Home / Interlinears (Beta) / Justin Martyr / First Apology of Justin Martyr / Chapter 42First Apology of Justin Martyr, Chapter 42
Interlinear version from Justin Martyr (Beta)
G3752
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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Adverb
Sounds like: OH-tan
Translations: when, whenever, as often as, at the time that
Notes: This word is a conjunction or adverb used to introduce a temporal clause, indicating a point in time or a condition. It means 'when' or 'whenever,' suggesting that something happens at a specific moment or repeatedly under certain circumstances. It is often followed by the subjunctive mood in Koine Greek.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΟΤΕ, ΗΝΙΚΑ
Etymology: From the conjunction ὅτε (hote, 'when') and the particle ἄν (an, indicating potential or contingency).
G1161
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Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction
Sounds like: DEH
Translations: but, and, now, then, moreover, however
Notes: ΔΕ is a common Koine Greek particle or conjunction used to connect clauses or sentences. It often indicates a transition, a contrast, or a continuation of thought. It can be translated in various ways depending on the context, such as 'but' when indicating opposition, 'and' when simply continuing a narrative, or 'now'/'then' when marking a new point or development.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΚΑΙ, ΑΛΛΑ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'and' or 'but'. It is an ancient particle used to connect ideas or introduce new information.
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: toh
Translations: the
Notes: ΤΟ is the neuter singular form of the definite article 'the' in Koine Greek. It is used to specify a noun, much like 'the' in English. It can function as both the subject (nominative case) or the direct object (accusative case) of a sentence when referring to a neuter singular noun.
Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative
Etymology: The Greek definite article, including ΤΟ, derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. Its forms developed to agree in gender, number, and case with the nouns they modify.
G4397
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Part of Speech: Adjective
Sounds like: pro-fay-ti-KON
Translations: prophetic, a prophetic thing, a prophetic word
Notes: This word is an adjective meaning 'prophetic' or 'pertaining to a prophet or prophecy'. It describes something that comes from a prophet or has the nature of a prophecy. For example, one might speak of a 'prophetic word' or a 'prophetic spirit'.
Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative
Synonyms: ΧΡΗΣΜΩΔΙΚΟΣ, ΜΑΝΤΙΚΟΣ
Etymology: The word 'ΠΡΟΦΗΤΙΚΟΣ' (prophetikos) is derived from 'ΠΡΟΦΗΤΗΣ' (prophētēs), meaning 'prophet', which itself comes from 'πρό' (pro), meaning 'before' or 'forth', and 'φημί' (phēmi), meaning 'to speak'. Thus, it refers to one who speaks forth or declares something, especially divine messages.
G4151
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: PNEV-mah
Translations: spirit, a spirit, wind, a wind, breath, a breath
Notes: This word refers to 'spirit,' 'wind,' or 'breath.' In a physical sense, it can mean a gust of wind or the act of breathing. Theologically, it often refers to the Holy Spirit, a spiritual being, or the human spirit. It is a neuter noun and its meaning can vary depending on the context, from a literal breeze to a divine essence.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Accusative, or Vocative, Neuter
Synonyms: ΑΝΕΜΟΣ, ΠΝΟΗ
Etymology: The word ΠΝΕΥΜΑ derives from the verb πνέω (pneō), meaning 'to breathe,' 'to blow,' or 'to gasp.' It refers to something that is breathed or blown.
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: TAH
Translations: the
Notes: ΤΑ is the neuter plural form of the definite article in Koine Greek. It functions similarly to 'the' in English, indicating that a noun is definite or previously mentioned. It agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies, and in this form, it can be used for both nominative (subject) and accusative (direct object) cases.
Inflection: Neuter, Plural, Nominative or Accusative
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is a demonstrative pronoun that evolved into a definite article in Greek.
G3195
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Part of Speech: Participle
Sounds like: MEL-lon-tah
Translations: about to, going to, future, things to come, those who are about to
Notes: This word is a present active participle of the verb 'μέλλω', meaning 'to be about to' or 'to be going to'. As a participle, it functions like an adjective or a noun, describing something that is imminent or in the future. It can refer to future events, future people, or things that are destined to happen. In the provided examples, it refers to 'future things' or 'those who are about to'.
Inflection: Accusative, Plural, Masculine or Neuter
Synonyms: ἘΣΟΜΕΝΑ, ΓΕΝΗΣΟΜΕΝΑ
G1096
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: ghee-NES-thai
Translations: to become, to happen, to be, to come into being, to be born, to arise, to come to pass
Notes: This verb is very common in Koine Greek and has a broad range of meanings, primarily related to something coming into existence, happening, or changing state. It can describe a process of becoming, an event taking place, or a person being born. It is often used impersonally to mean 'it happened' or 'it came to pass'.
Inflection: Present, Middle/Passive, Infinitive
Synonyms: ΓΕΝΝΑΩ, ΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ, ΣΥΜΒΑΙΝΩ
Etymology: The word ΓΙΝΟΜΑΙ comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵenh₁-, meaning 'to produce, beget, give birth'. It is related to words like 'genesis' and 'generate' in English.
