The Life of Flavius Josephus Chapter 48, Interlinear version from Life of Flavius Josephus, The (Beta)

Notes: ΔΕ is a common Koine Greek particle or conjunction used to connect clauses or sentences. It often indicates a transition, a contrast, or a continuation of thought. It can be translated in various ways depending on the context, such as 'but' when indicating opposition, 'and' when simply continuing a narrative, or 'now'/'then' when marking a new point or development.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΚΑΙ, ΑΛΛΑ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'and' or 'but'. It is an ancient particle used to connect ideas or introduce new information.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Pronoun, Interjection

Sounds like: OY

Translations: the, who, they, oh

Notes: ΟΙ is primarily the masculine plural nominative form of the definite article, meaning 'the'. It is used to specify a group of masculine nouns that are the subject of a sentence. It can also function as a demonstrative pronoun, meaning 'these' or 'they', referring to a group of people or things previously mentioned. Less commonly, it can be an interjection, similar to 'oh' or 'alas'.

Inflection: Masculine, Plural, Nominative

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, related to demonstrative pronouns and articles in other Indo-European languages.

G4012

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: PEH-ree

Translations: about, concerning, around, for, on behalf of, with respect to, at, near

Notes: This word is a preposition that can take either the genitive or accusative case, and its meaning changes depending on the case of the noun it governs. When used with the genitive case, it typically means 'about', 'concerning', 'for', or 'on behalf of'. When used with the accusative case, it usually indicates spatial 'around', 'about' (in the sense of movement or position), 'at', or 'near'. It can also be used as a prefix in compound words, adding a sense of 'around' or 'excessive'.

Inflection: Governs Genitive or Accusative case; Does not inflect itself

Synonyms: ΥΠΕΡ, ΑΜΦΙ, ΕΠΙ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *peri, meaning 'around, about'. It is cognate with English 'peri-' (as in 'perimeter') and Latin 'per'.

G2493

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Part of Speech: Proper Noun

Sounds like: ee-oh-na-THAN

Translations: Jonathan

Notes: This is a proper noun, referring to the Hebrew name Jonathan. It is a common biblical name, notably the son of King Saul and a close friend of David. In this form, it is in the accusative case, indicating it is the direct object of a verb or the object of a preposition.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Masculine

Etymology: The name Jonathan is of Hebrew origin, derived from the Hebrew name Yehonatan (יְהוֹנָתָן), meaning 'Yahweh has given' or 'gift of God'. It combines the divine name Yahweh (יהוה) with the verb 'natan' (נתן), meaning 'to give'.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: THAYS

Translations: of the

Notes: ΤΗΣ is the genitive, singular, feminine form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to indicate possession, origin, or relationship for feminine singular nouns. For example, 'the house of the woman' would use ΤΗΣ for 'of the woman'. It functions similarly to 'of the' in English.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine

Etymology: The Greek definite article 'Ο' (of which ΤΗΣ is an inflection) derives from a Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronoun root. It evolved to function as a definite article in ancient Greek, marking nouns as specific or previously mentioned.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Demonstrative Pronoun

Sounds like: TOOS

Translations: the, them, those

Notes: ΤΟΥΣ is the masculine plural accusative form of the definite article or demonstrative pronoun 'ὁ'. As an article, it functions like 'the' in English, specifying a noun that is already known or has been previously mentioned. As a pronoun, it means 'them' or 'those', referring to a group of masculine individuals or things in the accusative case, indicating they are the direct object of a verb or the object of a preposition.

Inflection: Plural, Accusative, Masculine

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *so- (demonstrative pronoun).

G2398

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: EE-dee-oos

Translations: own, one's own, their own, his own, private, peculiar

Notes: This word is an adjective meaning 'one's own' or 'private'. It is often used substantively, meaning 'one's own people' or 'one's own possessions/things'. It emphasizes a personal connection or belonging.

Inflection: Plural, Accusative, Masculine

Synonyms: ΑΥ̓ΤΟΥ, ἘΑΥ̓ΤΟΥ

Etymology: The word ἴδιος (idios) comes from Proto-Indo-European *swe- (reflexive pronoun), meaning 'self'. It developed to signify something belonging to oneself or peculiar to an individual.

G0353

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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: ah-nah-lah-BON-tes

Translations: taking up, having taken up, picking up, receiving, assuming, restoring, recovering

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'analambanō', meaning 'to take up', 'to lift up', 'to pick up', 'to receive', or 'to assume'. It often implies an action of lifting or carrying something away, or taking on a responsibility or role. It can also refer to recovering or restoring something. As a participle, it functions like an adjective or adverb, describing an action performed by the subject of the main verb, often translated as 'having taken up' or 'taking up'.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Participle, Nominative, Masculine, Plural

Synonyms: ΑΙΡΩ, ΛΑΜΒΑΝΩ, ΥΠΟΔΕΧΟΜΑΙ

G2532

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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Adverb

Sounds like: kahee

Translations: and, also, even, but, then

Notes: ΚΑΙ is a very common conjunction in Koine Greek, primarily meaning 'and' to connect words, phrases, or clauses. It can also function as an adverb, emphasizing a word or phrase with meanings like 'also' or 'even'. In some contexts, it can introduce a contrast, similar to 'but', or indicate sequence, meaning 'then'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ΚΑΙ is an ancient particle, tracing its origins back to Proto-Indo-European. It has remained remarkably stable in form and function throughout the history of the Greek language.

G5298

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: hoo-peh-khoh-RAY-san

Translations: they withdrew, they retired, they departed, they gave way, they yielded

Notes: This word is a compound verb meaning 'to withdraw' or 'to retire'. It describes the action of moving back or away from a place, often in the context of retreating, yielding, or giving way to someone or something. It can be used to describe a military retreat or simply moving out of the way.

Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Active, Third Person Plural

Synonyms: ΑΝΑΧΩΡΕΩ, ΑΠΟΧΩΡΕΩ, ΕΚΧΩΡΕΩ

Etymology: The word Ὑποχωρέω (hypochōreō) is a compound of ὑπό (hypo), meaning 'under' or 'from under', and χωρέω (chōreō), meaning 'to make room, go, come'. The combination implies moving away or giving ground.

G1519

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: EES

Translations: into, to, for, unto, among, in, toward

Notes: This word is a preposition that primarily indicates motion towards or into something. It is always used with the accusative case, showing the destination or goal of an action. It can also express purpose, result, or the object of an action. For example, it is used to say 'go into the city' or 'believe into Christ'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ΕἸΣ comes from Proto-Indo-European *en-s, which is a locative adverb meaning 'in, into'. It is related to the English word 'in'.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: TANE

Translations: the

Notes: ΤΗΝ is the feminine singular accusative form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to specify a noun that is feminine in gender, singular in number, and in the accusative case, indicating it is the direct object of a verb or the object of certain prepositions. For example, it would be used before a feminine singular noun like 'πόλιν' (city) when 'city' is the direct object.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine

Etymology: The Koine Greek definite article derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. It evolved from an earlier demonstrative particle, becoming a grammatical marker for definiteness.

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Part of Speech: Proper Noun, Noun

Sounds like: BAH-rees

Translations: Baris, a Baris, a mountain, a fortress, a tower, a palace, a ship

Notes: ΒΑΡΙΣ (Baris) can refer to a specific mountain in Armenia, as mentioned in historical texts like Josephus. It can also be a general noun meaning a fortress, a tower, a palace, or even a type of ship. Its meaning is highly dependent on the context in which it is used. For example, in the context of a geographical location, it refers to the mountain, but in other contexts, it could describe a fortified structure or a grand building.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative

Synonyms: ΠΥΡΓΟΣ, ΦΡΟΥΡΙΟΝ, ΠΛΟΙΟΝ

Etymology: The word ΒΑΡΙΣ is of foreign origin, likely from an Eastern language, possibly Egyptian or Persian, referring to a type of boat or a fortified structure. It was adopted into Greek with various meanings.

G0001

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: ah-kro-POH-leh-ohs

Translations: of the acropolis, of an acropolis, of the citadel, of a citadel

Notes: This word refers to the highest and most fortified part of an ancient Greek city, often built on a hill. It served as a defensive stronghold and often contained important temples and public buildings. It is a compound word formed from 'ἄκρος' (highest, outermost) and 'πόλις' (city).

