to provide for oneself', 'to offer', 'to furnish', or 'to supply'. It can also mean 'to cause' or 'to present'. It is used to describe the act of making something available or giving something to someone, often with the implication of providing for a need or presenting something for consideration.

Inflection: First Person Plural, Present, Middle or Passive Voice, Indicative Mood

Synonyms: ΔΙΔΩΜΙ, ΠΑΡΑΣΚΕΥΑΖΩ, ΠΡΟΣΦΕΡΩ

Etymology: The word ΠΑΡΕΧΩ is a compound of the preposition παρά (para), meaning 'beside, from', and the verb ἔχω (echō), meaning 'to have, to hold'. Its meaning evolved from 'to hold beside' to 'to offer, to provide'.

G1121

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: grahm-MAH-tohn

Translations: of letters, of writings, of documents, of scriptures, of a writing, of a document, of a letter

Notes: This word is the genitive plural form of 'γραμμα' (gramma). It refers to written characters, letters of the alphabet, or more broadly, written documents, scriptures, or literature. It is used to indicate possession or origin, such as 'of letters' or 'belonging to writings'. In the provided context, 'πόλις γραμμάτων' (polis grammaton) means 'city of writings' or 'city of scribes/scholars', implying a place known for its literacy or written records.

Inflection: Plural, Genitive, Neuter

Synonyms: ΒΙΒΛΙΩΝ, ΓΡΑΦΩΝ

G1746

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: en-ar-GESS-teh-rah

Translations: clearer, more evident, more distinct, more manifest

Notes: This word is a comparative adjective, meaning 'clearer' or 'more evident'. It describes something that is more distinct or manifest than something else. It is used to compare two things, indicating that one is more vivid, plain, or obvious than the other.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative or Accusative, Feminine, Comparative

Synonyms: ΣΑΦΕΣΤΕΡΑ, ΦΑΝΕΡΩΤΕΡΑ

Etymology: The word ἘΝΑΡΓΗΣ (enargēs) comes from the prefix ἐν (en), meaning 'in', and ἀργός (argos), meaning 'shining' or 'bright'. Thus, it originally conveyed the idea of something being 'in brightness' or 'very clear'.

G1352

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Part of Speech: Adverb, Conjunction

Sounds like: dee-OH-per

Translations: therefore, wherefore, for which cause, for this reason

Notes: This word is a compound adverb or conjunction used to introduce a logical consequence or conclusion. It signifies 'for this very reason' or 'because of this'. It is often used to connect a preceding statement with a resulting action or outcome, emphasizing the direct cause-and-effect relationship.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΔΙΑ ΤΟΥΤΟ, ΟΥΝ, ΑΡΑ

Etymology: ΔΙΟΠΕΡ is a compound word formed from διά (dia), meaning 'through' or 'on account of', and ὅπερ (hoper), meaning 'which very thing' or 'the very thing which'. It emphasizes the direct cause or reason for something.

G1473

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Part of Speech: Pronoun

Sounds like: eh-GOH

Translations: I, me

Notes: ἘΓΩ is the first-person singular personal pronoun in Koine Greek, meaning "I" or "me." It refers to the speaker and functions primarily as the subject of a sentence. While the first-person singular verb ending often makes the pronoun redundant, ἘΓΩ is frequently used for emphasis, similar to saying "I myself" or "even I" in English. It can also be used to clarify the subject when multiple individuals are involved.

Inflection: First Person, Singular, Nominative

Etymology: This word is an ancient pronoun, tracing its origins back to Proto-Indo-European. It has cognates in many Indo-European languages, reflecting a shared linguistic heritage.

G2292

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Part of Speech: Participle

Sounds like: thar-SEE-sas

Translations: having taken courage, having been bold, having been confident, having been encouraged

Notes: This word is an aorist active participle, meaning 'having taken courage' or 'having been bold'. It describes an action that has been completed prior to the main verb of the sentence, often indicating the cause or circumstance of the main action. It implies a state of confidence or boldness that leads to a subsequent action.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine, Aorist Active Participle

Synonyms: ΘΑΡΡΗΣΑΣ, ΕΝΘΑΡΡΥΝΘΕΙΣ

G0302

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Part of Speech: Particle

Sounds like: AHN

Translations: if, ever, might, would, should

Notes: This word is a particle used to express contingency, possibility, or potentiality. It does not have a direct English equivalent but modifies the meaning of the verb it accompanies, often indicating that an action is dependent on a condition or is hypothetical. It is frequently used with the subjunctive or optative moods to form conditional clauses or express indefinite temporal or relative clauses.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The origin of this particle is uncertain, but it is believed to be an ancient particle in Greek, possibly related to the concept of 'on' or 'up' in some contexts, though its primary function became conditional.

G4183

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: PLAY-ston

Translations: (of) most, (of) very many, (of) the greatest number

Notes: This word is the genitive plural form of the superlative adjective 'πολύς' (polys), meaning 'much' or 'many'. As a superlative, 'πλείστων' means 'most' or 'very many', referring to the greatest quantity or number of something. It is used to describe a group or collection where the majority or the largest portion is being referred to.

