First Apology of Justin Martyr Chapter 2, Interlinear version from Justin Martyr (Beta)

First Apology of Justin Martyr, Chapter 2

Interlinear version from Justin Martyr (Beta)

2:2

ΤΟΥΣ
- TOUS
- the
ΚΑΤΑ
- KATA
- according-to
ἈΛΗΘΕΙΑΝ
- ALĒTHEIAN
- truth
ΕΥ̓ΣΕΒΕΙΣ
- EUSEBEIS
- pious-ones
ΚΑΙ
- KAI
- and
ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΟΥΣ
- PHILOSOPHOUS
- philosophers
ΜΟΝΟΝ
- MONON
- only
ΤἈΛΗΘΕΣ
- TALĒTHES
- the-truth
ΤΙΜΑΝ
- TIMAN
- to-honor
ΚΑΙ
- KAI
- and
ΣΤΕΡΓΕΙΝ
- STERGEIN
- to-love
Ο
- O
- the
ΛΟΓΟΣ
- LOGOS
- word/reason
ΥΠΑΓΟΡΕΥΕΙ
- YPAGOREUEI
- dictates
ΠΑΡΑΙΤΟΥΜΕΝΟΥΣ
- PARAITOUMENOUS
- refusing
ΔΟΞΑΙΣ
- DOXAIS
- to-opinions
ΠΑΛΑΙΩΝ
- PALAIŌN
- of-old-ones
ἘΞΑΚΟΛΟΥΘΕΙΝ
- EXAKOLOUTHEIN
- to-follow
ἈΝ
- AN
- if
ΦΑΥΛΑΙ
- PHAULAI
- bad
ὨΣΙΝ
- ŌSIN
- they-are
ΟΥ̓
- OU
- not
ΓΑΡ
- GAR
- for
ΜΟΝΟΝ
- MONON
- only

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Demonstrative Pronoun

Sounds like: TOOS

Translations: the, them, those

Notes: ΤΟΥΣ is the masculine plural accusative form of the definite article or demonstrative pronoun 'ὁ'. As an article, it functions like 'the' in English, specifying a noun that is already known or has been previously mentioned. As a pronoun, it means 'them' or 'those', referring to a group of masculine individuals or things in the accusative case, indicating they are the direct object of a verb or the object of a preposition.

Inflection: Plural, Accusative, Masculine

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *so- (demonstrative pronoun).

G2596

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: KAH-tah

Translations: down, according to, against, throughout, by, during, concerning, along

Notes: ΚΑΤΑ is a versatile preposition in Koine Greek. Its meaning varies significantly depending on the case of the noun it governs. When used with the genitive case, it often indicates movement 'down from,' opposition 'against,' or reference 'concerning' something. When used with the accusative case, it typically means 'down along,' 'according to,' 'throughout,' 'during,' or 'by' means of something. It can express direction, distribution, opposition, or a standard.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΠΡΟΣ, ΑΝΤΙ, ΔΙΑ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *kmtá, meaning 'down, with'. It is related to other prepositions and adverbs in various Indo-European languages.

G2532

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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Adverb

Sounds like: kahee

Translations: and, also, even, but, then

Notes: ΚΑΙ is a very common conjunction in Koine Greek, primarily meaning 'and' to connect words, phrases, or clauses. It can also function as an adverb, emphasizing a word or phrase with meanings like 'also' or 'even'. In some contexts, it can introduce a contrast, similar to 'but', or indicate sequence, meaning 'then'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ΚΑΙ is an ancient particle, tracing its origins back to Proto-Indo-European. It has remained remarkably stable in form and function throughout the history of the Greek language.

G3440

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Part of Speech: Adverb, Adjective

Sounds like: MO-non

Translations: only, alone, merely, a single, a solitary

Notes: This word can function as an adverb meaning 'only' or 'merely', indicating exclusivity or limitation. It can also be the neuter singular form of the adjective 'ΜΟΝΟΣ', meaning 'alone' or 'solitary', describing something as being by itself or unique. In its adverbial use, it often modifies verbs or clauses to emphasize that something is done exclusively or that a condition applies solely to one thing.