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine

Synonyms: ΠΟΛΙΣ, ΦΡΟΥΡΙΟΝ, ΚΑΣΤΡΟΝ

Etymology: The word ἀκρόπολις (akropolis) is a compound of two Greek words: ἄκρος (akros), meaning 'highest' or 'outermost', and πόλις (polis), meaning 'city'. It literally means 'highest city' or 'city on the edge'.

G0576

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Part of Speech: Participle

Sounds like: ah-po-DEH-oo-sah

Translations: lacking, wanting, falling short, not inferior, not lacking, not wanting

Notes: This word is a present active participle derived from the verb ἀποδέω, meaning 'to lack' or 'to be wanting'. When used with a negative particle (like οὐκ, 'not'), it means 'not lacking', 'not inferior', or 'not falling short'. It describes something that is sufficient or comparable in size, quality, or quantity.

Inflection: Present, Active, Participle, Nominative, Singular, Feminine

Synonyms: ἘΛΛΕΙΠΟΥΣΑ, ὙΣΤΕΡΟΥΣΑ

G2928

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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: KROOP-san-tes

Translations: having hidden, having concealed, having kept secret

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'κρύπτω' (krypto), meaning 'to hide' or 'to conceal'. As an aorist active participle, it describes an action of hiding or concealing that has already occurred, performed by the subject of the main verb. It functions adjectivally, modifying a noun or pronoun, and can be translated as 'having hidden' or 'those who hid'.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Participle, Nominative, Masculine, Plural

Synonyms: ΑΠΟΚΡΥΠΤΩ, ΚΑΛΥΠΤΩ

G3767

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Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction, Adverb

Sounds like: OON

Translations: therefore, then, so, consequently, accordingly, now, indeed

Notes: This word is a particle used to indicate a logical consequence, transition, or emphasis. It often connects a statement to what precedes it, meaning 'therefore' or 'consequently'. It can also be used to introduce a new point or a summary, translated as 'then' or 'now'. In some contexts, it adds emphasis, meaning 'indeed' or 'certainly'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ἈΡΑ, ΔΕ, ΤΟΙΓΑΡΟΥ͂Ν

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *nu, meaning 'now' or 'then'. It is related to Latin 'nunc' (now) and English 'now'.

G3696

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: HOP-lee-tohn

Translations: of hoplites, of soldiers, of armed men

Notes: This word refers to 'hoplites,' who were heavily armed foot soldiers in ancient Greece. It is used to describe a group or collection of such soldiers, often in the context of their possessions or actions, as indicated by its genitive case.

Inflection: Plural, Genitive, Masculine

Synonyms: ΣΤΡΑΤΙΩΤΩΝ, ΜΑΧΗΤΩΝ

Etymology: The word ΟΠΛΙΤΗΣ (hoplites) is derived from ὅπλον (hoplon), meaning 'armor' or 'weapon.' It refers to a soldier equipped with such armor.

G1722

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: en

Translations: in, on, among, with, by, at

Notes: This word is a common preposition in Koine Greek, primarily meaning 'in' or 'on'. It typically governs the dative case, indicating location, time, or means. Its precise translation can vary depending on the context, often conveying ideas like 'within,' 'among,' or 'by means of'.

Inflection: Does not inflect (as a preposition, it governs cases but does not change its own form).

Etymology: The Koine Greek preposition 'ἘΝ' derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *en, meaning 'in' or 'into'. It has cognates in many other Indo-European languages, reflecting its ancient origin.

G0846

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Part of Speech: Pronoun

Sounds like: ow-TEH

Translations: she, herself, to her, for her, of her, her, it, itself, to it, for it, of it, its, they, them, themselves

Notes: This word is a form of the pronoun 'autos', meaning 'self' or 'same'. It can function as a personal pronoun (he, she, it, they), a reflexive pronoun (himself, herself, itself, themselves), or an intensive pronoun (the very, the same). Its specific meaning depends on its case, number, and gender, and the context of the sentence.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Feminine; or Singular, Dative, Feminine; or Singular, Genitive, Feminine; or Plural, Nominative, Neuter

Etymology: The word 'autos' (from which 'autē' is derived) comes from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ew-to-, a pronominal stem. It is related to other pronouns and demonstratives in various Indo-European languages.

G0236

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: al-LAS

Translations: change, exchange, alter, transform, substitute

Notes: This verb means to change, alter, or exchange something. It can be used to describe a physical transformation, a change in circumstances, or the act of substituting one thing for another. It is often used in the middle voice (ἈΛΛΆΣΣΟΜΑΙ) to mean 'to be changed' or 'to exchange for oneself'.

Inflection: First Person Singular, Imperfect Indicative, Active Voice; or Second Person Singular, Aorist Imperative, Active Voice; or Third Person Singular, Aorist Indicative, Active Voice; or First Person Singular, Aorist Subjunctive, Active Voice; or Second Person Singular, Aorist Subjunctive, Active Voice; or Third Person Singular, Aorist Subjunctive, Active Voice; or First Person Singular, Aorist Optative, Active Voice; or Second Person Singular, Aorist Optative, Active Voice; or Third Person Singular, Aorist Optative, Active Voice; or First Person Singular, Aorist Imperative, Middle Voice; or Second Person Singular, Aorist Imperative, Middle Voice; or Third Person Singular, Aorist Imperative, Middle Voice; or First Person Singular, Aorist Subjunctive, Middle Voice; or Second Person Singular, Aorist Subjunctive, Middle Voice; or Third Person Singular, Aorist Subjunctive, Middle Voice; or First Person Singular, Aorist Optative, Middle Voice; or Second Person Singular, Aorist Optative, Middle Voice; or Third Person Singular, Aorist Optative, Middle Voice.

Synonyms: ΜΕΤΑΒΆΛΛΩ, ΜΕΤΑΤΊΘΗΜΙ

Etymology: From ἌΛΛΟΣ (allos), meaning 'other'. The verb signifies making something 'other' than it was.

G616

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: ah-poh-KLEI-san-tes

Translations: having shut out, having excluded, having locked up, having closed off

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'apokleiō', meaning 'to shut out' or 'to exclude'. It describes an action that has been completed by the subject, indicating that they have performed the act of shutting or excluding. It can be used to describe someone who has closed a door, locked a gate, or prevented someone from entering a place or group.

Inflection: Aorist Active Participle, Nominative, Masculine, Plural

Synonyms: ΚΛΕΙΩ, ΑΠΟΚΛΕΙΩ

G2374

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: thoo-RAS

Translations: of a door, of a gate, doors, gates

Notes: This word refers to a door, gate, or entrance, which is an opening in a wall or fence that allows passage. It can also refer to the opportunity or access provided by such an opening. In a sentence, it would typically be used to indicate the place of entry or exit.

Inflection: Feminine, Genitive Singular or Accusative Plural

Synonyms: ΠΥΛΗ, ΕΙΣΟΔΟΣ

Etymology: The word "ΘΥΡΑ" comes from Proto-Indo-European, referring to a door or gate. It is related to words for door in other Indo-European languages.

G3392

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: mee-AH-n

Translations: to defile, to pollute, to contaminate, to stain

Notes: This word describes the act of making something unclean, impure, or unholy. It can refer to physical defilement, such as staining or polluting, or to moral and spiritual defilement, such as corrupting or profaning. It is often used in a religious context to describe ritual impurity or sin.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΜΟΛΥΝΩ, ΡΥΠΑΙΝΩ, ΒΕΒΗΛΟΩ

Etymology: The word 'μιαίνω' (miainō) is of uncertain origin, possibly pre-Greek. It is related to the concept of defilement and impurity.

G0455

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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: ah-NOIK-san-tes

Translations: having opened, opening, they opened, when they opened

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'ανοίγω' (anoigo), meaning 'to open'. As a participle, it describes an action that has already occurred or is occurring, often functioning adverbially to indicate the circumstances or cause of the main verb's action. It can be translated as 'having opened' or 'when they opened', indicating a completed action by the subject.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Participle, Nominative, Masculine, Plural

G2240

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: HE-kane

Translations: to have come, to be present, to arrive, to come, to be fitting, to pertain to

Notes: This word is the present active infinitive of the verb ἥκω. It describes the state of having arrived and being present, or the action of coming. It can also be used impersonally to mean 'it is fitting' or 'it pertains to' when followed by an infinitive.