G5613
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Part of Speech: Adverb, Conjunction, Preposition
Sounds like: OHS
Translations: as, like, when, how, about, approximately, that, so that
Notes: ΩΣ is a versatile particle in Koine Greek, primarily functioning as a conjunction or adverb. It is used to introduce comparisons ('as,' 'like'), indicate time ('when'), express manner ('how'), or denote purpose or result ('so that,' 'that'). It can also indicate approximation ('about,' 'approximately') or serve as a preposition meaning 'to' or 'towards' with certain cases.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΩΣΠΕΡ, ΚΑΘΩΣ, ΩΣΑΝΕΙ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is related to demonstrative pronouns and adverbs indicating manner or comparison.
G2235
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Part of Speech: Adverb
Sounds like: AY-day
Translations: already, now, by this time, forthwith, even now
Notes: This word is an adverb used to indicate that something has happened or is happening at the present moment, or has happened prior to the present moment. It can convey a sense of immediacy or completion. For example, it can mean 'already' when referring to something that has taken place, or 'now' when emphasizing the current time.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΝΥΝ, ΑΥΤΙΚΑ, ΕΥΘΕΩΣ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *h₁eh₂dʰ- (to be present, to be here). It is related to the demonstrative pronoun 'ho' (this) and the particle 'de' (now, indeed).
G1096
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Part of Speech: Participle
Sounds like: geh-NO-meh-nah
Translations: having become, having come into being, having happened, things that have happened, events, happenings
Notes: ΓΕΝΟΜΕΝΑ is the aorist middle/passive participle of the verb ΓΙΝΟΜΑΙ (ginomai), meaning 'to become,' 'to come into being,' or 'to happen.' As a participle, it functions like an adjective or adverb, describing an action that has already occurred. In its neuter plural form, it often refers to 'things that have happened' or 'events.' It can be used in various grammatical cases depending on its role in the sentence, often functioning as the subject or object of a clause.
Inflection: Aorist, Middle/Passive, Participle, Neuter, Plural, Nominative or Accusative
Synonyms: ΓΕΓΟΝΟΤΑ, ΣΥΜΒΑΝΤΑ
Etymology: The verb ΓΙΝΟΜΑΙ (ginomai) comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵenh₁-, meaning 'to produce, beget, give birth.' It is related to words like 'genesis' and 'generate' in English.
G3004
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: LEH-ghee
Translations: he may say, he may speak, he may tell
Notes: This word is a verb meaning 'to say' or 'to speak'. It is used to express an action of verbal communication. In this form, it indicates a potential or desired action, often translated as 'he may say' or 'he may speak'.
Inflection: Third Person Singular, Present, Subjunctive, Active
Synonyms: ΛΑΛΕΩ, ΦΗΜΙ
G2532
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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Adverb
Sounds like: kahee
Translations: and, also, even, but, then
Notes: ΚΑΙ is a very common conjunction in Koine Greek, primarily meaning 'and' to connect words, phrases, or clauses. It can also function as an adverb, emphasizing a word or phrase with meanings like 'also' or 'even'. In some contexts, it can introduce a contrast, similar to 'but', or indicate sequence, meaning 'then'.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Etymology: The word ΚΑΙ is an ancient particle, tracing its origins back to Proto-Indo-European. It has remained remarkably stable in form and function throughout the history of the Greek language.
G1722
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Part of Speech: Preposition
Sounds like: en
Translations: in, on, among, with, by, at
Notes: This word is a common preposition in Koine Greek, primarily meaning 'in' or 'on'. It typically governs the dative case, indicating location, time, or means. Its precise translation can vary depending on the context, often conveying ideas like 'within,' 'among,' or 'by means of'.
Inflection: Does not inflect (as a preposition, it governs cases but does not change its own form).
Etymology: The Koine Greek preposition 'ἘΝ' derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *en, meaning 'in' or 'into'. It has cognates in many other Indo-European languages, reflecting its ancient origin.
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: toys
Translations: to the, for the, the
Notes: ΤΟΙΣ is the dative plural form of the definite article in Koine Greek. It functions similarly to 'the' in English, but specifically indicates the indirect object or the recipient of an action, or location/instrument when used with a dative noun. It can be used with masculine, feminine, or neuter nouns in the plural.
Inflection: Plural, Dative, All genders
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is a demonstrative pronoun that evolved into the definite article in Greek.
G4280
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Part of Speech: Participle
Sounds like: pro-ee-RAY-may-noyce
Translations: (to) the aforementioned, (to) the aforesaid, (to) the previously mentioned
Notes: This word is a perfect passive participle, meaning 'having been said beforehand' or 'previously mentioned'. It is used to refer to things or people that have already been spoken about or referred to in the preceding text or conversation. It functions like an adjective or a noun, describing something that was previously stated.
Inflection: Plural, Dative, Masculine, Feminine or Neuter, Perfect Passive Participle
Synonyms: ΠΡΟΛΕΛΕΓΜΕΝΟΙΣ, ΠΡΟΓΕΓΡΑΜΜΕΝΟΙΣ
G1392
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: dox-AH-sai
Translations: to glorify, to honor, to praise, to magnify
Notes: This word means to attribute glory, honor, or praise to someone or something. It is used to express the act of exalting or magnifying, often in a religious context towards God, but also towards people or things. It can be used in sentences like 'We ought to glorify God' or 'He sought to honor his name'.