Inflection: Neuter, Singular, Nominative or Accusative (as adjective); Does not inflect (as adverb)

Synonyms: ΜΟΝΩΣ, ΜΟΝΟΓΕΝΗΣ

G0227

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: tah-lay-THES

Translations: the truth, that which is true, true, real

Notes: This word is the neuter singular form of the adjective 'ἀληθής' (alēthēs), meaning 'true' or 'real'. When used substantively, as it often is, it refers to 'the truth' or 'that which is true'. It can function as either the subject (nominative) or the direct object (accusative) in a sentence.

Inflection: Neuter, Singular, Nominative or Accusative

Synonyms: ΑΛΗΘΕΙΑ, ΓΝΩΣΙΣ, ΔΙΚΑΙΟΣΥΝΗ

Etymology: The word 'ἀληθής' (alēthēs) comes from the prefix 'ἀ-' (a-), meaning 'not' or 'un-', and 'λήθη' (lēthē), meaning 'forgetfulness' or 'oblivion'. Thus, it literally means 'unforgettable' or 'not hidden', implying something that is revealed, evident, and therefore true.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Relative Pronoun, Letter

Sounds like: OH

Translations: the, who, which, O

Notes: Ο is primarily the masculine singular nominative form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to specify a noun, similar to 'the' in English. It can also function as a relative pronoun, meaning 'who' or 'which', introducing a relative clause. Additionally, 'Ο' is the fifteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, Omicron, which corresponds to the short 'o' sound.

Inflection: Masculine, Singular, Nominative (for the article/relative pronoun); Does not inflect (for the letter)

Etymology: The definite article 'Ο' derives from Proto-Indo-European. The letter 'Ο' (Omicron) is derived from the Phoenician letter 'ayin'.

G3056

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: LOH-goss

Translations: word, a word, reason, a reason, account, an account, speech, a speech, message, a message, report, a report, thing, a thing, matter, a matter, saying, a saying, discourse, a discourse

Notes: The word 'logos' is a fundamental term in Koine Greek with a wide range of meanings. It can refer to a spoken or written word, a statement, a message, or a command. Beyond simple communication, it also encompasses concepts like reason, logic, an account, a narrative, or even a divine utterance or principle. Its specific meaning often depends on the context in which it is used.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine

Synonyms: ΡΗΜΑ, ΕΠΟΣ

Etymology: From the verb λέγω (legō), meaning 'to say, speak'. It refers to something said or thought, and its meaning evolved to encompass both speech and the underlying reason or thought.

G5258

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: hoo-pah-go-REH-yee

Translations: dictates, suggests, prompts, inspires

Notes: This word means to dictate, suggest, or prompt, often implying an inner voice, a principle, or a higher authority that guides or instructs. It can also mean to inspire or to put into one's mind. It is used to describe something that compels or directs an action or thought.

Inflection: 3rd Person Singular, Present Tense, Active Voice, Indicative Mood

Synonyms: ΥΠΟΤΙΘΗΜΙ, ΕΝΕΡΓΩ, ΕΜΠΝΕΩ

Etymology: From Ancient Greek ὑπο- (hypo-, 'under, secretly') and ἀγορεύω (agoreuō, 'to speak in the assembly, to proclaim'). The combination suggests speaking or prompting from beneath or secretly.

G3868

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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: pah-rah-ee-too-MEH-noos

Translations: refusing, avoiding, begging off, declining, excusing oneself, those who refuse, those who avoid

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'παραιτέομαι', meaning to beg off, decline, refuse, or avoid. It is often used to describe someone who is trying to excuse themselves from a duty or responsibility, or to avoid something undesirable. As a participle, it functions like an adjective or adverb, describing the action of the subject or object in a sentence. In this form, it refers to 'those who are refusing' or 'those who are avoiding'.