Inflection: Present, Active, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ, ΠΑΡΕΙΜΙ, ΦΘΑΝΩ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- 'to follow'. In Greek, it evolved to mean 'to have come' or 'to be present', implying a state of having followed a path to a destination.

G4314

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: PROSS

Translations: to, toward, with, against, for, at, near, by, in relation to

Notes: This is a common and versatile preposition in Koine Greek. It indicates direction, relation, or purpose, and its precise meaning often depends on the case of the noun it governs. For example, with the accusative case, it typically means 'to' or 'toward' (indicating motion or direction), 'against' (indicating opposition), or 'in relation to'. With the genitive case, it can mean 'from' (indicating origin or source) or 'in the presence of'. With the dative case, it can mean 'at' or 'near' (indicating proximity). It is used to express a wide range of relationships between actions, objects, and people.

Inflection: Does not inflect, but governs various cases (accusative, genitive, dative).

Synonyms: ΕΙΣ, ΕΠΙ, ΠΑΡΑ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'forward, toward'. It is related to other words indicating movement or direction.

G0782

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Part of Speech: Participle

Sounds like: as-pa-SO-me-non

Translations: greeting, saluting, embracing, welcoming, a greeting, a saluting

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'ἀσπάζομαι', meaning 'to greet' or 'to salute'. As a participle, it functions like an adjective or adverb, describing an action performed by someone or something. In this form, it indicates an action that is about to happen or is intended to happen, often translated as 'about to greet' or 'one who will greet'. It can be used to describe someone who is in the act of greeting or is preparing to greet.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Neuter, Future, Middle Voice

Synonyms: ΧΑΙΡΕΤΙΖΩ, ΠΡΟΣΚΥΝΕΩ

G1325

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: di-DO-a-sin

Translations: they give, they are giving, they grant, they offer

Notes: This word means 'they give' or 'they are giving'. It describes the action of multiple subjects providing, granting, or offering something. It is used in sentences where a group of people or things are performing the act of giving.

Inflection: Third person plural, Present Indicative, Active Voice

Synonyms: ΠΑΡΕΧΩ, ΧΑΡΙΖΟΜΑΙ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'to give'. It is related to words for giving in many Indo-European languages.

G3696

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: HOP-lee-tays

Translations: to hoplites, for hoplites, to soldiers, for soldiers, hoplites, soldiers

Notes: This word refers to heavily armed foot soldiers, characteristic of ancient Greek warfare. It is a compound word, derived from 'ὅπλον' (hoplon), meaning 'weapon' or 'armor'. In this form, it is used in the dative plural, indicating the indirect object of an action, such as 'to' or 'for' hoplites.

Inflection: Plural, Dative, Masculine

Synonyms: ΣΤΡΑΤΙΩΤΑΙΣ, ΜΑΧΗΤΑΙΣ

Etymology: The word ΟΠΛΙΤΗΣ (hoplites) comes from ὅπλον (hoplon), meaning 'weapon' or 'armor', referring to the heavy armor and shield (hoplon) carried by these soldiers.

G1899

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Part of Speech: Conjunction

Sounds like: eh-pei-DAN

Translations: when, whenever, after, since

Notes: This word is a conjunction used to introduce a temporal clause, meaning 'when' or 'whenever', indicating a point in time or a recurring event. It can also introduce a causal clause, meaning 'since' or 'because'. It is a compound word formed from 'ἐπεί' (epei) meaning 'when, since' and 'ἄν' (an), a particle that often indicates potentiality or indefiniteness.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ὍΤΑΝ, ὍΤΕ, ἘΠΕΙ

Etymology: The word ἘΠΕΙΔΑΝ is a compound of the conjunction ἘΠΕΙ (epei), meaning 'when' or 'since', and the particle ἈΝ (an), which adds a sense of indefiniteness or potentiality to the clause it introduces.

G3440

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Part of Speech: Adverb, Adjective

Sounds like: MO-non

Translations: only, alone, merely, a single, a solitary

Notes: This word can function as an adverb meaning 'only' or 'merely', indicating exclusivity or limitation. It can also be the neuter singular form of the adjective 'ΜΟΝΟΣ', meaning 'alone' or 'solitary', describing something as being by itself or unique. In its adverbial use, it often modifies verbs or clauses to emphasize that something is done exclusively or that a condition applies solely to one thing.

Inflection: Neuter, Singular, Nominative or Accusative (as adjective); Does not inflect (as adverb)

Synonyms: ΜΟΝΩΣ, ΜΟΝΟΓΕΝΗΣ

G1525

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: ice-EL-thain

Translations: to enter, to go in, to come in

Notes: This word is the aorist active infinitive form of the verb 'to enter' or 'to go in'. It describes the action of moving into a place or situation. It is often used to indicate the commencement of an action or the arrival at a destination.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΕἸΣΠΟΡΕΥΟΜΑΙ, ΕἸΣΒΑΙΝΩ

Etymology: The word ΕἸΣΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ is a compound verb formed from the preposition ΕἸΣ (eis), meaning 'into' or 'to', and the verb ΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ (erchomai), meaning 'to come' or 'to go'.

G1439

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eh-AH-sai

Translations: to allow, to permit, to let, to suffer, to give up, to leave alone

Notes: This word is an aorist active infinitive of the verb 'ἐάω' (eao). It means 'to allow,' 'to permit,' or 'to let' something happen. It can also mean 'to suffer' or 'to give up' something, or 'to leave someone or something alone.' It is often used in constructions where one person allows or permits another to do something, or where a situation is allowed to continue.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΑΦΙΗΜΙ, ΣΥΓΧΩΡΕΩ, ΕΠΙΤΡΕΠΩ

Etymology: The verb 'ἐάω' (eao) is of uncertain origin, possibly related to the root *se- meaning 'to send, to throw'.

G0567

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: ah-peerk-SAN-tas

Translations: having restrained, having hindered, having prevented, having kept away, having shut off

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb ἀπείργω, meaning 'to restrain, hinder, prevent, or keep away'. As a participle, it functions like an adjective while retaining verbal characteristics, often indicating an action completed before or at the same time as the main verb. It describes someone or something that has performed the action of restraining or keeping others away.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Participle, Accusative, Masculine, Plural

Synonyms: ΚΩΛΥΩ, ΕΜΠΟΔΙΖΩ, ΑΠΟΚΛΕΙΩ

Etymology: The word ἀπείργω is a compound word formed from the prefix ἀπό (apo), meaning 'from' or 'away from', and the verb εἴργω (eirgo), meaning 'to shut in, shut out, or restrain'.

G1063

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Part of Speech: Particle

Sounds like: gar

Translations: for, because, indeed, then, therefore

Notes: This word is a postpositive particle, meaning it typically appears second in a clause. It introduces a reason, explanation, or confirmation for what has just been stated. It can also indicate a logical consequence or a transition in thought, often translated as 'for' or 'because'. In some contexts, it can simply add emphasis or affirm a statement.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΔΙΟΤΙ, ΕΠΕΙ, ΟΥΝ

Etymology: The particle ΓΑΡ is believed to be a contraction of the particles γε (ge) meaning 'indeed' or 'at least' and ἄρα (ara) meaning 'then' or 'therefore'. It has been in use since ancient Greek.

G3633

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: OH-on-toh

Translations: they thought, they supposed, they believed, they imagined

Notes: This is the third person plural imperfect indicative form of the verb 'οἴομαι' (oiomai), meaning 'to think, suppose, or believe'. It describes an ongoing or repeated action in the past, indicating what a group of people were thinking or supposing at a particular time. It is often used to express an opinion or a belief held by a group.