Inflection: Aorist, Active, Infinitive
Synonyms: ΤΙΜΑΩ, ΑΙΝΕΩ, ΜΕΓΑΛΥΝΩ
G1510
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: ES-tin
Translations: is, a is
Notes: This word is the third person singular present indicative form of the verb 'to be' (εἰμί). It means 'he is', 'she is', 'it is', or 'there is'. It is used to express existence, identity, or a state of being, often linking a subject to a predicate. It can also imply 'exists' or 'happens'.
Inflection: Third Person, Singular, Present, Indicative, Active
G3704
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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Adverb
Sounds like: OH-pos
Translations: how, as, that, in order that, so that
Notes: This word functions as both a conjunction and an adverb. As a conjunction, it introduces clauses of purpose or result, meaning 'in order that' or 'so that'. As an adverb, it describes manner, meaning 'how' or 'as'. Its specific meaning often depends on the context of the sentence.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΙΝΑ, ΩΣ, ΚΑΘΩΣ
Etymology: From Ancient Greek ὡς (hōs, 'as') and πώς (pōs, 'somehow').
G627
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: ap-ol-og-EE-an
Translations: defense, a defense, apology, a speech in defense
Notes: This word refers to a speech or argument made in defense of someone or something, or a formal justification. It is used in contexts where one is called upon to explain or vindicate their actions, beliefs, or character. It can also refer to the act of making such a defense.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine
Synonyms: ΔΙΚΑΙΩΣΙΣ, ΥΠΕΡΑΣΠΙΣΙΣ
G3361
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Part of Speech: Particle, Adverb
Sounds like: MAY
Translations: not, lest, no, do not
Notes: ΜΗ is a negative particle used in Koine Greek to express a subjective negation. It is typically used with non-indicative moods (like the subjunctive, imperative, infinitive, or participle) to express prohibition, a condition, or a denial of something that is wished for or imagined. For example, it is used in commands like 'do not do this' or in clauses expressing fear or purpose, such as 'lest something happen'. It contrasts with 'οὐ' (ou), which negates objective facts.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Etymology: The word ΜΗ comes from Proto-Indo-European. It is an ancient negative particle that has been present in various forms across Indo-European languages.
G3930
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: par-ASKH-ee
Translations: provide, grant, cause, afford, present, give, offer
Notes: This word is a compound verb meaning to provide, grant, or cause something to happen. It is used to describe the act of supplying or making available something that is needed or desired. For example, one might provide assistance, grant a request, or cause a certain outcome.
Inflection: Aorist, Subjunctive, Active, 3rd Person Singular
Synonyms: ΔΙΔΩΜΙ, ΠΟΙΕΩ, ΠΡΟΣΦΕΡΩ
G1793
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: en-TYNG-kha-noo-sin
Translations: they intercede, they appeal, they plead, they meet with, they encounter
Notes: This word means to meet with someone, often with the purpose of making an appeal or intercession on behalf of another. It implies a direct encounter and often a petition or request. It can also mean to fall in with or encounter someone.
Inflection: Present, Active, Indicative, Third Person, Plural
Synonyms: ΔΕΟΜΑΙ, ΠΑΡΑΚΑΛΩ, ΑΙΤΕΩ
G3778
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Part of Speech: Demonstrative Pronoun, Demonstrative Adjective
Sounds like: TOO-toh
Translations: this, that, it, a this, a that
Notes: ΤΟΥΤΟ is a demonstrative pronoun or adjective in Koine Greek, meaning 'this' or 'that'. It is the neuter singular form and can function as either the nominative or accusative case. As a pronoun, it refers to a specific thing or concept, often pointing it out. As an adjective, it modifies a neuter singular noun, indicating 'this' or 'that' particular noun. For example, it might be used in phrases like 'this thing' or 'that matter'.
Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative
Synonyms: ΑΥΤΟΣ, ΕΚΕΙΝΟΣ
Etymology: The word ΟΥΤΟΣ (houtos) is a demonstrative pronoun in Koine Greek, meaning 'this' or 'that'. Its origin is ancient, deriving from Proto-Indo-European roots that conveyed the idea of proximity or pointing.
G1288
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: dee-ah-sah-fee-SOH-men
Translations: we will make clear, we will explain, we will declare, we will make plain
Notes: This word is a compound verb formed from the preposition διά (dia), meaning 'through' or 'apart', and σαφέω (sapheō), meaning 'to make clear'. It means to make something thoroughly clear, to explain it in detail, or to declare it plainly. In this specific form, it indicates an action that 'we' (the first person plural) will perform in the future.