Inflection: Genitive, Plural, All genders

Synonyms: ΜΕΓΙΣΤΩΝ, ΠΟΛΛΩΝ

Etymology: The word 'πολύς' (polys) comes from Proto-Indo-European. It is related to words meaning 'much' or 'many' in various Indo-European languages.

G2570

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: KAL-lis-ton

Translations: of the most beautiful, of the best, of the noblest

Notes: This word is the genitive plural form of the adjective 'καλός' (kalos), meaning 'beautiful,' 'good,' or 'noble.' As a superlative, 'κάλλιστος' means 'most beautiful,' 'best,' or 'noblest.' In the genitive plural, it indicates possession or origin, often translated as 'of the most beautiful ones' or 'of the best things.' It is used to describe something belonging to or originating from a group of the highest quality or beauty.

Inflection: Superlative, Genitive, Plural, All genders

Synonyms: ΑΡΙΣΤΩΝ, ΚΡΑΤΙΣΤΩΝ

G1524

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: ice-ay-gay-TAS

Translations: introducers, proposers, initiators, advisors

Notes: This word refers to those who introduce, propose, or initiate something, such as laws, ideas, or customs. It is a compound word formed from the preposition εἰς (eis), meaning 'into' or 'to', and the verb ἡγέομαι (hēgeomai), meaning 'to lead' or 'to guide'. Thus, it literally means 'one who leads into'. It is used to describe individuals or groups who are the originators or advocates of new policies or practices.

Inflection: Accusative, Plural, Masculine

Synonyms: ΑΡΧΗΓΟΣ, ΕΥ̓ΡΕΤΗΣ, ΠΡΟΒΟΥΛΟΣ

Etymology: The word Εἰσηγητής (eisēgētēs) is derived from the verb εἰσηγέομαι (eisēgeomai), meaning 'to lead in, introduce, propose'. This verb itself is a compound of the preposition εἰς (eis), 'into, to', and the verb ἡγέομαι (hēgeomai), 'to lead, guide'.

G0243

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: AL-loys

Translations: to others, for others, with others, other, another

Notes: This word is an adjective meaning 'other' or 'another'. It is used to refer to a different person or thing from one already mentioned or implied. In this inflected form, it is in the dative case, indicating the indirect object of an action, often translated with prepositions like 'to', 'for', or 'with'. It is a common word used to distinguish one group or item from another.

Inflection: Plural, Dative, Masculine or Neuter

Synonyms: ΕΤΕΡΟΣ

Etymology: The word ἄλλος (allos) comes from Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'other' or 'another'. It is related to Latin alius and English 'else'.

G1096

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: ge-GO-ne-nai

Translations: to have become, to have been, to have happened, to have come into being

Notes: This is the perfect active infinitive form of the verb 'γίνομαι' (ginomai). It describes an action that has been completed in the past, with the results or state continuing into the present. It is often used to express a state of being that has come about, or an event that has occurred.

Inflection: Perfect, Infinitive, Active

Synonyms: ΕΙΝΑΙ, ΥΠΑΡΧΕΙΝ

Etymology: The word 'γίνομαι' (ginomai) comes from an ancient Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'to come into being' or 'to be born'.

G5101

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Part of Speech: Pronoun, Adjective

Sounds like: TEE

Translations: what, why, what kind of, how much, something, anything, a certain thing

Notes: This word is the neuter singular form of the interrogative/indefinite pronoun 'τίς'. It can be used to ask 'what?' or 'why?', or to refer to 'something' or 'anything' in an indefinite sense. When used as an adjective, it means 'what kind of' or 'how much'.

Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative

Etymology: The word 'ΤΙ' originates from Proto-Indo-European, serving as the neuter singular form of the interrogative/indefinite pronoun.

G2570

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Part of Speech: Adjective, Adverb

Sounds like: KAL-lee-on

Translations: better, more beautiful, more excellent, more noble, more advantageous

Notes: This word is the comparative form of the adjective 'καλός' (kalos), meaning 'good' or 'beautiful'. It signifies 'better' or 'more beautiful/excellent'. It can be used as an adjective to describe something as superior in quality, beauty, or advantage, or as an adverb to indicate that an action is performed in a superior or more advantageous way.

Inflection: Comparative, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative; or Adverbial

Synonyms: ΑΜΕΙΝΟΝ, ΚΡΕΙΤΤΟΝ

Etymology: The word 'καλός' (kalos) is of uncertain origin, possibly from a root meaning 'to call' or 'to shine'. It developed to mean 'beautiful', 'good', or 'noble'.

G3588, G3778

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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Demonstrative Pronoun, Particle

Sounds like: too

Translations: of the, of him, of it, of this, to, in order to

Notes: This word is a form of the definite article 'the' or a demonstrative pronoun 'this/that'. It is most commonly used to indicate possession or relationship, translating as 'of the' or 'of him/it'. It can also be used before an infinitive verb to express purpose, meaning 'to' or 'in order to'.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine or Neuter

Etymology: The word 'Ο' (ho), from which 'ΤΟΥ' is derived, comes from Proto-Indo-European. It is an ancient word that has evolved to serve various grammatical functions in Greek.