Inflection: Third Person, Plural, Imperfect, Indicative, Middle/Passive Voice

Synonyms: ΝΟΜΙΖΩ, ἩΓΕΟΜΑΙ, ΔΟΚΕΩ

G1096

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: geh-NEE-ses-thai

Translations: to be, to become, to happen, to come into being, will be, will become, will happen

Notes: This word is the future middle/passive infinitive form of the verb 'γίνομαι' (ginomai). It signifies the action of 'to be,' 'to become,' or 'to happen' in the future. It is often used to express what will occur or come into existence, functioning as the object of another verb or as part of a future-oriented clause.

Inflection: Future, Middle or Passive Voice, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΕΣΕΣΘΑΙ, ΠΟΙΗΣΕΣΘΑΙ

Etymology: The word 'γίνομαι' (ginomai) comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵenh₁-, meaning 'to produce, to beget, to give birth.' It is related to words like 'genesis' in English.

G0846

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Part of Speech: Pronoun

Sounds like: ow-TOYS

Translations: (to) them, (to) themselves, (to) it, (to) him, (to) her

Notes: This word is a dative plural form of the personal/demonstrative pronoun 'ΑΥ̓ΤΟΣ'. It typically means 'to/for them' or 'to/for themselves', depending on the context. It can refer to people or things. When used reflexively, it emphasizes the subject performing an action on or for themselves. It can also be used to refer to 'it', 'him', or 'her' in the dative case when the gender and number are clear from context, though 'them' is its primary plural translation.

Inflection: Dative, Plural, Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter

G5259

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: hoo-po-KHEI-ree-on

Translations: subject, under control, in hand, in one's power, subdued

Notes: This word describes something or someone that is under the control or power of another. It implies being subject to authority or being in a state of submission. It is often used to describe a person, city, or land that has been conquered or brought under dominion.

Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative

Synonyms: ΥΠΟΤΑΚΤΟΣ, ΔΟΥΛΟΣ, ΥΠΗΚΟΟΣ

Etymology: The word Ὑποχείριος (hypocheirios) is a compound word formed from the preposition ὑπό (hypo), meaning 'under', and χείρ (cheir), meaning 'hand'. Thus, it literally means 'under hand', referring to being under someone's control or power.

G5574

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: ep-SEV-sthay-san

Translations: they were deceived, they were lied to, they were disappointed

Notes: This word is a verb in the aorist passive indicative, third person plural. It means that a group of people were subjected to deception or falsehood, or that they experienced disappointment as a result of being misled. It describes an action completed in the past where the subjects were the recipients of the action of being lied to or deceived.

Inflection: Aorist, Passive, Indicative, 3rd Person, Plural

Synonyms: ΑΠΑΤΑΩ, ΠΛΑΝΑΩ

G1680

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: el-PEE-dos

Translations: of hope, of a hope

Notes: This word is the genitive singular form of the noun 'hope'. It refers to an expectation, a confident anticipation, or a trust in something. As a genitive case, it often indicates possession, origin, or the object of an action, hence 'of hope' or 'belonging to hope'. It is commonly used to express the concept of having or lacking hope.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine

Synonyms: ΠΙΣΤΙΣ, ΠΕΠΟΙΘΗΣΙΣ

Etymology: The word 'Ἐλπίς' (elpis) comes from the Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'to hope, to expect'. It is related to the verb 'ἐλπίζω' (elpizō), meaning 'to hope' or 'to expect'.

G1473

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Part of Speech: Pronoun

Sounds like: eh-GOH

Translations: I, me

Notes: ἘΓΩ is the first-person singular personal pronoun in Koine Greek, meaning "I" or "me." It refers to the speaker and functions primarily as the subject of a sentence. While the first-person singular verb ending often makes the pronoun redundant, ἘΓΩ is frequently used for emphasis, similar to saying "I myself" or "even I" in English. It can also be used to clarify the subject when multiple individuals are involved.

Inflection: First Person, Singular, Nominative

Etymology: This word is an ancient pronoun, tracing its origins back to Proto-Indo-European. It has cognates in many Indo-European languages, reflecting a shared linguistic heritage.

G1917

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: eh-pee-boo-LEEHN

Translations: plot, a plot, conspiracy, a conspiracy, ambush, an ambush, treachery, a treachery

Notes: This word refers to a deliberate plan or scheme, often with malicious intent, such as a plot, conspiracy, or treachery. It can also refer to an ambush. It is typically used in contexts where someone is devising a harmful plan against another.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΔΟΛΟΣ, ΕΝΕΔΡΑ, ΣΥΝΩΜΟΣΙΑ

Etymology: The word ἘΠΙΒΟΥΛΗ (epiboulē) is a compound word formed from the preposition ἘΠΙ (epi), meaning 'upon' or 'against', and ΒΟΥΛΗ (boulē), meaning 'counsel' or 'plan'. Thus, it literally means 'a plan against' or 'counsel against'.

G4309

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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: proh-ahee-STHOH-meh-nos

Translations: perceiving beforehand, having perceived beforehand, foreseeing, having foreseen, foreknowing, having foreknown

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'προαισθάνομαι', meaning 'to perceive beforehand' or 'to foresee'. It describes an action of knowing or sensing something before it happens. As a participle, it functions like an adjective or adverb, modifying a noun or verb to indicate that the subject has already performed the action of foreseeing or perceiving in advance.

Inflection: Aorist, Middle Voice, Masculine, Singular, Nominative

Synonyms: ΠΡΟΓΙΝΩΣΚΩ, ΠΡΟΟΡΑΩ

G5613

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Part of Speech: Adverb, Conjunction, Preposition

Sounds like: OHS

Translations: as, like, when, how, about, approximately, that, so that

Notes: ΩΣ is a versatile particle in Koine Greek, primarily functioning as a conjunction or adverb. It is used to introduce comparisons ('as,' 'like'), indicate time ('when'), express manner ('how'), or denote purpose or result ('so that,' 'that'). It can also indicate approximation ('about,' 'approximately') or serve as a preposition meaning 'to' or 'towards' with certain cases.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΩΣΠΕΡ, ΚΑΘΩΣ, ΩΣΑΝΕΙ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is related to demonstrative pronouns and adverbs indicating manner or comparison.

G3854

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: par-eh-geh-NOH-meen

Translations: I came, I arrived, I was present, I appeared

Notes: This word is the first person singular, aorist indicative, middle voice of the verb 'παραγίνομαι' (paraginomai). It means 'I came alongside', 'I arrived', or 'I was present'. It is a compound word formed from the preposition 'παρά' (para), meaning 'beside' or 'alongside', and the verb 'γίνομαι' (ginomai), meaning 'to become' or 'to be'. It describes the action of someone arriving at a place or appearing in a situation.

Inflection: First Person Singular, Aorist, Indicative, Middle Voice

Synonyms: ΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ, ΗΚΩ, ΦΘΑΝΩ

G2647

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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: kah-tah-LOO-sas

Translations: having destroyed, having overthrown, having pulled down, having abolished, having dissolved, having lodged, having broken up, having put an end to, having brought to naught

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'katalyō'. It describes an action that has been completed in the past, indicating someone or something that has performed the action of destroying, overthrowing, dissolving, or bringing to an end. It can also mean to lodge or take lodging, especially in a house or inn, or to break up a journey. The specific meaning depends on the context.

Inflection: Aorist Active Participle, Nominative Masculine Singular

Synonyms: ΑΦΑΝΙΖΩ, ΑΝΑΣΤΑΤΩΝΩ, ΚΑΤΑΡΓΩ

Etymology: The word ΚΑΤΑΛΥΩ is a compound word formed from the preposition ΚΑΤΑ (kata), meaning 'down' or 'against', and the verb ΛΥΩ (lyō), meaning 'to loose', 'to untie', or 'to set free'. Together, they convey the sense of loosening down, breaking down, or dissolving.

G0473

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Part of Speech: Adverb

Sounds like: an-TEE-kroos

Translations: opposite, directly opposite, over against, in front of, face to face

Notes: This word is an adverb meaning "opposite," "directly opposite," or "face to face." It is used to indicate a position or direction that is directly across from something or someone. It can also imply a direct confrontation or encounter.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ἈΠΕΝΑΝΤΙ, ΚΑΤΕΝΑΝΤΙ

Etymology: From ἀντί (anti, "against") and κρύπτω (kruptō, "to hide"), implying a position that is not hidden but directly visible or opposite.

