First Apology of Justin Martyr Chapter 8, Interlinear version from Justin Martyr (Beta)

First Apology of Justin Martyr, Chapter 8

Interlinear version from Justin Martyr (Beta)

8:1

ΛΟΓΙΣΑΣΘΕ
- LOGISASTHE
- consider
Δ
- D
- and
ΟΤΙ
- OTI
- that
ΥΠΕΡ
- YPER
- for
ΥΜΩΝ
- YMŌN
- you
ΤΑΥΤΑ
- TAUTA
- these-things
ἘΦΗΜΕΝ
- EPHĒMEN
- we-said
ἘΚ
- EK
- from
ΤΟΥ
- TOU
- the
ἘΦ
- EPH
- on
ΗΜΙΝ
- ĒMIN
- us
ΕἸΝΑΙ
- EINAI
- to-be
ἈΡΝΕΙΣΘΑΙ
- ARNEISTHAI
- to-deny
ἘΞΕΤΑΖΟΜΕΝΟΥΣ
- EXETAZOMENOUS
- being-examined
ἈΛΛ
- ALL
- but
ΟΥ̓
- OU
- not
ΒΟΥΛΟΜΕΘΑ
- BOULOMETHA
- we-wish
ΖΗΝ
- ZĒN
- to-live
ΨΕΥΔΟΛΟΓΟΥΝΤΕΣ
- PSEUDOLOGOUNTES
- speaking-falsely
ΤΟΥ
- TOU
- of-the
ΓΑΡ
- GAR
- for
ΑἸΩΝΙΟΥ
- AIŌNIOU
- eternal
ΚΑΙ
- KAI
- and
ΚΑΘΑΡΟΥ
- KATHAROU
- pure
ΒΙΟΥ
- BIOU
- of-life
ἘΠΙΘΥΜΟΥΝΤΕΣ
- EPITHYMOUNTES
- desiring
ΤΗΣ
- TĒS
- of-the
ΜΕΤΑ
- META
- with
ΘΕΟΥ
- THEOU
- God
ΤΟΥ
- TOU
- of-the
ΠΑΝΤΩΝ
- PANTŌN
- of-all
ΠΑΤΡΟΣ
- PATROS
- of-Father
ΚΑΙ
- KAI
- and
ΔΗΜΙΟΥΡΓΟΥ
- DĒMIOURGOU
- of-Creator
ΔΙΑΓΩΓΗΣ
- DIAGŌGĒS
- of-way-of-life
ἈΝΤΙΠΟΙΟΥΜΕΘΑ
- ANTIPOIOUMETHA
- we-claim
ΚΑΙ
- KAI
- and
ΣΠΕΥΔΟΜΕΝ
- SPEUDOMEN
- we-hasten
ἘΠΙ
- EPI
- to
ΤΟ
- TO
- the
ΟΜΟΛΟΓΕΙΝ
- OMOLOGEIN
- to-confess
ΟΙ
- OI
- the-ones
ΠΕΠΕΙΣΜΕΝΟΙ
- PEPEISMENOI
- having-been-persuaded
ΚΑΙ
- KAI
- and
ΠΙΣΤΕΥΟΝΤΕΣ
- PISTEUONTES
- believing
ΤΥΧΕΙΝ
- TYCHEIN
- to-obtain
ΤΟΥΤΩΝ
- TOUTŌN
- these-things
ΔΥΝΑΣΘΑΙ
- DYNASTHAI
- to-be-able
ΤΟΥΣ
- TOUS
- the-ones
ΤΟΝ
- TON
- the

G3049

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: loh-gee-SAH-stheh

Translations: consider, reckon, think, calculate, account, impute

Notes: This word refers to the act of carefully considering, calculating, or reasoning about something. It implies a deliberate mental process of weighing facts or possibilities. It can also mean to count or to attribute something to someone.

Inflection: Aorist, Middle/Passive, Imperative, Second Person Plural

Synonyms: ΝΟΕΩ, ΔΙΑΛΟΓΙΖΟΜΑΙ, ΣΥΛΛΟΓΙΖΟΜΑΙ

Etymology: From λόγος (logos), meaning 'word, reason, account,' and the suffix -ίζω (-izō), forming verbs. The middle voice suffix -ομαι (-omai) indicates an action performed by the subject on themselves or for their own benefit.