G3980

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: pay-THAR-kane

Translations: to obey, to be obedient, to submit to authority

Notes: This word is a compound verb meaning to obey or to be obedient, particularly to authority. It describes the act of complying with commands or submitting to the will of another, often in a context of governance, law, or moral obligation. It is formed from two parts: the verb 'πείθω' (peithō), meaning 'to persuade' or 'to obey', and the noun 'ἀρχή' (archē), meaning 'rule' or 'authority'.

Inflection: Present, Active, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΥΠΑΚΟΥΩ, ΠΕΙΘΩ, ΕΙΚΩ

G2228, G3588

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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Definite Article, Numeral

Sounds like: AY

Translations: or, the, 8

Notes: This word can function as a conjunction meaning 'or', indicating an alternative or choice between two or more options. It can also be the feminine nominative singular form of the definite article 'the', used to specify a feminine noun that is the subject of a sentence. The '̓' (coronis) indicates that this form is an elision, meaning it's a shortened form of a word like ἤ (e.g., when followed by a vowel). Additionally, the '̓' could be a keraia, indicating the numeral 8.

Inflection: Does not inflect (as conjunction or numeral); Singular, Nominative, Feminine (as definite article)

Etymology: The conjunction ἤ (e.g., from which Ἠ is an elision) is of uncertain origin. The definite article ἡ (from which Ἠ is an elision) comes from Proto-Indo-European. The numeral meaning is derived from the Greek letter eta (Η), which was used to represent the number 8.

G4851

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: sym-fo-ROH-teh-ron

Translations: more profitable, more advantageous, more expedient, more useful, a more profitable thing

Notes: This word is the comparative form of the adjective 'σύμφορος' (sýmphoros), meaning 'profitable' or 'advantageous'. Therefore, 'συμφορώτερον' means 'more profitable' or 'more advantageous'. It describes something that is more beneficial or expedient in a given situation. It is used to compare two or more things and indicate which one is superior in terms of benefit or utility.

Inflection: Neuter, Singular, Nominative or Accusative

Synonyms: ΩΦΕΛΙΜΩΤΕΡΟΝ, ΧΡΗΣΙΜΩΤΕΡΟΝ

Etymology: The word σύμφορος (sýmphoros) is a compound word derived from the preposition σύν (sýn), meaning 'with' or 'together', and the verb φέρω (phérō), meaning 'to bear' or 'to carry'. Thus, it literally means 'bearing together' or 'bringing together', which evolved to signify 'advantageous' or 'profitable'.

G3674

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: oh-moh-no-EIN

Translations: to be of one mind, to agree, to live in harmony, to be in accord

Notes: This verb means to be of one mind, to agree, or to live in harmony. It describes a state of unity and concord among individuals or groups. It is often used to express the idea of people working together or sharing the same purpose.

Inflection: Present, Active, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΣΥΜΦΩΝΕΙΝ, ΣΥΝΟΜΟΛΟΓΕΙΝ

Etymology: The word is a compound of the Greek words ὁμός (homos), meaning 'same' or 'one and the same', and νοέω (noeo), meaning 'to perceive', 'to think', or 'to understand'. Thus, it literally means 'to think the same' or 'to be of the same mind'.

G1722

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: en

Translations: in, on, among, with, by, at

Notes: This word is a common preposition in Koine Greek, primarily meaning 'in' or 'on'. It typically governs the dative case, indicating location, time, or means. Its precise translation can vary depending on the context, often conveying ideas like 'within,' 'among,' or 'by means of'.

Inflection: Does not inflect (as a preposition, it governs cases but does not change its own form).

Etymology: The Koine Greek preposition 'ἘΝ' derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *en, meaning 'in' or 'into'. It has cognates in many other Indo-European languages, reflecting its ancient origin.

G4714

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: stah-see-AH-zeen

Translations: to revolt, to rebel, to cause dissension, to be in dissension, to be at variance

Notes: This verb means to be in a state of rebellion or to cause a revolt or dissension. It describes the act of stirring up or participating in civil strife, factionalism, or disagreement within a group or community. It can be used to describe individuals or groups who are in conflict with authority or with each other.

Inflection: Present Active Infinitive

Synonyms: ΑΦΙΣΤΗΜΙ, ΑΠΟΣΤΑΤΕΩ, ΕΠΑΝΙΣΤΑΜΑΙ

G1860

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eks-yoo-BRI-zon-tas

Translations: insulting, abusing, treating with insolence, acting with insolence, acting outrageously, acting with contempt, acting with violence

Notes: This word describes the act of treating someone with insolence, contempt, or violence. It implies an arrogant and abusive behavior, often going beyond what is acceptable or just. It is used to describe those who act outrageously or insultingly towards others.