G4624

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: es-KAYP-toh-mehn

Translations: I was leaning upon, I was resting upon, I was resorting to, I was pretending, I was feigning

Notes: This word is the first person singular imperfect middle/passive indicative form of the verb σκήπτω (skēptō). In the middle voice, it means to lean upon, to rest upon, or to resort to something for support or as an excuse. It can also mean to pretend or feign, often with the implication of using something as a pretext.

Inflection: First Person, Singular, Imperfect, Middle or Passive, Indicative

Synonyms: ΠΡΟΣΠΟΙΕΟΜΑΙ, ΠΡΟΣΠΟΙΕΩ

G5274

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Part of Speech: Participle

Sounds like: hoo-po-lam-BAH-non-tes

Translations: supposing, assuming, thinking, taking up, receiving, answering

Notes: This word is a present active participle, meaning 'supposing' or 'assuming'. It describes an ongoing action of taking something to be true or holding a certain opinion. It can also mean 'to take up' or 'to receive' in a physical sense, or 'to answer' in a conversational context. Its meaning often depends on the surrounding context, but it generally conveys the idea of forming an opinion or taking something into consideration.

Inflection: Present, Active, Participle, Masculine, Nominative, Plural

Synonyms: ΝΟΜΙΖΩ, ΟΙΟΜΑΙ, ΔΟΚΕΩ

G3689

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Part of Speech: Adverb

Sounds like: ON-tos

Translations: truly, indeed, really, certainly, actually, in fact

Notes: This word is an adverb meaning 'truly,' 'indeed,' or 'really.' It emphasizes the truth or reality of a statement, often used to affirm something strongly. It can be used to confirm a fact or to express certainty about a situation.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΑΛΗΘΩΣ, ΑΜΗΝ, ΒΕΒΑΙΩΣ

Etymology: From the present participle of the verb ΕΙΜΙ (eimi), meaning 'to be,' combined with the adverbial suffix -ως. It literally means 'beingly' or 'in a manner of being,' thus conveying the sense of reality or truth.

G0373

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: ah-nah-pah-YEH-sthai

Translations: to rest, to refresh, to cease, to give rest, to take rest

Notes: This word means to rest, to cease from labor, or to find refreshment. It can also mean to give rest to someone else. It is often used in the context of physical rest or a cessation of activity.

Inflection: Present, Middle or Passive Voice, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΚΟΠΙΑΩ, ἩΣΥΧΑΖΩ, ΚΑΤΑΠΑΥΩ

Etymology: From the prefix ἀνά (ana), meaning 'up' or 'again', and παύω (pauō), meaning 'to stop' or 'to cease'. Thus, it means 'to cease again' or 'to rest up'.

G2518

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Part of Speech: Participle, Verb

Sounds like: kath-oop-NOH-meh-non

Translations: having fallen asleep, being sound asleep, being asleep

Notes: This word is a perfect passive participle, meaning 'having been put to sleep' or 'having fallen soundly asleep'. It describes a state of deep sleep. It is a compound word formed from the preposition κατά (KATA), meaning 'down' or 'completely', and the verb ὑπνόω (HYPNOO), meaning 'to put to sleep' or 'to sleep'. Thus, it conveys the idea of being completely or soundly asleep.

Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Perfect, Passive, Participle, Nominative or Accusative

Synonyms: ΥΠΝΩΜΕΝΟΝ, ΚΟΙΜΩΜΕΝΟΝ

Etymology: The verb ΚΑΘΥΠΝΟΩ (kathypnoō) is derived from the preposition κατά (kata), meaning 'down' or 'completely', and the verb ὑπνόω (hypnoō), meaning 'to put to sleep' or 'to sleep'. The root ὑπνόω comes from ὕπνος (hypnos), meaning 'sleep'.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: toh

Translations: the

Notes: ΤΟ is the neuter singular form of the definite article 'the' in Koine Greek. It is used to specify a noun, much like 'the' in English. It can function as both the subject (nominative case) or the direct object (accusative case) of a sentence when referring to a neuter singular noun.

Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative

Etymology: The Greek definite article, including ΤΟ, derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. Its forms developed to agree in gender, number, and case with the nouns they modify.

G4128

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: PLAY-thoss

Translations: multitude, a multitude, crowd, a crowd, great number, abundance, a great number

Notes: This word refers to a large number or quantity of people or things. It can be used to describe a crowd of people, a large amount of something, or a general abundance. For example, it might refer to a large gathering of disciples or a great quantity of fish.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative or Accusative, Neuter

Synonyms: ΟΧΛΟΣ, ΠΟΛΥΣ, ΑΓΕΛΗ

Etymology: From the Greek root *pleth-* meaning 'to be full' or 'to fill'. It is related to words indicating fullness or abundance.

G3343

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: meh-tah-PAY-thayn

Translations: to persuade, to change one's mind, to win over, to convince, to prevail upon

Notes: This word is a compound verb formed from the preposition μετά (meta), meaning 'with' or 'after' (implying change), and the verb πείθω (peithō), meaning 'to persuade'. It signifies the act of persuading someone to change their mind or opinion, or to win them over to a different point of view. It implies a successful act of persuasion that results in a shift in the other person's thoughts or actions.

Inflection: Present Active Infinitive

Synonyms: ΠΕΙΘΩ, ΑΝΑΠΕΙΘΩ, ΠΑΡΑΠΕΙΘΩ

Etymology: The word ΜΕΤΑΠΕΙΘΩ is a compound of the Greek preposition ΜΕΤΑ (meta), meaning 'with, after, among, or denoting change', and the verb ΠΕΙΘΩ (peithō), meaning 'to persuade, to trust'. The combination suggests a change in persuasion or a re-persuading.

G4754

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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: strah-tay-GOON-tos

Translations: commanding, leading, being a general, while commanding, (of) one commanding

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'strategéō', meaning 'to be a general' or 'to command an army'. It describes someone who is in the act of leading or commanding. It is often used in a genitive absolute construction to indicate a concurrent action, such as 'while he was commanding' or 'when someone was in command'.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine or Neuter, Present, Active, Participle

Synonyms: ΗΓΟΥΜΕΝΟΣ, ΑΡΧΩΝ, ΚΥΒΕΡΝΩΝ

Etymology: The word 'strategéō' is a compound word formed from 'stratós' (army) and 'ágō' (to lead). Thus, it literally means 'to lead an army'.

G1727

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Part of Speech: Adjective, Noun

Sounds like: TA-nan-TEE-ah

Translations: the opposite things, the adversaries, the opponents

Notes: This word is a crasis (contraction) of the neuter plural definite article ΤΑ (the) and the adjective/noun ἘΝΑΝΤΙΑ (opposite, opposing, adversaries). It refers to things that are opposite or contrary, or to people who are adversaries or opponents. It is used to denote opposition or contradiction.

Inflection: Neuter, Plural, Nominative or Accusative

Synonyms: ἈΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΑ, ἈΝΤΙΔΙΚΟΙ

Etymology: The root word ἘΝΑΝΤΙΟΣ (enantios) comes from ἘΝ (en, 'in') and ἈΝΤΙ (anti, 'against'). It literally means 'in opposition to' or 'facing against'.

G4899

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: soon-EH-peh-sen

Translations: fell, fell down, fell together, collapsed, coincided, happened, occurred

Notes: This is a compound verb formed from the preposition ΣΥΝ (SYN), meaning 'with' or 'together', and the verb ΠΙΠΤΩ (PIPTO), meaning 'to fall'. In its aorist indicative active form, it means 'he/she/it fell together', 'collapsed', or 'coincided'. It can also mean 'to happen' or 'to occur', especially when referring to events falling together in time.

Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Active, Third Person, Singular

Synonyms: ΠΙΠΤΩ, ΓΙΝΟΜΑΙ, ΣΥΜΒΑΙΝΩ

G3708

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Part of Speech: Participle

Sounds like: oph-THEN-tohn

Translations: of having been seen, of having appeared, of those who were seen, of those who appeared

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'to see' or 'to appear'. It describes an action that has already happened (aorist) and is done to the subject (passive voice). It is used to modify a noun or pronoun, indicating that they are the ones who were seen or appeared. For example, it could be used in a phrase like 'the words of those who were seen'.