Inflection: First Person Plural, Future Indicative, Active Voice
Synonyms: ΔΗΛΟΩ, ΕΚΔΗΛΟΩ, ΦΑΝΕΡΟΩ
G3843
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Part of Speech: Adverb
Sounds like: PAN-tohs
Translations: certainly, by all means, altogether, surely, doubtless, absolutely, entirely, at any rate
Notes: This word is an adverb derived from the adjective 'πᾶς' (pas), meaning 'all' or 'every'. It is used to emphasize certainty, totality, or necessity. It can be translated as 'certainly,' 'surely,' 'by all means,' or 'altogether,' indicating that something is definitely true or will definitely happen. It can also mean 'at any rate' or 'in any case,' suggesting a minimum level of certainty or action.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΠΑΣΗ, ΠΑΝΤΗ
G1097
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Part of Speech: Adjective, Noun
Sounds like: eg-NOHS-me-nah
Translations: known, understood, recognized, decided, things known, what is known
Notes: This word is the perfect passive participle of the verb 'γινώσκω' (ginosko), meaning 'to know' or 'to come to know'. As a participle, it functions like an adjective or a noun, describing something that has been known, understood, or recognized. In the provided examples, it refers to things that have been decided or established.
Inflection: Plural, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative, Perfect Passive Participle
Synonyms: ΓΝΩΣΤΑ, ΕΙΔΟΤΑ
G1096
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Part of Speech: Participle
Sounds like: geh-nee-SOH-meh-nah
Translations: things that will come to pass, things that will happen, future events
Notes: This word is a future participle, meaning "things that are about to happen" or "things that will come into existence." It describes events or circumstances that are yet to occur. It is often used to refer to future prophecies or developments.
Inflection: Plural, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative, Future, Middle Voice
Synonyms: ΜΕΛΛΟΝΤΑ, ΕΣΟΜΕΝΑ
G4277
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: pro-LEH-ghee
Translations: he says beforehand, he foretells, he predicts, he warns, he has said before
Notes: This is a compound verb formed from the preposition πρό (pro, "before") and the verb λέγω (legō, "to say"). It means to say something in advance, to foretell, to predict, or to warn. It can also refer to something that has been said previously or already mentioned.
Inflection: 3rd Person Singular, Present Active Indicative
Synonyms: ΠΡΟΦΗΤΕΥΩ, ΠΡΟΕΡΩ, ΠΡΟΑΓΓΕΛΛΩ
Etymology: The word is a compound of the Greek preposition πρό (pro), meaning "before" or "in front of," and the verb λέγω (legō), meaning "to say" or "to speak." Thus, its etymology directly reflects its meaning of "to say beforehand."
G3754
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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Relative Pronoun
Sounds like: OH-tee
Translations: that, because, for, since, how, what, which
Notes: ΟΤΙ is a versatile word in Koine Greek, primarily functioning as a conjunction meaning 'that', 'because', 'for', or 'since'. It can introduce a clause explaining a reason or consequence, or it can introduce direct speech, similar to how quotation marks function in English. It can also act as a relative pronoun meaning 'what' or 'which'.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΔΙΟΤΙ, ΕΠΕΙ, ΓΑΡ
Etymology: The word ΟΤΙ is derived from the neuter accusative singular of the relative pronoun ὅστις (hostis), meaning 'whoever, whatever'. Over time, it evolved to function primarily as a conjunction.
G3779
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Part of Speech: Adverb
Sounds like: OO-tohs
Translations: thus, so, in this way, in such a way
Notes: This adverb indicates manner or degree, meaning 'in this way,' 'thus,' or 'so.' It can refer back to something previously mentioned or forward to something about to be stated. It often introduces a consequence or result, showing how something is done or to what extent.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΩΣ, ΚΑΘΩΣ
Etymology: From the demonstrative pronoun ΟΥΤΟΣ (OUTOS), meaning 'this' or 'that'.
G1163
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Part of Speech: Impersonal Verb
Sounds like: DEH-ee
Translations: it is necessary, one must, it is proper, it behooves
Notes: This is an impersonal verb meaning 'it is necessary' or 'one must'. It expresses a strong sense of obligation, necessity, or inevitability. It is often used with an infinitive to indicate what must be done or what is destined to happen.
Inflection: Impersonal, 3rd person singular, Present, Indicative, Active
Synonyms: ΧΡΗ, ΑΝΑΓΚΗ ΕΣΤΙΝ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *deyh₂- (to shine, to gleam), which developed into the sense of 'to be visible, to appear', and then 'to be proper, to be necessary'.
G1551
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: ek-DEH-khes-thai
Translations: to await, to expect, to wait for, to look for
Notes: This is a compound verb formed from the preposition ἐκ (ek), meaning 'out of' or 'from', and the verb δέχομαι (dechomai), meaning 'to receive' or 'to take'. Together, it means to wait for something to come out or to be received, hence 'to await' or 'to expect'. It is used to describe the act of patiently waiting for an event or person.
Inflection: Present, Infinitive, Middle or Passive Voice
Synonyms: ΠΡΟΣΔΟΚΑΩ, ΠΡΟΣΜΕΝΩ, ΑΠΕΚΔΕΧΟΜΑΙ
Etymology: The word is a compound of the preposition ἐκ (ek), meaning 'out of' or 'from', and the verb δέχομαι (dechomai), meaning 'to receive' or 'to take'. The prefix ἐκ intensifies the action of receiving, implying a waiting or expectation for something to come forth.