Inflection: Present Active Participle, Masculine or Neuter, Accusative Plural

Synonyms: ΥΒΡΙΖΩ, ΕΠΗΡΕΑΖΩ, ΚΑΤΑΦΡΟΝΕΩ

Etymology: From Ancient Greek ἐξυβρίζω (exubrízō), from ἐκ (ek, "out of, from") + ὑβρίζω (hubrízō, "to act with insolence, to outrage").

G2706

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: kah-tah-froh-NEH-in

Translations: to despise, to scorn, to disdain, to look down on, to treat with contempt

Notes: This verb means to hold someone or something in contempt, to look down upon them, or to treat them with disregard. It implies a sense of superiority or a lack of respect for the object of the action. It is often used to describe an attitude of contempt towards laws, people, or things considered inferior.

Inflection: Infinitive, Present, Active

Synonyms: ΥΠΕΡΟΡΑΩ, ΟΛΙΓΩΡΕΩ, ΑΘΕΤΕΩ

Etymology: The word ΚΑΤΑΦΡΟΝΕΩ is a compound word formed from the preposition ΚΑΤΑ (kata), meaning 'down' or 'against', and the verb ΦΡΟΝΕΩ (phroneo), meaning 'to think' or 'to have understanding'. Thus, it literally means 'to think down upon' or 'to think against'.

G1515

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: i-RAY-nay

Translations: peace, a peace

Notes: This word refers to a state of tranquility, harmony, and well-being. It can denote an absence of conflict, a sense of inner calm, or a state of reconciliation. It is often used in contexts of spiritual peace or a peaceful relationship between individuals or nations.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΓΑΛΗΝΗ, ΗΣΥΧΙΑ

Etymology: From a primary verb εἴρω (eirō), meaning 'to join'. The word originally conveyed the idea of binding together or joining, leading to the concept of unity and harmony, and thus peace.

G5078

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: TEKH-nais

Translations: (to) arts, (to) skills, (to) crafts, (by) arts, (by) skills, (by) crafts, (with) arts, (with) skills, (with) crafts

Notes: This word refers to skills, crafts, or arts, encompassing both the ability to perform something and the product of that ability. It can also refer to a trade or profession. In this form, it is a plural dative, indicating the indirect object of an action or the means by which something is done, often translated with prepositions like 'to,' 'by,' or 'with.'

Inflection: Dative, Plural, Feminine

Synonyms: ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ, ΔΕΞΙΟΤΗΣ

Etymology: The word 'τέχνη' (technē) comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *teks- meaning 'to weave, to fabricate, to make.' It is related to words like 'textile' and 'technology' in English, reflecting its core meaning of skilled production or creation.

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: pros-an-EH-khein

Translations: to pay attention, to give heed, to attend, to apply oneself, to devote oneself

Notes: This word is a compound verb, formed from the prefix ΠΡΟΣ (pros, meaning 'to' or 'towards') and the verb ΑΝΕΧΩ (anecho, meaning 'to hold up' or 'to endure'). It means to pay close attention, to give heed, or to apply oneself diligently to something. It implies a sustained focus or devotion to a task, person, or teaching. It can be used in contexts where one is urged to be attentive or to persevere.

Inflection: Present, Active, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΠΡΟΣΕΧΩ, ΕΠΕΧΩ, ΠΡΟΣΚΑΡΤΕΡΕΩ

G3841

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Part of Speech: Adverb

Sounds like: PAN-tah-KHOO

Translations: everywhere, on every side, in all places

Notes: This word is an adverb meaning 'everywhere' or 'in all places'. It indicates that something is present or occurring in all locations or directions. It is used to describe the widespread nature of an action or state.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΠΑΝΤΗ, ΠΑΝΤΟΘΕΝ

Etymology: The word 'πανταχοῦ' (pantachou) is an adverb formed from the stem 'παντ-' (pant-), meaning 'all' or 'every', combined with the adverbial suffix '-αχου' (-achou), which denotes 'where' or 'in what place'.

G3982

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: peh-PEES-thai

Translations: to be persuaded, to have been persuaded, to be convinced, to have been convinced, to trust, to have trusted

Notes: This word is the perfect active infinitive form of the verb 'ΠΕΙΘΩ' (peithō), which means 'to persuade' or 'to convince'. As a perfect infinitive, it conveys the sense of a completed action with ongoing results, meaning 'to have been persuaded' or 'to be in a state of having been persuaded/convinced'. It can also mean 'to trust' or 'to have trusted' in a passive sense, indicating a state of reliance or confidence.

Inflection: Perfect, Active, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΠΙΣΤΕΥΕΙΝ, ΠΕΠΟΙΘΕΝΑΙ

Etymology: The word ΠΕΙΘΩ (peithō) comes from the Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'to bind, to tie, to persuade'. It is related to words signifying trust, faith, and obedience.

G2029

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eh-pop-TEH-oo-on-tah

Translations: behold, look upon, observe, oversee, supervise

Notes: This word describes the act of looking upon something, observing it, or overseeing it. It implies a close and careful watch, often with the intention of supervision or inspection. It can be used in contexts where someone is watching over a situation or a group of people.