Inflection: Aorist, Passive, Participle, Genitive, Plural, Masculine or Neuter

Synonyms: ΦΑΝΕΝΤΩΝ, ΔΕΙΧΘΕΝΤΩΝ

G1096

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eh-GEH-neh-toh

Translations: it happened, it came to pass, it became, it was, it came into being

Notes: This word is the third person singular aorist indicative middle/passive of the verb γίνομαι (ginomai). It signifies an event that occurred or a state that came into existence in the past. It is frequently used to introduce a new event or development in a narrative, often translated as 'it happened' or 'it came to pass'. It can also describe something becoming or being made into something else.

Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Middle or Passive Voice, 3rd Person, Singular

Synonyms: ΕΙΜΙ, ΥΠΑΡΧΩ

G3844

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: pah-RAH

Translations: from, by, with, beside, at, near, alongside, to

Notes: This word is a common preposition in Koine Greek. Its meaning changes depending on the case of the noun it governs. With the genitive case, it typically means 'from' or 'from beside', indicating origin or agency. With the dative case, it means 'with', 'beside', or 'at', indicating proximity or presence. With the accusative case, it means 'alongside', 'to', or 'past', indicating motion towards or along something.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΠΡΟΣ, ΕΠΙ, ΥΠΟ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'beside', 'alongside'. It is cognate with English 'for' and 'from'.

G2607

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: kah-tah-MEM-psin

Translations: blame, fault, reproach, accusation, a blame, a fault, a reproach, an accusation

Notes: This word refers to the act of blaming, finding fault, or expressing reproach. It signifies a strong disapproval or an accusation directed at someone or something. It is typically used in contexts where criticism or a sense of grievance is being conveyed.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΜΕΜΨΙΣ, ΕΛΕΓΧΟΣ, ΚΑΤΗΓΟΡΙΑ

Etymology: From the verb καταμέμφομαι (katamemphomai), meaning 'to blame greatly' or 'to find fault with'. This verb is a compound of κατά (kata, 'down, against', intensifying) and μέμφομαι (memphomai, 'to blame, find fault').

G5037

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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Particle

Sounds like: TEH

Translations: and, both, also, even, then, so, indeed

Notes: This word is a postpositive particle, meaning it typically appears after the word it modifies or connects. It functions as a conjunction, often translated as 'and' or 'both...and', connecting words, phrases, or clauses. It can also add emphasis or indicate a consequence, sometimes translated as 'also' or 'even'. When used in pairs (τε...τε or τε...καί), it means 'both...and'. It is less emphatic than 'καί' (kai) and often implies a closer connection or a more natural pairing between the elements it joins.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΚΑΙ, ΔΕ, ΑΛΛΑ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *kʷe, a clitic particle meaning 'and'. It is cognate with Latin -que and Sanskrit ca.

G4160

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eh-POY-oo-NTO

Translations: they were making, they were doing, they were performing, they were producing

Notes: This word is a verb in the imperfect tense, middle or passive voice, and third person plural. It describes an action that was ongoing or repeated in the past, performed by a group of people. In the middle voice, it means 'they were making/doing for themselves' or 'they were causing to be made/done'. In the passive voice, it means 'they were being made/done'. The specific meaning depends on the context.

Inflection: Imperfect, Indicative, Middle or Passive, Third Person Plural

Synonyms: ΠΡΑΤΤΩ, ΕΡΓΑΖΟΜΑΙ

G3754

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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Relative Pronoun

Sounds like: OH-tee

Translations: that, because, for, since, how, what, which

Notes: ΟΤΙ is a versatile word in Koine Greek, primarily functioning as a conjunction meaning 'that', 'because', 'for', or 'since'. It can introduce a clause explaining a reason or consequence, or it can introduce direct speech, similar to how quotation marks function in English. It can also act as a relative pronoun meaning 'what' or 'which'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΔΙΟΤΙ, ΕΠΕΙ, ΓΑΡ

Etymology: The word ΟΤΙ is derived from the neuter accusative singular of the relative pronoun ὅστις (hostis), meaning 'whoever, whatever'. Over time, it evolved to function primarily as a conjunction.

G3918

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: pa-REH-seen

Translations: they are present, they are here, they are at hand, they are near

Notes: This word is a compound verb formed from the prefix 'παρά' (para), meaning 'beside' or 'near,' and the verb 'εἰμί' (eimi), meaning 'to be.' It signifies the state of being present, being at hand, or being near. It is used to indicate that people or things are physically located in a particular place or are available.

Inflection: Present, Indicative, Active, Third Person, Plural

Synonyms: ΕΙΣΙΝ, ΥΠΑΡΧΟΥΣΙΝ

Etymology: The word ΠΑΡΕΙΜΙ is a compound of the preposition ΠΑΡΑ (para), meaning 'beside' or 'near,' and the verb ΕΙΜΙ (eimi), meaning 'to be.'

G3303

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Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction

Sounds like: MEN

Translations: indeed, on the one hand, truly, certainly, but, however

Notes: This word is a particle often used to introduce a clause that is contrasted with a following clause, which is typically introduced by the particle δέ (de). It can indicate a concession, an affirmation, or simply serve to mark a transition in thought. While it often translates as 'indeed' or 'on the one hand,' its precise meaning is highly dependent on context and the presence of a contrasting 'δέ' clause.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΔΕ, ΓΕ, ΚΑΙ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is an ancient particle used to mark emphasis or contrast.

G2556

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Part of Speech: Adjective, Noun

Sounds like: KAH-kon

Translations: evil, bad, harmful, wicked, a bad thing, an evil thing, a wrong, a misfortune, a disaster

Notes: This word describes something that is bad, evil, or harmful. It can refer to moral wickedness, physical harm, or general poor quality. When used as a substantive (like a noun), it refers to an evil thing, a wrong, or a misfortune. It can be used to describe actions, intentions, or conditions.

Inflection: Neuter, Singular, Nominative or Accusative

Synonyms: ΠΟΝΗΡΟΣ, ΦΑΥΛΟΣ, ΑΣΕΒΗΣ

Etymology: The origin of this word is uncertain, but it is thought to be pre-Greek or from an unknown root.

G4253, G3958

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Part of Speech: Participle

Sounds like: pro-pe-PON-tho-tes

Translations: having suffered beforehand, having experienced previously, those who have suffered beforehand, those who have experienced previously

Notes: This is a compound word formed from the prefix 'προ-' (pro-), meaning 'before' or 'previously,' and the verb 'πάσχω' (paschō), meaning 'to suffer' or 'to experience.' Therefore, 'προπεπονθότες' refers to those who have suffered or experienced something in the past, prior to a current event or situation. It describes a state of having undergone something beforehand.

Inflection: Perfect Active Participle, Nominative, Masculine, Plural

G0396

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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: ah-nah-TREP-son-tes

Translations: overthrowing, subverting, overturning, destroying, upsetting, a subverting, an overthrowing

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'ἀνατρέπω', meaning to overthrow, subvert, or turn upside down. It describes an action of causing something to collapse, be ruined, or be completely changed from its original state. It can be used to describe physical destruction or the undermining of beliefs, systems, or order.

Inflection: Future, Active, Masculine, Nominative, Plural

Synonyms: ΚΑΤΑΛΥΩ, ΑΦΑΝΙΖΩ, ΚΑΘΑΙΡΕΩ

Etymology: The word ἀνατρέπω is a compound word formed from the prefix ἀνά (ana), meaning 'up' or 'back', and the verb τρέπω (trepo), meaning 'to turn'. Thus, it literally means 'to turn up' or 'to turn back', leading to the sense of overturning or overthrowing.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: TAH

Translations: the

Notes: ΤΑ is the neuter plural form of the definite article in Koine Greek. It functions similarly to 'the' in English, indicating that a noun is definite or previously mentioned. It agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies, and in this form, it can be used for both nominative (subject) and accusative (direct object) cases.

Inflection: Neuter, Plural, Nominative or Accusative

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is a demonstrative pronoun that evolved into a definite article in Greek.