G1689
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: eh-nah-TEH-nee-sah-teh
Translations: you all looked intently, you all gazed fixedly, you all stared
Notes: This word means to fix one's gaze upon something, to look intently, or to stare. It implies a concentrated and steady focus, often with a sense of expectation or deep attention. It is used to describe the act of looking with great care or scrutiny.
Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Active, Second Person, Plural
Synonyms: ΑΤΕΝΙΖΩ, ΒΛΕΠΩ, ΘΕΩΡΕΩ
Etymology: The word is a compound of the preposition ἐv (en), meaning 'in' or 'on', and the verb ἀτενίζω (atenizō), meaning 'to look fixedly' or 'to stare'. The root ἀτενίζω itself comes from ἀτενής (atenēs), meaning 'strained' or 'intense'.
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: TOH
Translations: to the, for the, by the, with the, in the
Notes: ΤΩ is the dative singular form of the definite article 'the'. It indicates the indirect object of a verb or the means/instrument by which an action is performed. It can also be used to indicate location or association, often translated with prepositions like 'to', 'for', 'by', 'with', or 'in'.
Inflection: Singular, Dative, Masculine or Neuter
G3563
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: NOY
Translations: to minds, for minds, to understandings, for understandings, to thoughts, for thoughts
Notes: This word is an inflected form of the noun 'νοῦς' (nous), meaning 'mind', 'understanding', or 'thought'. In this dative plural form, it indicates the indirect object of an action, signifying 'to' or 'for' minds, understandings, or thoughts. It is used to express the recipient or beneficiary of an action related to mental faculties.
Inflection: Dative, Plural, Masculine
Synonyms: ΔΙΑΝΟΙΑ, ΦΡΟΝΗΜΑ
G3004
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Part of Speech: Participle
Sounds like: leh-go-MEH-noys
Translations: spoken, said, told, things spoken, things said, things told
Notes: This word is a present passive participle derived from the verb 'to say' or 'to speak'. It refers to something that is being said or spoken. In context, it often functions as a substantive, meaning 'the things being said' or 'those who are being spoken of'. It describes actions or words that are currently in the process of being uttered or communicated.
Inflection: Present, Passive, Participle, Masculine, Plural, Dative
Synonyms: ΡΗΘΕΙΣΙΝ, ΕΙΡΗΜΕΝΟΙΣ
Etymology: The word ΛΕΓΩ (legō) comes from Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'to gather, collect, pick out', which evolved to mean 'to speak' or 'to say' in Greek, implying the gathering of words.
G1138
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Part of Speech: Proper Noun
Sounds like: DAH-veed
Translations: David
Notes: This is a proper noun referring to David, the second king of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah. He is a central figure in the Old Testament and is often referred to as 'the son of David' in the New Testament, particularly in reference to Jesus.
Inflection: Singular, indeclinable (does not change form for case or number)
Etymology: From Hebrew דָּוִד (Dawid), meaning 'beloved' or 'uncle'.
G2094
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: EH-teh-see
Translations: to years, in years, years
Notes: This word refers to a period of twelve months, a year. It is used to indicate a duration or a point in time, often in phrases like 'in these years' or 'for many years'.
Inflection: Plural, Dative, Neuter
G5505
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Part of Speech: Numeral
Sounds like: KHEE-lee-oys
Translations: to a thousand, for a thousand, with a thousand, by a thousand
Notes: This word is a numeral meaning 'thousand'. It is used to indicate a quantity of one thousand. As a dative plural form, it often signifies 'to/for a thousand' or 'with/by a thousand', depending on the context and the preposition it accompanies.
Inflection: Plural, Dative, Masculine, Feminine or Neuter
G4000
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Part of Speech: Numeral, Adjective
Sounds like: pen-tah-KO-see-oys
Translations: five hundred
Notes: This word is a numeral meaning 'five hundred'. It is used to quantify nouns, indicating a quantity of 500. It functions like an adjective and agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies.
Inflection: Plural, Dative, Masculine or Neuter
G4250
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Part of Speech: Adverb, Conjunction
Sounds like: PRIN
Translations: before, sooner, until, ere
Notes: This word functions as an adverb or a conjunction, indicating a point in time prior to another event or action. As an adverb, it means 'before' or 'sooner'. As a conjunction, it means 'before' or 'until', often introducing a clause that describes an event that has not yet happened. It is frequently used with an infinitive or a subjunctive verb.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΠΡΟ, ΠΡΟΤΕΡΟΝ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *per- (forward, through). It is related to the preposition πρό (pro, before).
G2228, G3588
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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Definite Article, Numeral
Sounds like: AY
Translations: or, the, 8
Notes: This word can function as a conjunction meaning 'or', indicating an alternative or choice between two or more options. It can also be the feminine nominative singular form of the definite article 'the', used to specify a feminine noun that is the subject of a sentence. The '̓' (coronis) indicates that this form is an elision, meaning it's a shortened form of a word like ἤ (e.g., when followed by a vowel). Additionally, the '̓' could be a keraia, indicating the numeral 8.
Inflection: Does not inflect (as conjunction or numeral); Singular, Nominative, Feminine (as definite article)
Etymology: The conjunction ἤ (e.g., from which Ἠ is an elision) is of uncertain origin. The definite article ἡ (from which Ἠ is an elision) comes from Proto-Indo-European. The numeral meaning is derived from the Greek letter eta (Η), which was used to represent the number 8.