Inflection: Present Active Participle, Accusative, Masculine or Neuter, Plural

Synonyms: ΒΛΕΠΩ, ΟΡΑΩ, ΘΕΩΡΕΩ

Etymology: The word ἐποπτεύω (epopteuō) is derived from the prefix ἐπι- (epi-), meaning 'upon' or 'over', and the verb ὀπτεύω (opteuō), meaning 'to look' or 'to see'.

G1304

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: dee-EH-pine

Translations: to manage, to govern, to direct, to administer, to rule, to conduct

Notes: This word is a verb meaning to manage, govern, or direct. It implies overseeing and controlling something, often with authority or skill. It can be used in contexts where someone is in charge of affairs, a household, or a region.

Inflection: Present, Active, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΕΩ, ΚΥΒΕΡΝΑΩ, ΔΙΟΙΚΕΩ

Etymology: From διά (dia), meaning 'through' or 'thoroughly', and ἕπω (hepō), meaning 'to be busy with' or 'to be occupied with'. The compound word thus conveys the idea of being thoroughly occupied with managing or directing something.

G3778

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Part of Speech: Demonstrative Pronoun, Demonstrative Adjective

Sounds like: TAWT

Translations: this, that, these, those

Notes: ΤΑΥΤ is an inflected form of the demonstrative pronoun/adjective 'οὗτος' (houtos), meaning 'this' or 'that'. It is used to point out something specific, either near in space or time, or recently mentioned. It can function as a pronoun, standing in for a noun, or as an adjective, modifying a noun. Its meaning can shift slightly depending on the gender, number, and case.

Inflection: Neuter, Nominative or Accusative, Plural; or Feminine, Genitive, Singular

Synonyms: ΟΔΕ, ΕΚΕΙΝΟΣ

G1519, G1487, G1488

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Part of Speech: Preposition, Conjunction, Verb

Sounds like: E

Translations: into, to, for, unto, in, if, you are

Notes: This word is an elided form, indicated by the coronis (the apostrophe-like mark) at the end. It most commonly represents the preposition 'εἰς' (eis), meaning 'into, to, for', especially when followed by a vowel. It can also represent the conjunction 'εἰ' (ei), meaning 'if', or the verb 'εἶ' (ei), meaning 'you are'. In the provided examples, it functions as the preposition 'into' or 'to', indicating motion towards a place or object. It is used with the accusative case.

Inflection: Does not inflect (as an elided form); the original words it represents have their own inflections (e.g., 'εἰς' is a preposition and does not inflect; 'εἰ' is a conjunction and does not inflect; 'εἶ' is a verb, 2nd Person Singular, Present, Indicative, Active).

G3844

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Part of Speech: Preposition, Prefix

Sounds like: pa-RAH

Translations: beside, by, near, from, with, at, along, beyond, against, through, in the presence of, alongside, a

Notes: This word functions primarily as a preposition, indicating proximity, origin, or comparison. It can mean 'beside,' 'from,' 'with,' 'at,' or 'alongside,' depending on the case of the noun it governs. When used as a prefix in compound words, it often conveys ideas of proximity, deviation, or intensity, such as 'alongside,' 'beyond,' 'contrary to,' or 'through.'

Inflection: Does not inflect (as a preposition); as a prefix, it modifies the meaning of the verb or noun it attaches to.

Synonyms: ΠΡΟΣ, ΕΠΙ, ΣΥΝ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *per- (meaning 'forward, through'). It is cognate with English 'for' and 'through'.

G2087

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: HEH-teh-roys

Translations: other, another, different, a different

Notes: This word refers to something that is 'other' or 'different' from what has been previously mentioned or implied. It emphasizes a distinction in kind or character, rather than just numerical difference (which would be expressed by 'ἄλλος'). It is often used to introduce a new or distinct item in a list or comparison. In the provided examples, it refers to 'other gods'.

Inflection: Plural, Dative, Masculine or Neuter

Synonyms: ΑΛΛΟΣ, ΔΙΑΦΟΡΟΣ, ΕΝΑΝΤΙΟΣ

G4387

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Part of Speech: Adverb, Adjective

Sounds like: PRO-teh-ron

Translations: before, formerly, first, earlier, a former thing, a prior thing

Notes: This word functions primarily as an adverb meaning 'before' or 'formerly' in time, indicating something that happened earlier or previously. It can also be the neuter singular form of the comparative adjective 'πρότερος', meaning 'prior' or 'former', often used substantively to refer to 'the former thing' or 'that which was before'. It is used to contrast with something that comes later.

Inflection: Neuter, Singular, Nominative or Accusative (often used adverbially)

Synonyms: ΠΡΙΝ, ΠΑΛΑΙ, ΕΜΠΡΟΣΘΕΝ

Etymology: The word ΠΡΟΤΕΡΟΣ is a comparative form derived from the preposition πρό (pro), meaning 'before' or 'in front of'.