G3754

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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Relative Pronoun

Sounds like: OH-tee

Translations: that, because, for, since, how, what, which

Notes: ΟΤΙ is a versatile word in Koine Greek, primarily functioning as a conjunction meaning 'that', 'because', 'for', or 'since'. It can introduce a clause explaining a reason or consequence, or it can introduce direct speech, similar to how quotation marks function in English. It can also act as a relative pronoun meaning 'what' or 'which'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΔΙΟΤΙ, ΕΠΕΙ, ΓΑΡ

Etymology: The word ΟΤΙ is derived from the neuter accusative singular of the relative pronoun ὅστις (hostis), meaning 'whoever, whatever'. Over time, it evolved to function primarily as a conjunction.

G5228

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: hoo-PER

Translations: over, above, for, on behalf of, concerning, beyond, more than

Notes: ΥΠΕΡ is a Koine Greek preposition. Its meaning varies depending on the grammatical case of the noun it governs. When used with the genitive case, it often means 'on behalf of', 'for the sake of', 'concerning', or 'instead of'. When used with the accusative case, it typically means 'over', 'above', 'beyond', or 'more than', often indicating position or motion.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΕΠΙ, ΠΕΡΙ, ΑΝΤΙ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *uperi, meaning 'over, above'. It is cognate with English 'over' and Latin 'super'.

G3588, G3778

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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Demonstrative Pronoun, Particle

Sounds like: too

Translations: of the, of him, of it, of this, to, in order to

Notes: This word is a form of the definite article 'the' or a demonstrative pronoun 'this/that'. It is most commonly used to indicate possession or relationship, translating as 'of the' or 'of him/it'. It can also be used before an infinitive verb to express purpose, meaning 'to' or 'in order to'.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine or Neuter

Etymology: The word 'Ο' (ho), from which 'ΤΟΥ' is derived, comes from Proto-Indo-European. It is an ancient word that has evolved to serve various grammatical functions in Greek.

G1909

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Part of Speech: Preposition, Prefix

Sounds like: EHF

Translations: on, upon, over, to, against, at, in, for, because of, with, by

Notes: This word is an elided form of the Greek preposition ἘΠΊ (epi), which means 'on,' 'upon,' or 'over.' The final vowel of ἘΠΊ is dropped before a word beginning with a vowel, especially a rough breathing mark, resulting in ἘΦ. Its precise meaning depends on the case of the noun it governs: with the genitive, it means 'on' or 'upon' (of place or time); with the dative, it means 'on,' 'at,' 'by,' or 'for' (of position or cause); and with the accusative, it means 'on,' 'to,' 'against,' or 'over' (of motion or purpose). It is also commonly used as a prefix in compound words.

Inflection: Does not inflect; it is an elided form of the preposition ἘΠΊ. Its meaning varies depending on the case of the noun it governs (Genitive, Dative, or Accusative).

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *opi, meaning 'on, near, against'. It is cognate with Latin ob and Sanskrit api.

G0720

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: ar-NEH-ee-sthahee

Translations: to deny, to disown, to reject, to refuse

Notes: This word means to deny, disown, or reject something or someone. It can be used in various contexts, such as denying a statement, disowning a person, or rejecting a belief or command. It often implies a refusal to acknowledge or accept something as true or valid.

Inflection: Present, Middle/Passive, Infinitive

Synonyms: ἈΠΟΚΡΥΠΤΩ, ἈΠΟΤΙΘΗΜΙ

Etymology: From a compound of the prefix 'a-' (negative) and a root related to 'to say' or 'to speak'. It implies a refusal to speak or acknowledge.

G1830

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Part of Speech: Participle

Sounds like: ex-eh-TAH-zo-meh-noos

Translations: being examined, being investigated, being questioned, being scrutinized

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'to examine' or 'to investigate'. It describes someone or something that is currently undergoing examination, investigation, or questioning. It functions like an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun, indicating that the subject is the one being acted upon in the process of examination.