G5547
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: KHRIS-ton
Translations: Christ, the Christ, Anointed One, the Anointed One
Notes: This word refers to the 'Anointed One' or 'Messiah'. In the New Testament, it is primarily used as a title for Jesus, signifying his role as the promised deliverer. It is often used with the definite article 'the' (the Christ) or as a proper name (Christ). As an accusative form, it would typically function as the direct object of a verb or the object of certain prepositions.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Masculine
Synonyms: ΜΕΣΣΙΑΣ, ΚΥΡΙΟΣ
G0444
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: AN-thraw-pon
Translations: man, a man, human being, a human being, person, a person
Notes: This word appears to be a misspelling of "ἄνθρωπον" (anthrōpon), which means "man," "human being," or "person." It refers to a human being in general, without distinction of gender, and can be used to refer to an individual or to humanity as a whole. It is often used in contrast to God or animals.
Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Masculine
Synonyms: ΒΡΟΤΟΣ, ΑΝΗΡ
G1096
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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle
Sounds like: geh-NO-meh-non
Translations: having become, having happened, having been, having been born, that which has come into being, a thing that has happened
Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'ginomai', meaning 'to become' or 'to happen'. As a participle, it describes an action that has already occurred. It can function as an adjective, describing a noun, or as a noun itself, referring to 'that which has come into being' or 'a thing that has happened'. It implies a state of being or an event that has taken place.
Inflection: Aorist, Middle Voice, Participle, Nominative or Accusative, Singular, Neuter
Synonyms: ΓΕΓΟΝΟΣ, ΕΓΕΝΕΤΟ
G4717
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: stah-vroh-THEE-nai
Translations: to be crucified, to be impaled
Notes: This word is the aorist passive infinitive form of the verb 'to crucify'. It describes the action of being put to death on a cross or stake. It is often used in the context of Jesus' crucifixion.
Inflection: Aorist, Passive, Infinitive
G4280
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Part of Speech: Adjective, Participle
Sounds like: pro-ee-REE-may-nah
Translations: aforementioned, before-mentioned, previously said, what has been said before, the things previously said
Notes: This word is a perfect passive participle, meaning 'having been said beforehand' or 'previously mentioned'. It is a compound word formed from the prefix 'προ-' (pro-), meaning 'before' or 'in front of', and the verb 'ἐρῶ' (erō), meaning 'to say' or 'to speak'. It is used to refer to things, statements, or events that have already been spoken about or referred to earlier in the text or conversation.
Inflection: Plural, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative, Perfect Passive Participle
Synonyms: ΠΡΟΛΕΓΟΜΕΝΑ, ΠΡΟΓΕΓΡΑΜΜΕΝΑ
G5346
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: EH-fay
Translations: he said, she said, it said, he spoke, she spoke, it spoke
Notes: This word is the third person singular aorist indicative active form of the verb 'φημί' (phēmi), meaning 'to say' or 'to speak'. It is used to report what someone said or spoke in the past, often translated as 'he said' or 'she said'. It can be used in various contexts to introduce direct or indirect speech.
Inflection: Third Person, Singular, Aorist, Indicative, Active
Synonyms: ΛΕΓΩ, ΕΙΠΕΝ
G3762
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Part of Speech: Pronoun, Adjective
Sounds like: oo-DACE
Translations: no one, nobody, nothing, none, no
Notes: This word is a compound negative pronoun or adjective, meaning 'no one,' 'nobody,' 'nothing,' or 'no.' It is formed from the negative particle 'οὐ' (not), the connective particle 'δέ' (but, and), and the numeral 'εἷς' (one). It is used to express absolute negation, indicating the complete absence of something or someone. When used as an adjective, it modifies a noun to mean 'no' or 'not any.'
Inflection: Masculine, Nominative, Singular
Synonyms: ΟΥ̓ΔΕΝ, ΜΗΔΕΙΣ
Etymology: The word ΟΥ̓ΔΕΙΣ is a compound of the negative particle ΟΥ̓ (not), the connective particle ΔΕ (but, and), and the numeral ΕΙΣ (one). It literally means 'not even one' or 'not one at all,' emphasizing a complete negation.
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article
Sounds like: TONE
Translations: of the
Notes: This word is the genitive plural form of the definite article 'the'. It functions to indicate possession, origin, or relationship for plural nouns, similar to 'of the' in English. It can precede nouns of any gender.
Inflection: Genitive, Plural, All Genders (Masculine, Feminine, Neuter)
G4253
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Part of Speech: Preposition
Sounds like: PRO
Translations: before, in front of, for, on behalf of, in the presence of, prior to, instead of
Notes: This word is a preposition that typically takes the genitive case. It can indicate a spatial relationship, meaning 'before' or 'in front of' something or someone. It can also denote a temporal relationship, meaning 'before' in time, or a causal relationship, meaning 'for' or 'on behalf of' someone or something. In some contexts, it can also mean 'instead of' or 'in the presence of'.
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΕΜΠΡΟΣΘΕΝ, ΑΝΤΙ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'before, in front of'. It is cognate with English 'for' and Latin 'pro'.