G0949

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: beh-bah-YOH-teh-ron

Translations: firmer, surer, more certain, more steadfast, more reliable

Notes: This word is the comparative form of the adjective 'βέβαιος' (firm, sure, steadfast). It indicates a greater degree of certainty, firmness, or reliability. It is used to describe something that is more established, more secure, or more trustworthy than something else.

Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative

Synonyms: ΑΣΦΑΛΕΣΤΕΡΟΝ, ΠΙΣΤΟΤΕΡΟΝ

Etymology: The word 'βέβαιος' (bebáios) comes from the verb 'βαίνω' (baínō), meaning 'to go, to step', implying something that stands firm or is well-grounded.

G1565

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Part of Speech: Demonstrative Pronoun, Demonstrative Adjective

Sounds like: eh-KAY-noys

Translations: to those, for those, with those, by those, those

Notes: This word is a demonstrative pronoun or adjective, meaning 'those' or 'that one' (when singular). In this inflected form, it is plural and in the dative case, indicating the indirect object of an action or a relationship of benefit or detriment. It can be translated as 'to those,' 'for those,' or 'with those,' depending on the context. It can refer to people or things previously mentioned or understood from the context.

Inflection: Plural, Dative, Masculine or Neuter

Synonyms: ΟΥ̓͂ΤΟΙ, ΑΥ̓ΤΟΙ

G5485

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: KHA-rin

Translations: grace, favor, kindness, thanks, a grace, a favor, a kindness, a thanks

Notes: This word refers to grace, favor, or kindness, often implying a divine or unmerited gift. It can also mean thanks or gratitude. In its accusative form, as seen in ΧΑΡΙΝ, it often functions as the direct object of a verb, such as 'to find favor' or 'to give thanks'. It can also be used in adverbial phrases meaning 'for the sake of' or 'on account of'.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΕΥΝΟΙΑ, ΔΩΡΟΝ, ΕΥΧΑΡΙΣΤΙΑ

Etymology: The word ΧΑΡΙΣ (charis) comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰer- meaning 'to desire, to like'. It is related to words signifying joy, delight, and goodwill.

G5613

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Part of Speech: Adverb, Conjunction, Preposition

Sounds like: OHS

Translations: as, like, when, how, about, approximately, that, so that

Notes: ΩΣ is a versatile particle in Koine Greek, primarily functioning as a conjunction or adverb. It is used to introduce comparisons ('as,' 'like'), indicate time ('when'), express manner ('how'), or denote purpose or result ('so that,' 'that'). It can also indicate approximation ('about,' 'approximately') or serve as a preposition meaning 'to' or 'towards' with certain cases.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΩΣΠΕΡ, ΚΑΘΩΣ, ΩΣΑΝΕΙ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is related to demonstrative pronouns and adverbs indicating manner or comparison.

G1096

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: geh-go-NO-tes

Translations: having become, having come into being, having happened, having been born, having been made

Notes: This word is a perfect active participle derived from the verb 'γίνομαι' (ginomai), meaning 'to become,' 'to come into being,' or 'to happen.' As a participle, it functions like an adjective or adverb, describing an action that has been completed in the past and has ongoing relevance. It can be translated in various ways depending on the context, often indicating a state of having become or having happened.

Inflection: Plural, Nominative, Masculine, Perfect Active Participle

Synonyms: ΓΕΝΟΜΕΝΟΙ, ΕΓΕΝΟΝΤΟ

G5530

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Part of Speech: Participle

Sounds like: khro-MEH-noy

Translations: using, employing, dealing with, having dealings with, those using, those employing

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb meaning 'to use' or 'to employ'. It describes someone who is actively engaged in using or dealing with something. It can refer to people who are accustomed to something or who are in the habit of doing something.

Inflection: Present, Middle/Passive, Participle, Masculine, Nominative or Vocative, Plural

Synonyms: ΕΧΟΝΤΕΣ, ΚΕΧΡΗΜΕΝΟΙ

Etymology: From an assumed root *χρα-, meaning 'to handle, to use'.

G3122

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Part of Speech: Adverb

Sounds like: MA-lis-TA

Translations: especially, most, indeed, yes, certainly, above all

Notes: This word is an adverb meaning 'especially,' 'most,' or 'above all.' It is often used to emphasize a particular point or item in a list. It can also be used as a strong affirmation, meaning 'yes,' 'certainly,' or 'indeed.'

Inflection: Superlative form of ΜΑΛΑ; Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΜΑΛΛΟΝ, ΠΕΡΙΣΣΟΤΕΡΩΣ

Etymology: From the adverb ΜΑΛΑ (mala), meaning 'very' or 'much.' ΜΑΛΙΣΤΑ is its superlative form, indicating 'most' or 'very much so.'

G1510

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Part of Speech: Participle

Sounds like: OO-san

Translations: being, existing, that is, that exists

Notes: This word is a form of the verb 'to be'. As a participle, it describes something that is 'being' or 'existing' at the time of the action. It functions like an adjective, modifying a noun, or can be used substantively (as a noun). In this form, it is feminine, singular, and in the accusative case, meaning it would be the direct object of a verb or the object of a preposition, referring to a feminine noun.