G1565

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Part of Speech: Pronoun, Adjective

Sounds like: eh-KAY-nohn

Translations: of those, of them, those

Notes: This word is a demonstrative pronoun or adjective, meaning 'that' or 'those'. In this inflected form, it indicates possession or origin, translating to 'of those' or 'of them'. It is used to refer to people or things that are distant in space or time, or to distinguish them from others. For example, it might be used in a phrase like 'the houses of those people' or 'the events of those days'.

Inflection: Plural, Genitive, Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter

Synonyms: ΑΥΤΩΝ, ΤΟΥΤΩΝ

G3853

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: pa-ra-ke-LEH-oo-on-toh

Translations: they exhorted, they encouraged, they urged, they commanded, they advised

Notes: This word is a compound verb meaning to exhort, encourage, urge, or command. It implies giving a strong suggestion or instruction, often with the intent to motivate or direct action. It is used to describe a group of people giving such advice or orders.

Inflection: Imperfect Indicative, Middle/Passive Voice, Third Person Plural

Synonyms: ΠΡΟΤΡΕΠΩ, ΠΑΡΑΚΑΛΕΩ, ΚΕΛΕΥΩ

Etymology: From Ancient Greek παρά (pará, “beside, by”) + κελεύω (keleúō, “to urge, command”). The prefix παρά intensifies the meaning of urging or commanding.

G0565

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: ah-pee-EH-nai

Translations: to go away, to depart, to leave, to go off

Notes: This word is the present active infinitive form of the verb 'ἀπεῖμι', meaning 'to go away' or 'to depart'. It describes the action of moving from one place to another, specifically leaving a location. It can be used in various contexts to indicate a physical departure or a general act of going.

Inflection: Present, Active, Infinitive

Synonyms: ἈΠΕΡΧΕΣΘΑΙ, ἘΞΕΡΧΕΣΘΑΙ, ἈΝΑΧΩΡΕΙΝ

Etymology: The word 'ἀπεῖμι' is a compound verb formed from the prefix 'ἀπό' (apo), meaning 'from' or 'away from', and the verb 'εἶμι' (eimi), meaning 'to go'.

G3361

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Part of Speech: Particle, Adverb

Sounds like: MAY

Translations: not, lest, no, do not

Notes: ΜΗ is a negative particle used in Koine Greek to express a subjective negation. It is typically used with non-indicative moods (like the subjunctive, imperative, infinitive, or participle) to express prohibition, a condition, or a denial of something that is wished for or imagined. For example, it is used in commands like 'do not do this' or in clauses expressing fear or purpose, such as 'lest something happen'. It contrasts with 'οὐ' (ou), which negates objective facts.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ΜΗ comes from Proto-Indo-European. It is an ancient negative particle that has been present in various forms across Indo-European languages.

G0302

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Part of Speech: Particle

Sounds like: AHN

Translations: if, ever, might, would, should

Notes: This word is a particle used to express contingency, possibility, or potentiality. It does not have a direct English equivalent but modifies the meaning of the verb it accompanies, often indicating that an action is dependent on a condition or is hypothetical. It is frequently used with the subjunctive or optative moods to form conditional clauses or express indefinite temporal or relative clauses.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The origin of this particle is uncertain, but it is believed to be an ancient particle in Greek, possibly related to the concept of 'on' or 'up' in some contexts, though its primary function became conditional.

G4218

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Part of Speech: Adverb

Sounds like: PO-teh

Translations: at some time, ever, once, formerly, when, at any time, sometime

Notes: This word is an adverb that indicates a point in time, often indefinite. It can mean 'at some time' or 'ever,' referring to an unspecified past or future moment. It can also mean 'once' or 'formerly' when referring to a past event. In interrogative contexts, it means 'when?'. It is used to ask about or state the timing of an action or event.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΠΟΤΕΡΟΝ, ΠΟΤΕΡΟΣ

Etymology: From the interrogative stem *po- (related to 'who,' 'what') combined with the temporal suffix -te. It refers to an indefinite point in time.

G3343

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: meh-tah-pice-THEE-nai

Translations: to be persuaded, to be convinced, to change one's mind, to be won over

Notes: This word is a compound verb meaning to change one's mind or to be persuaded to think differently. It implies a shift in opinion or belief, often as a result of someone else's influence or argument. It is used to describe a state where someone's initial conviction is altered.

Inflection: Aorist, Passive, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΠΕΙΘΩ, ΜΕΤΑΓΙΓΝΩΣΚΩ

Etymology: This word is a compound of two Greek words: μετά (meta), meaning 'with, after, or change', and πείθω (peithō), meaning 'to persuade'. The combination signifies a change in persuasion or mind.

G4399

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: pros-TAH-tayn

Translations: protector, patron, leader, ruler, a protector, a patron, a leader, a ruler

Notes: This word refers to someone who stands before others, acting as a protector, patron, or leader. It implies a role of guardianship, advocacy, or authority over a group or individual. It is used to describe someone who provides help, support, or guidance.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Masculine

Synonyms: ΒΟΗΘΟΣ, ΚΥΡΙΟΣ, ΑΡΧΩΝ

Etymology: From the verb προΐστημι (proïstēmi), meaning 'to set before, to preside over, to protect'. It combines πρό (pro, 'before') and ἵστημι (histēmi, 'to stand').

G2087

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: EH-teh-ron

Translations: another, other, different, a different thing, an other thing

Notes: This word means 'another' or 'other', emphasizing a difference in kind or quality from something else. It is used to refer to something distinct or different from what has been previously mentioned or implied. For example, it might be used to say 'another person' or 'a different kind of thing'.

Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative

Synonyms: ΑΛΛΟΣ

Etymology: The word ΕΤΕΡΟΣ comes from Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'one of two' or 'the other'. It is related to the English word 'other'.

G2983

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: lah-BANE

Translations: to take, to receive, to get, to seize, to grasp, to obtain

Notes: This word is the aorist active infinitive form of the verb 'λαμβάνω' (lambanō), meaning 'to take' or 'to receive'. As an infinitive, it functions like the English 'to take' or 'to receive', indicating the action itself without specifying a subject or tense, often used after other verbs or prepositions. It can refer to physically taking something, receiving a gift or information, or grasping a concept.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΔΕΧΟΜΑΙ, ΚΟΜΙΖΩ, ΑΙΡΕΩ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *slegh- ('to seize, to take'). In Greek, it developed into 'λαμβάνω', meaning 'to take, to grasp, to receive'.

G518

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Part of Speech: Participle

Sounds like: ah-pang-gel-THEN-tohn

Translations: of those who were reported, of those who were announced, of those who were told, of those who were proclaimed, when these things were reported, when these things were announced

Notes: This word is the aorist passive participle, genitive plural, of the verb ἀπαγγέλλω (apaggellō), meaning 'to report, announce, or tell'. As a participle, it describes an action that has already occurred and often functions adverbially, indicating the time or circumstance of the main verb. In the genitive case, it can be translated as 'of those who were reported' or, more commonly in a genitive absolute construction, 'when these things were reported/announced'.

Inflection: Aorist, Passive, Participle, Genitive, Plural, Masculine, Feminine or Neuter

Synonyms: ἈΝΑΓΓΕΛΛΩ, ἈΓΓΕΛΛΩ, ἘΞΑΓΓΕΛΛΩ

Etymology: The word ἀπαγγέλλω (apaggellō) is a compound word formed from the prefix ἀπό (apo), meaning 'from' or 'away from', and the verb ἀγγέλλω (aggellō), meaning 'to announce' or 'to report'.

G4281

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: pro-el-THAYN

Translations: to go forth, to come forth, to go forward, to come forward, to advance, to proceed

Notes: This word is a compound verb formed from the preposition ΠΡΟ (pro), meaning 'before' or 'forth,' and the verb ΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ (erchomai), meaning 'to come' or 'to go.' As an infinitive, it describes the action of going or coming forth, forward, or in advance. It can be used to indicate movement towards a place, progression in time, or the act of appearing publicly.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΕΞΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ, ΠΡΟΒΑΙΝΩ, ΠΟΡΕΥΟΜΑΙ

Etymology: The word ΠΡΟΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ is a compound of the preposition ΠΡΟ (pro), meaning 'before, forth,' and the verb ΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ (erchomai), meaning 'to come, to go.' The verb ΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ is derived from an ancient Indo-European root meaning 'to move' or 'to go.'