Inflection: Present, Passive, Masculine, Plural, Accusative

Synonyms: ΕΡΕΥΝΩΜΕΝΟΥΣ, ΔΟΚΙΜΑΖΟΜΕΝΟΥΣ

Etymology: The word ἐξετάζω (exetazō) is a compound word formed from the preposition ἐκ (ek), meaning 'out of' or 'from', and the verb ἐτάζω (etazō), meaning 'to examine' or 'to test'. Thus, it literally means 'to examine out thoroughly'.

G0243

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Part of Speech: Prefix

Sounds like: ALL

Translations: other, another, different, foreign

Notes: This is a prefix form of the word 'ἄλλος' (allos), meaning 'other' or 'another'. It is used to form compound words that convey the idea of something being different, foreign, or belonging to another group. For example, 'ἀλλογενῶν' means 'of other races', 'ἀλλότριοι' means 'strangers' or 'foreigners', and 'ἀλλόφυλους' means 'foreigners' or 'of another tribe'.

Inflection: Does not inflect (as a prefix)

Synonyms: ΕΤΕΡΟΣ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *alyos, meaning 'other, another'. It is related to Latin alius and English else.

G5573

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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: psyoo-doh-loh-GOON-tes

Translations: speaking falsely, lying, telling lies

Notes: This word is a compound participle, formed from 'ψεῦδος' (pseudos), meaning 'falsehood' or 'lie', and 'λέγω' (lego), meaning 'to speak' or 'to say'. It describes someone who is actively engaged in speaking falsely or telling lies. It is used to characterize individuals or groups who are deceitful in their communication.

Inflection: Present, Active, Participle, Nominative, Masculine, Plural

Synonyms: ΨΕΥΔΟΜΑΡΤΥΡΕΩ, ΨΕΥΔΟΠΡΟΦΗΤΕΥΩ

Etymology: The word ΨΕΥΔΟΛΟΓΕΩ is a compound of two Greek words: ψεῦδος (pseudos), meaning 'falsehood' or 'lie', and λέγω (lego), meaning 'to speak' or 'to say'. It literally means 'to speak lies'.

G1063

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Part of Speech: Particle

Sounds like: gar

Translations: for, because, indeed, then, therefore

Notes: This word is a postpositive particle, meaning it typically appears second in a clause. It introduces a reason, explanation, or confirmation for what has just been stated. It can also indicate a logical consequence or a transition in thought, often translated as 'for' or 'because'. In some contexts, it can simply add emphasis or affirm a statement.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΔΙΟΤΙ, ΕΠΕΙ, ΟΥΝ

Etymology: The particle ΓΑΡ is believed to be a contraction of the particles γε (ge) meaning 'indeed' or 'at least' and ἄρα (ara) meaning 'then' or 'therefore'. It has been in use since ancient Greek.

G0166

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: ahee-OH-nee-oo

Translations: of eternal, of everlasting, of age-long, of perpetual

Notes: This word is an adjective meaning 'eternal' or 'everlasting'. It describes something that lasts for an age or forever, often referring to God's nature, life, or punishment. As an adjective, it modifies a noun, indicating that the noun possesses the quality of being eternal or everlasting. In the provided examples, it is used in the genitive case, indicating possession or origin, such as 'from the Eternal One' or 'of the Eternal'.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine or Neuter

Synonyms: ΑἸΔΙΟΣ, ΑΚΑΤΑΛΥΤΟΣ, ΑΘΑΝΑΤΟΣ

G2532

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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Adverb

Sounds like: kahee

Translations: and, also, even, but, then

Notes: ΚΑΙ is a very common conjunction in Koine Greek, primarily meaning 'and' to connect words, phrases, or clauses. It can also function as an adverb, emphasizing a word or phrase with meanings like 'also' or 'even'. In some contexts, it can introduce a contrast, similar to 'but', or indicate sequence, meaning 'then'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ΚΑΙ is an ancient particle, tracing its origins back to Proto-Indo-European. It has remained remarkably stable in form and function throughout the history of the Greek language.