Inflection: Accusative, Singular, Feminine, Present, Active, Participle

Etymology: The verb ΕἸΜΙ (eimi) comes from a Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'to be' or 'to exist'. It is one of the most fundamental verbs in the Greek language.

G1925

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eh-peh-DEIK-sah-men

Translations: we showed, we displayed, we demonstrated, we pointed out

Notes: This is a compound verb meaning to show, display, or demonstrate. It implies making something evident or clear to others. It is used to describe an action completed in the past by a group of people (we).

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Indicative, 1st Person Plural

Synonyms: ΔΕΙΚΝΥΜΙ, ΦΑΝΕΡΟΩ, ΑΠΟΔΕΙΚΝΥΜΙ

Etymology: The word ΕΠΙΔΕΙΚΝΥΜΙ is a compound of the preposition ΕΠΙ (epi), meaning 'upon' or 'to', and the verb ΔΕΙΚΝΥΜΙ (deiknymi), meaning 'to show' or 'to point out'.

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Part of Speech: Proper Noun

Sounds like: moh-LOH-nes

Translations: Molones

Notes: This word refers to 'Molones', a proper noun, likely the name of a person or a group of people. In the provided context, it appears alongside 'Lysimachoi' and 'other writers', suggesting it refers to a historical figure or a school of thought/group of writers named Molones. It is the plural form of Molon.

Inflection: Plural, Nominative, Masculine

Etymology: The name 'Molon' is of Greek origin. It is known as the name of a satrap of the Seleucid Empire and also appears in other historical contexts.

G3745

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Part of Speech: Relative Pronoun, Relative Adjective

Sounds like: OH-soy

Translations: as many as, all who, whoever, how many

Notes: This word functions as a relative pronoun or adjective, meaning 'as many as' or 'all who'. It introduces a relative clause and refers to a quantity or number of people or things. It is used to connect a dependent clause to a main clause, specifying the extent or number of the antecedent.

Inflection: Nominative, Plural, Masculine

Synonyms: ΠΑΣ, ΟΣΤΙΣ

Etymology: From the demonstrative pronoun ὅς (hos, 'this, that') and the suffix -σος (-sos), indicating quantity or degree. It is related to other words indicating quantity or extent.

G5574

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: psyoo-DES-thai

Translations: to lie, to speak falsely, to deceive, to be false

Notes: This word is the present middle or passive infinitive form of the verb 'to lie' or 'to speak falsely'. It describes the action of intentionally stating something untrue or misleading. As an infinitive, it functions like 'to lie' in English, often used after other verbs or as the subject of a sentence.

Inflection: Present, Middle or Passive Voice, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΑΠΑΤΑΩ, ΠΛΑΝΑΩ

Etymology: The word derives from the ancient Greek root ψεύδω (pseudō), meaning 'to lie' or 'to deceive'. It is related to the noun ψεῦδος (pseudos), meaning 'a lie' or 'falsehood'.

G5463

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: khai-ROO-sin

Translations: they rejoice, they are glad, they greet, they say farewell

Notes: This word is the third person plural present active indicative form of the verb 'χαίρω' (chairo), meaning 'to rejoice' or 'to be glad'. It can also be used as a greeting, meaning 'hail' or 'greetings', or as a farewell, meaning 'farewell' or 'goodbye'. In a sentence, it would indicate that 'they' (a group of people) are performing the action of rejoicing, being glad, greeting, or saying farewell.

Inflection: Present, Active, Indicative, Third Person, Plural

Synonyms: ΑΓΑΛΛΙΑΩ, ΕΥΦΡΑΙΝΩ

G1651

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eks-eh-LAY-lenkh-thoh-san

Translations: let them be convicted, let them be exposed, let them be reproved, let them be refuted

Notes: This word is a compound verb formed from the root verb 'ἐλέγχω' (elenchō) meaning 'to convict, expose, or reprove,' and the prefix 'ἐκ-' (ek-) meaning 'out of' or 'from.' In this form, it means 'let them be thoroughly exposed' or 'let them be fully convicted.' It implies a definitive and public demonstration of guilt or error.

Inflection: Third Person Plural, Aorist, Passive, Imperative

Synonyms: ΕΠΙΤΙΜΑΩ, ΚΑΤΑΓΙΝΩΣΚΩ

G4771

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Part of Speech: Pronoun

Sounds like: SOY

Translations: (to) you, (for) you, you

Notes: This is the second-person singular dative pronoun in Koine Greek, meaning 'to you' or 'for you'. It can also simply translate as 'you' when the context implies a dative relationship, such as indirect object or a recipient of an action. It is used to indicate the person to whom something is given, said, or done, or for whom an action is performed. For example, 'I give to you' or 'I do this for you'.

Inflection: Singular, Dative, Second Person

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is a very ancient pronoun, found across many Indo-European languages.