G1565
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Part of Speech: Demonstrative Pronoun, Demonstrative Adjective
Sounds like: eh-KAY-noo
Translations: of that, of that one, of him, of it, that one's, his
Notes: This word is the genitive singular form of the demonstrative pronoun/adjective 'ἘΚΕΙΝΟΣ', meaning 'that' or 'that one'. In the genitive case, it indicates possession or origin, translating to 'of that', 'of that one', 'of him', or 'of it'. It can refer to a person or thing previously mentioned or understood from context, distinguishing it from something closer or more immediate.
Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine or Neuter
Etymology: The word 'ἘΚΕΙΝΟΣ' is derived from the demonstrative particle 'ἘΚΕῖ' (there), indicating distance. It points to something or someone far off or distinct from the speaker and listener.
G1096
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Part of Speech: Verb (Participle)
Sounds like: geh-no-MEH-nohn
Translations: having become, having happened, having come to pass, of those who became, of those who happened
Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'ginomai', meaning 'to become', 'to happen', or 'to come into being'. As a participle, it functions like an adjective while retaining verbal characteristics, often indicating an action that has already occurred. It can describe a state of being or an event that has taken place.
Inflection: Aorist, Middle Voice, Participle, Genitive, Plural, Masculine or Neuter
Synonyms: ΓΕΓΟΝΟΤΩΝ, ΕΓΕΝΟΝΤΟ
Etymology: The word 'ginomai' comes from an ancient Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'to come into being' or 'to be born'. It is related to words in other Indo-European languages that convey ideas of generation, birth, or becoming.
G4717
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Part of Speech: Participle
Sounds like: stow-roh-THEES
Translations: having been crucified, crucified
Notes: This word is an aorist passive participle, meaning 'having been crucified' or simply 'crucified'. It describes someone or something that has undergone the act of crucifixion. It is often used to refer to Jesus Christ.
Inflection: Aorist, Passive, Participle, Nominative, Masculine, Singular
G2167
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: yoo-fro-SOO-nayne
Translations: joy, gladness, mirth, a joy, a gladness
Notes: This word refers to a state of joy, gladness, or mirth. It describes a feeling of happiness and delight. It is often used in contexts referring to a deep, inner sense of well-being or celebration.
Inflection: Accusative, Singular, Feminine
Synonyms: ΧΑΡΑ, ΑΓΑΛΛΙΑΣΙΣ, ΕΥ̓ΦΡΑΝΣΙΣ
G3930
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Part of Speech: Verb
Sounds like: par-ES-kheh
Translations: provided, granted, gave, offered, presented
Notes: This word means to provide, grant, give, or offer something. It is a compound verb formed from 'παρά' (para), meaning 'beside' or 'from', and 'ἔχω' (echō), meaning 'to have' or 'to hold'. It is used to describe the act of making something available or giving it to someone.
Inflection: Aorist, Active, Indicative, 3rd Person Singular
Synonyms: ΔΙΔΩΜΙ, ΠΑΡΕΧΩ, ΠΡΟΣΦΕΡΩ
G1484
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Part of Speech: Noun
Sounds like: EH-theh-sin
Translations: (to) nations, (to) peoples, (to) Gentiles
Notes: ἘΘΝΕΣΙΝ is the dative plural form of the noun ΕΘΝΟΣ, meaning 'nation' or 'people'. In a biblical context, it often refers specifically to non-Israelite peoples, also known as Gentiles. As a dative form, it indicates the indirect object of an action, often translated with 'to' or 'for' the nations/peoples.
Inflection: Dative, Plural, Neuter
Synonyms: ΛΑΟΙ, ΓΕΝΗ
G0243
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Part of Speech: Prefix
Sounds like: ALL
Translations: other, another, different, foreign
Notes: This is a prefix form of the word 'ἄλλος' (allos), meaning 'other' or 'another'. It is used to form compound words that convey the idea of something being different, foreign, or belonging to another group. For example, 'ἀλλογενῶν' means 'of other races', 'ἀλλότριοι' means 'strangers' or 'foreigners', and 'ἀλλόφυλους' means 'foreigners' or 'of another tribe'.
Inflection: Does not inflect (as a prefix)
Synonyms: ΕΤΕΡΟΣ
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *alyos, meaning 'other, another'. It is related to Latin alius and English else.
G3761
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Part of Speech: Adverb, Conjunction
Sounds like: oo-DEH
Translations: not even, neither, nor, and not
Notes: This is a compound word formed from the negative particle 'οὐ' (not) and the conjunction 'δέ' (but, and). It is used to emphasize a negation, meaning 'not even' or 'neither/nor'. It can connect clauses or phrases, indicating that something is also not true or not happening. For example, it can be used in a sentence like 'He did not go, nor did he send anyone.'
Inflection: Does not inflect
Synonyms: ΟΥ̓, ΜΗΔΕ, ΜΗ
Etymology: From the negative particle 'οὐ' (not) and the postpositive conjunction 'δέ' (but, and).