G0979

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: BEE-oo

Translations: of life, of livelihood, of means of living, a life

Notes: This is the genitive singular form of the noun 'ΒΙΟΣ' (bios), which refers to life, especially in the sense of one's earthly existence, way of life, or means of living. It can also refer to one's livelihood or possessions. As a genitive form, 'ΒΙΟΥ' often indicates possession, origin, or relationship, translating to 'of life' or 'of livelihood' depending on the context.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine

Synonyms: ΖΩΗ, ΖΩΗΝ

Etymology: From the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷih₃-wo-s, meaning 'living'. It is related to the verb 'ζάω' (zaō), meaning 'to live'.

G1937

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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: eh-pee-thoo-MOON-tes

Translations: desiring, longing, craving, lusting, those desiring, those longing

Notes: This word is a present active participle, indicating an ongoing action of desiring, longing, or craving. It can refer to a strong desire for something, which can be positive or negative depending on the context (e.g., a good desire for righteousness or a negative desire for forbidden things). It often functions adjectivally, describing someone who is in the state of desiring.

Inflection: Present, Active, Participle, Nominative, Plural, Masculine

Synonyms: ΒΟΥΛΟΜΑΙ, ΘΕΛΩ, ΟΡΕΓΟΜΑΙ

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: THAYS

Translations: of the

Notes: ΤΗΣ is the genitive, singular, feminine form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to indicate possession, origin, or relationship for feminine singular nouns. For example, 'the house of the woman' would use ΤΗΣ for 'of the woman'. It functions similarly to 'of the' in English.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine

Etymology: The Greek definite article 'Ο' (of which ΤΗΣ is an inflection) derives from a Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronoun root. It evolved to function as a definite article in ancient Greek, marking nouns as specific or previously mentioned.

G3326

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Part of Speech: Preposition, Adverb

Sounds like: MEH-tah

Translations: with, among, after, behind, afterward, besides

Notes: ΜΕΤΑ is a versatile word that functions as both a preposition and an adverb. As a preposition, its meaning depends on the case of the noun it governs: when followed by a genitive noun, it means 'with' or 'among', indicating association or presence; when followed by an accusative noun, it means 'after' or 'behind', indicating sequence or pursuit. As an adverb, it typically means 'afterward' or 'besides'. It is a very common word in Koine Greek.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΣΥΝ, ΟΠΙΣΩ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *met- 'in the middle, among, with'. It is cognate with English 'mid' and 'middle'.

G0483

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: an-tee-poy-OO-meh-tha

Translations: we claim, we lay claim to, we strive for, we contend for, we desire, we aspire to

Notes: This verb means to claim something for oneself, to lay claim to, or to strive for something. It can also imply contending for or aspiring to something. It is often used with a genitive case object to indicate what is being claimed or striven for.

Inflection: First Person, Plural, Present, Indicative, Middle/Passive

Synonyms: ΑἸΤΕΩ, ΖΗΤΕΩ, ἘΠΙΘΥΜΕΩ

Etymology: From ἀντί (anti, 'against, in return for') and ποιέω (poieō, 'to make, to do'). The combination suggests 'to make a claim in return' or 'to do something for oneself'.

G1909

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Part of Speech: Preposition, Adverb

Sounds like: eh-PEE

Translations: on, upon, over, to, against, at, in, for, concerning, during, by, beside, near, among, with respect to

Notes: This is a very common and versatile preposition in Koine Greek. Its meaning changes significantly depending on the case of the noun it governs. With the genitive case, it often means 'upon, over, on, at, in the time of, during, concerning, in the presence of'. With the dative case, it can mean 'upon, on, at, by, near, beside, in, for, in addition to, on the basis of, because of, in the time of, during, in the presence of, against'. With the accusative case, it typically means 'upon, on, to, against, over, for, with a view to, at, by, during, in the time of'. It can also function as an adverb meaning 'upon, besides, in addition'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ἘΠΙ comes from Proto-Indo-European. It is related to similar prepositions in other Indo-European languages, conveying ideas of 'on, upon, over'.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: toh

Translations: the

Notes: ΤΟ is the neuter singular form of the definite article 'the' in Koine Greek. It is used to specify a noun, much like 'the' in English. It can function as both the subject (nominative case) or the direct object (accusative case) of a sentence when referring to a neuter singular noun.

Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative

Etymology: The Greek definite article, including ΤΟ, derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. Its forms developed to agree in gender, number, and case with the nouns they modify.

G3670

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: ho-mo-lo-GEIN

Translations: to confess, to acknowledge, to profess, to agree, to admit, to declare

Notes: This word is the present active infinitive form of the verb 'homologeo'. It means to confess, acknowledge, or agree, often implying a public declaration or a formal agreement. It can be used in contexts of admitting a truth, professing faith, or agreeing with someone's statement or position.

Inflection: Infinitive, Present, Active

Synonyms: ΟΜΟΛΟΓΙΑ, ΟΜΟΛΟΓΟΣ

Etymology: The word 'homologeo' is a compound word derived from the Greek words 'homos' (meaning 'same' or 'one and the same') and 'logos' (meaning 'word' or 'speech'). Thus, it literally means 'to speak the same word' or 'to agree in word'.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Pronoun, Interjection

Sounds like: OY

Translations: the, who, they, oh

Notes: ΟΙ is primarily the masculine plural nominative form of the definite article, meaning 'the'. It is used to specify a group of masculine nouns that are the subject of a sentence. It can also function as a demonstrative pronoun, meaning 'these' or 'they', referring to a group of people or things previously mentioned. Less commonly, it can be an interjection, similar to 'oh' or 'alas'.

Inflection: Masculine, Plural, Nominative

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, related to demonstrative pronouns and articles in other Indo-European languages.

G3982

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: peh-pee-SMEH-noy

Translations: persuaded, convinced, having been persuaded, having been convinced

Notes: This word is a perfect passive participle, meaning 'having been persuaded' or 'having been convinced'. It describes a state of being persuaded or convinced by someone or something, indicating a settled belief or conviction. It is often used to describe someone who has come to a firm conclusion or belief.

Inflection: Perfect, Passive, Participle, Nominative, Masculine, Plural

Synonyms: ΠΕΠΙΣΤΕΥΜΕΝΟΙ, ΠΕΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΗΜΕΝΟΙ

G5177

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: too-KHEIN

Translations: to obtain, to happen, to meet, to attain, to get, to receive, to befall

Notes: This word means to obtain or get something, often by chance or fortune, but also through effort. It can also mean to happen or to meet someone or something. It is frequently used in the sense of 'to attain' a goal or 'to receive' a benefit. It is an infinitive form, often used after verbs like 'to be able' or 'to desire'.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΛΑΜΒΑΝΩ, ΕΥΡΙΣΚΩ, ΚΟΜΙΖΩ

Etymology: The word ΤΥΓΧΑΝΩ comes from Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'to hit' or 'to obtain'. It is related to words signifying 'chance' or 'fortune'.

G1410

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: doo-NAH-sthai

Translations: to be able, to have power, to be strong, can

Notes: This is the present middle/passive infinitive form of the verb 'δύναμαι'. It means 'to be able' or 'to have power'. It is often used in constructions where one expresses the ability or capacity to do something, similar to the English 'can' or 'to be able to'.

Inflection: Infinitive, Present, Middle or Passive Voice

Synonyms: ΙΣΧΥΩ, ΕΞΕΣΤΙ

Etymology: From the root 'δύναμαι', meaning 'to be able'. It is related to 'δύναμις' (dynamis), meaning 'power' or 'ability'.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Demonstrative Pronoun

Sounds like: TOOS

Translations: the, them, those

Notes: ΤΟΥΣ is the masculine plural accusative form of the definite article or demonstrative pronoun 'ὁ'. As an article, it functions like 'the' in English, specifying a noun that is already known or has been previously mentioned. As a pronoun, it means 'them' or 'those', referring to a group of masculine individuals or things in the accusative case, indicating they are the direct object of a verb or the object of a preposition.

Inflection: Plural, Accusative, Masculine

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *so- (demonstrative pronoun).

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