Inflection: Present, Middle/Passive Voice, Accusative Case, Masculine or Feminine Gender, Plural Number

Synonyms: ΑΠΟΦΕΥΓΩ, ΑΡΝΕΟΜΑΙ, ΕΞΑΙΤΕΩ

Etymology: This word is a compound of 'παρά' (para), meaning 'beside' or 'from', and 'αἰτέω' (aiteō), meaning 'to ask' or 'to beg'. Together, they form the idea of asking to be excused from something or asking to turn away from something.

G3820

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: pa-LAI-ohn

Translations: of old, of ancient, of former, of worn out

Notes: This word describes something as old, ancient, or worn out by age. It can refer to things that have existed for a long time, or to people who are advanced in years. It is used here in the genitive plural, indicating possession or origin from multiple old or ancient things/people.

Inflection: Genitive, Plural, Masculine, Feminine or Neuter

Synonyms: ΑΡΧΑΙΟΣ, ΠΡΕΣΒΥΤΕΡΟΣ

Etymology: From πάλαι (palai), meaning 'long ago, formerly'. It refers to something that has existed for a long time.

G1811

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eks-ah-koh-loo-THEIN

Translations: to follow, to follow after, to imitate, to obey, to comply with

Notes: This word is an infinitive form of the verb ἐξακολουθέω. It means to follow out, to follow after, or to imitate, often implying adherence to a course of action, a teaching, or a person. It can also mean to obey or comply with something. It is used to express the idea of consistently following or adhering to something.

Inflection: Present, Active, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΑΚΟΛΟΥΘΕΩ, ΕΠΕΤΑΙ

Etymology: The word ἐξακολουθέω is a compound verb formed from the prefix ἐκ (ek), meaning 'out of' or 'from', and ἀκολουθέω (akoloutheō), meaning 'to follow'. The prefix intensifies the action of following, suggesting a complete or thorough following.

G0302

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Part of Speech: Particle

Sounds like: AHN

Translations: if, ever, might, would, should

Notes: This word is a particle used to express contingency, possibility, or potentiality. It does not have a direct English equivalent but modifies the meaning of the verb it accompanies, often indicating that an action is dependent on a condition or is hypothetical. It is frequently used with the subjunctive or optative moods to form conditional clauses or express indefinite temporal or relative clauses.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The origin of this particle is uncertain, but it is believed to be an ancient particle in Greek, possibly related to the concept of 'on' or 'up' in some contexts, though its primary function became conditional.

G3775, G1510

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Part of Speech: Noun, Verb

Sounds like: OH-sin

Translations: ears, (in) ears, they may be, they should be, they are

Notes: This word is a homograph, meaning it can represent two different words with distinct meanings and origins. It can be the dative plural of the noun ΟΥΣ (ous), meaning 'ear', often used in phrases like 'in the ears of'. Alternatively, it can be the third person plural present subjunctive of the verb ΕΙΜΙ (eimi), meaning 'to be', typically used in clauses expressing purpose or result, such as 'in order that they may be'.

Inflection: Dative, Plural, Neuter (for 'ears'); Third Person, Plural, Present, Subjunctive (for 'to be')

Synonyms: ΑΚΟΗ, ΓΙΝΟΜΑΙ, ΥΠΑΡΧΩ

G1063

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Part of Speech: Particle

Sounds like: gar

Translations: for, because, indeed, then, therefore

Notes: This word is a postpositive particle, meaning it typically appears second in a clause. It introduces a reason, explanation, or confirmation for what has just been stated. It can also indicate a logical consequence or a transition in thought, often translated as 'for' or 'because'. In some contexts, it can simply add emphasis or affirm a statement.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΔΙΟΤΙ, ΕΠΕΙ, ΟΥΝ

Etymology: The particle ΓΑΡ is believed to be a contraction of the particles γε (ge) meaning 'indeed' or 'at least' and ἄρα (ara) meaning 'then' or 'therefore'. It has been in use since ancient Greek.

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