G3326
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Part of Speech: Preposition, Adverb
Sounds like: MEH-tah
Translations: with, after, among, behind, by, in company with, in pursuit of, according to
Notes: This word is a preposition that can also function as an adverb. Its meaning varies depending on the case of the noun it governs. When used with the genitive case, it typically means 'with' or 'in company with'. When used with the accusative case, it usually means 'after' or 'behind' (indicating sequence or pursuit). It can also denote a change of state or position.
Inflection: Does not inflect (as a preposition, it governs cases)
Synonyms: ΣΥΝ, ΕΠΙ, ΠΡΟΣ
Etymology: The word 'μετά' (meta) comes from Proto-Indo-European *met- 'in the middle, among, with'. It is related to English 'mid' and 'middle'.
G1565
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Part of Speech: Demonstrative Pronoun, Demonstrative Adjective
Sounds like: eh-KAY-non
Translations: that (one), him, it
Notes: This word is a demonstrative pronoun or adjective, meaning 'that' or 'that one'. It refers to something distant in space or time, or something previously mentioned or understood from the context. As a pronoun, it can stand alone, meaning 'that one' or 'him/it'. As an adjective, it modifies a noun, meaning 'that [noun]'. In this form, it is used for a masculine singular object of a verb or preposition.
Inflection: Masculine, Singular, Accusative
Synonyms: ΟΥ̓ΤΟΣ, ὉΔΕ
Etymology: The word ἘΚΕΙΝΟΣ (ekeinos) is derived from the adverb ἐκεῖ (ekei), meaning 'there'. It refers to something 'over there' or 'that one there', indicating distance.
G3588
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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Relative Pronoun, Letter
Sounds like: OH
Translations: the, who, which, O
Notes: Ο is primarily the masculine singular nominative form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to specify a noun, similar to 'the' in English. It can also function as a relative pronoun, meaning 'who' or 'which', introducing a relative clause. Additionally, 'Ο' is the fifteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, Omicron, which corresponds to the short 'o' sound.
Inflection: Masculine, Singular, Nominative (for the article/relative pronoun); Does not inflect (for the letter)
Etymology: The definite article 'Ο' derives from Proto-Indo-European. The letter 'Ο' (Omicron) is derived from the Phoenician letter 'ayin'.
G2596
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Part of Speech: Preposition, Prefix
Sounds like: kath
Translations: according to, down, against, throughout, during, by, for, with respect to, concerning
Notes: This word is an elided form of the preposition 'κατά' (kata), which means 'down' or 'according to'. It is commonly used as a prefix in compound words or as a preposition governing various cases. When used as a preposition, it can indicate movement downwards, distribution, opposition, or a standard of comparison. For example, 'καθ' ἕνα' means 'one by one', and 'καθά' means 'just as' or 'according as'. The elision (dropping of the final vowel) occurs before a word beginning with a vowel and a rough breathing mark.
Inflection: Does not inflect (it is an elided form of a preposition)
Synonyms: ΠΡΟΣ, ΕΠΙ, ΔΙΑ
Etymology: The word 'κατά' (kata) comes from the Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'down' or 'against'. It is a common preposition in ancient Greek, indicating various relationships of position, direction, or standard.
G2249
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Part of Speech: Pronoun
Sounds like: HAY-mas
Translations: us
Notes: This word is the first-person plural pronoun 'we' in the accusative case. It is used to indicate the direct object of a verb or the object of certain prepositions, meaning 'us'. For example, 'He saw us' or 'They spoke to us'.
Inflection: First-person, Plural, Accusative
G2424
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Part of Speech: Proper Noun
Sounds like: ee-ay-SOOS
Translations: Jesus, Joshua
Notes: This is a proper name, transliterated from the Hebrew name Yeshua or Yehoshua. It refers to the central figure of Christianity, Jesus Christ, or to Joshua, the successor of Moses in the Old Testament. It is used to identify a specific individual.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative
Etymology: The Koine Greek name Ἰησοῦς (Iēsous) is a transliteration of the Hebrew name יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (Yehoshua), meaning 'Yahweh is salvation' or 'Yahweh saves'. It is also related to the shorter form יֵשׁוּעַ (Yeshua).
G5547
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Part of Speech: Proper Noun, Noun
Sounds like: khree-STOSS
Translations: Christ, Anointed One, Messiah, a Christ, an Anointed One
Notes: This word refers to the 'Anointed One' or 'Messiah'. In the New Testament, it is predominantly used as a title for Jesus, identifying him as the promised Messiah. It can also be used more generally to refer to anyone who has been anointed, such as a king or priest.
Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine
Synonyms: ΜΕΣΣΙΑΣ
Etymology: From the Koine Greek verb χρίω (chriō), meaning 'to anoint'. The noun form refers to someone who has been anointed, typically for a special office or purpose.
G0599
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Part of Speech: Participle
Sounds like: ah-poh-tha-NOHN
Translations: having died, dead, when he died, after dying
Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb meaning 'to die'. It describes an action that has already occurred, indicating someone or something that has passed away. It is often used to describe the state of being dead or to refer to an event that happened after someone's death.
Inflection: Aorist Active Participle, Singular, Masculine, Nominative
Synonyms: ΤΕΘΝΗΚΩΣ, ΝΕΚΡΟΣ
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