G0025

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Part of Speech: Participle

Sounds like: ah-gah-PON-tee

Translations: to the one loving, to the one who loves, to the loving one

Notes: This word is a present active participle of the verb 'to love' (ἀγαπάω), used in the dative case. It refers to the person or entity that is actively engaged in the act of loving. It functions like a noun or adjective, indicating the recipient of an action or the indirect object, specifically 'to the one who loves' or 'to the loving one'.

Inflection: Singular, Dative, Masculine or Neuter, Present, Active, Participle

Synonyms: ΦΙΛΟΥΝΤΙ, ΣΤΕΡΓΟΝΤΙ

G1223

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: dee-AH

Translations: through, by, by means of, on account of, because of, for the sake of

Notes: This word is a preposition that can take two different cases, which changes its meaning. When used with the genitive case, it means 'through' or 'by means of', indicating the instrument or agency by which something is done. When used with the accusative case, it means 'on account of', 'because of', or 'for the sake of', indicating the cause or reason for something.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΕΚ, ΕΝΕΚΑ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'through' or 'apart'.

G1492

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: EYE-deh-nye

Translations: to know, to understand, to perceive

Notes: This is the perfect active infinitive form of the verb ΟἾΔΑ, meaning 'to know' or 'to understand'. It is used to express the act of knowing or having knowledge about something. For example, it can be used in constructions like 'I want to know' or 'it is good to know'.

Inflection: Perfect Active, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΓΙΝΩΣΚΩ, ΕΠΙΣΤΑΜΑΙ

Etymology: The root verb ΟἾΔΑ comes from a Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'to see' or 'to know'. In Greek, it evolved to primarily mean 'to know' through observation or experience, often implying a state of knowing rather than the process of learning.

G3778

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Part of Speech: Demonstrative Pronoun, Demonstrative Adjective

Sounds like: TOO-toh

Translations: this, that, it, a this, a that

Notes: ΤΟΥΤΟ is a demonstrative pronoun or adjective in Koine Greek, meaning 'this' or 'that'. It is the neuter singular form and can function as either the nominative or accusative case. As a pronoun, it refers to a specific thing or concept, often pointing it out. As an adjective, it modifies a neuter singular noun, indicating 'this' or 'that' particular noun. For example, it might be used in phrases like 'this thing' or 'that matter'.

Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative

Synonyms: ΑΥΤΟΣ, ΕΚΕΙΝΟΣ

Etymology: The word ΟΥΤΟΣ (houtos) is a demonstrative pronoun in Koine Greek, meaning 'this' or 'that'. Its origin is ancient, deriving from Proto-Indo-European roots that conveyed the idea of proximity or pointing.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: toh

Translations: the

Notes: ΤΟ is the neuter singular form of the definite article 'the' in Koine Greek. It is used to specify a noun, much like 'the' in English. It can function as both the subject (nominative case) or the direct object (accusative case) of a sentence when referring to a neuter singular noun.

Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative

Etymology: The Greek definite article, including ΤΟ, derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. Its forms developed to agree in gender, number, and case with the nouns they modify.

G4253

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: PRO

Translations: before, in front of, for, on behalf of, in the presence of, prior to, instead of

Notes: This word is a preposition that typically takes the genitive case. It can indicate a spatial relationship, meaning 'before' or 'in front of' something or someone. It can also denote a temporal relationship, meaning 'before' in time, or a causal relationship, meaning 'for' or 'on behalf of' someone or something. In some contexts, it can also mean 'instead of' or 'in the presence of'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΕΜΠΡΟΣΘΕΝ, ΑΝΤΙ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'before, in front of'. It is cognate with English 'for' and Latin 'pro'.

G1125

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: ge-GRAF-thoh

Translations: let it be written, it must be written, it has been written

Notes: This word is a verb form meaning "let it be written" or "it must be written." It is a command or instruction for something to be put into writing, indicating that the action of writing has been completed or is to be completed with a lasting effect. It is a compound word, formed from the root verb "γράφω" (graphō) meaning "to write."

Inflection: Third Person, Singular, Perfect, Passive, Imperative

Synonyms: ΓΕΓΡΑΠΤΑΙ, ΓΡΑΦΕΤΩ

G0976

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: BEEB-lee-on

Translations: book, scroll, a book, a scroll

Notes: This word refers to a book or a scroll, which was the common form of written material in ancient times. It is a diminutive of the word βίβλος (biblos), meaning 'papyrus' or 'book'. It is used to denote a written document, a record, or a volume of text. For example, one might read 'the book' or 'the scroll' of a prophet.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative or Accusative, Neuter

Synonyms: ΒΙΒΛΟΣ, ΓΡΑΦΗ

Etymology: From Ancient Greek βίβλος (biblos, “papyrus, book”), which is thought to be of Egyptian origin, referring to the city of Byblos, a Phoenician city known for exporting papyrus.

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2001 Translation

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Book One, Chapter 42

Interlinear version from Josephus' Against Apion (Beta)

42:291

42:292

42:293

42:294

42:295

42:296

This interlinear database is in beta