G3756

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Part of Speech: Adverb, Particle

Sounds like: OOK

Translations: not, no

Notes: This word is a negative particle used to express absolute negation. It typically precedes verbs, adjectives, or adverbs to deny or contradict a statement. It is used when the negation is a statement of fact, as opposed to a hypothetical or willed negation. It has variant forms like οὐ (ou) before a consonant and οὐχ (ouch) before a rough breathing.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΜΉ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'not'. It is an ancient negative particle found in various Indo-European languages.

G2597

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: kah-TEH-by-non

Translations: was going down, were going down, descended, came down

Notes: This is a compound verb formed from the preposition ΚΑΤΑ (down) and the verb ΒΑΙΝΩ (to go). It means to go down, descend, or come down from a higher place to a lower one. It is used to describe movement downwards, whether literally, such as descending a mountain, or figuratively, such as coming down from a position of authority.

Inflection: Imperfect Indicative, Active, Third Person Plural

Synonyms: ΚΑΤΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ, ΚΑΤΙΣΧΥΩ

Etymology: The word ΚΑΤΑΒΑΙΝΩ is a compound of the preposition ΚΑΤΑ (kata), meaning 'down' or 'against', and the verb ΒΑΙΝΩ (bainō), meaning 'to go' or 'to step'. The combination signifies movement in a downward direction.

G0846

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Part of Speech: Pronoun, Adjective

Sounds like: ow-TOS

Translations: he, she, it, they, him, her, it, them, himself, herself, itself, themselves, same, very

Notes: ΑΥ̓ΤΟΣ is a versatile word in Koine Greek. As a third-person pronoun, it translates to 'he, she, it' or 'they' in the nominative case, and 'him, her, it' or 'them' in other cases. When used intensively, often in the nominative or immediately following the noun, it means 'himself, herself, itself, themselves' or 'even, very'. When used as an adjective with the definite article (e.g., 'ὁ αὐτὸς'), it means 'the same'. Its meaning depends on its grammatical function and position in the sentence.

Inflection: Singular or Plural, Nominative, Genitive, Dative, or Accusative, Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter

Synonyms: ΟΥ̓ΤΟΣ, ἘΚΕΙΝΟΣ

Etymology: The word ΑΥ̓ΤΟΣ is of uncertain origin, possibly from a pronominal stem *au- or *aw-.

G5101

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Part of Speech: Pronoun, Adjective

Sounds like: TEE

Translations: what, why, what kind of, how much, something, anything, a certain thing

Notes: This word is the neuter singular form of the interrogative/indefinite pronoun 'τίς'. It can be used to ask 'what?' or 'why?', or to refer to 'something' or 'anything' in an indefinite sense. When used as an adjective, it means 'what kind of' or 'how much'.

Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative

Etymology: The word 'ΤΙ' originates from Proto-Indo-European, serving as the neuter singular form of the interrogative/indefinite pronoun.

G0191

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Part of Speech: Participle

Sounds like: ah-koo-SOH-meh-nos

Translations: about to hear, going to hear, who will hear

Notes: This word is a future participle derived from the verb 'to hear'. It describes someone who is 'about to hear' or 'going to hear' something. It functions like an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun, indicating an action that is imminent or intended in the future. For example, it could be used in a phrase like 'the man about to hear the news'.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine, Future, Middle/Passive

Synonyms: ΜΕΛΛΩΝ, ΠΡΟΣΔΟΚΩΝ

G4281

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: pro-el-THON-tos

Translations: having gone forth, of having gone forward, of having come forward, of having advanced

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'proerchomai', meaning 'to go before', 'to go forth', 'to go forward', or 'to advance'. It describes an action that has already taken place, indicating movement or progression. It is often used to describe someone or something that has moved into a particular position or state.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Participle, Singular, Genitive, Masculine or Neuter

Synonyms: ΠΡΟΒΑΙΝΩ, ΠΡΟΧΩΡΕΩ, ΠΡΟΠΟΡΕΥΟΜΑΙ

Etymology: The word ΠΡΟΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ is a compound word formed from the preposition ΠΡΟ (pro), meaning 'before' or 'forward', and the verb ΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ (erchomai), meaning 'to come' or 'to go'.

G3588, G3778

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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Demonstrative Pronoun, Particle

Sounds like: too

Translations: of the, of him, of it, of this, to, in order to

Notes: This word is a form of the definite article 'the' or a demonstrative pronoun 'this/that'. It is most commonly used to indicate possession or relationship, translating as 'of the' or 'of him/it'. It can also be used before an infinitive verb to express purpose, meaning 'to' or 'in order to'.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine or Neuter

Etymology: The word 'Ο' (ho), from which 'ΤΟΥ' is derived, comes from Proto-Indo-European. It is an ancient word that has evolved to serve various grammatical functions in Greek.

G4128

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: PLAY-thooss

Translations: of a multitude, of a crowd, of a great number, of a throng, of a quantity, of a great amount, of a fullness, of a great company

Notes: This word refers to a large number or quantity of people or things, a multitude, or a crowd. It can also denote a great amount or fullness. It is used to describe a large gathering of people or a significant quantity of something.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Neuter

Synonyms: ΟΧΛΟΣ, ΠΟΛΥΣ, ΠΛΗΡΩΜΑ

Etymology: From the root *pleth-, related to the idea of being full or abundant. It is connected to the Proto-Indo-European root *pleh₁- meaning 'to fill'.

G3326

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Part of Speech: Preposition, Adverb

Sounds like: MEH-tah

Translations: with, after, among, behind, by, in company with, in pursuit of, according to

Notes: This word is a preposition that can also function as an adverb. Its meaning varies depending on the case of the noun it governs. When used with the genitive case, it typically means 'with' or 'in company with'. When used with the accusative case, it usually means 'after' or 'behind' (indicating sequence or pursuit). It can also denote a change of state or position.

Inflection: Does not inflect (as a preposition, it governs cases)

Synonyms: ΣΥΝ, ΕΠΙ, ΠΡΟΣ

Etymology: The word 'μετά' (meta) comes from Proto-Indo-European *met- 'in the middle, among, with'. It is related to English 'mid' and 'middle'.

G5485

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: KHA-rin

Translations: grace, favor, kindness, thanks, a grace, a favor, a kindness, a thanks

Notes: This word refers to grace, favor, or kindness, often implying a divine or unmerited gift. It can also mean thanks or gratitude. In its accusative form, as seen in ΧΑΡΙΝ, it often functions as the direct object of a verb, such as 'to find favor' or 'to give thanks'. It can also be used in adverbial phrases meaning 'for the sake of' or 'on account of'.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΕΥΝΟΙΑ, ΔΩΡΟΝ, ΕΥΧΑΡΙΣΤΙΑ

Etymology: The word ΧΑΡΙΣ (charis) comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰer- meaning 'to desire, to like'. It is related to words signifying joy, delight, and goodwill.

G3670

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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: ho-mo-lo-GOON-tohn

Translations: confessing, acknowledging, professing, agreeing, admitting

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'homologeo'. It describes an action of confessing, acknowledging, or agreeing. It is often used to indicate someone who is in the act of making a declaration or admission, or who is in agreement with something. It can function adjectivally, describing a noun, or adverbially, describing a verb.

Inflection: Present, Active, Participle, Genitive, Plural, Masculine or Neuter

Synonyms: ΕΞΟΜΟΛΟΓΕΩ, ΣΥΜΦΩΝΕΩ, ΟΜΟΦΩΝΕΩ

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Pronoun

Sounds like: TAY

Translations: to the, for the, by the, with the, in the, who, which

Notes: This word is the dative singular feminine form of the definite article, meaning 'to the', 'for the', 'by the', 'with the', or 'in the' when used with a feminine noun in the dative case. It can also function as a relative pronoun, meaning 'who' or 'which', referring to a feminine antecedent. It is used to specify a particular feminine noun or to introduce a relative clause.

Inflection: Singular, Dative, Feminine

Etymology: The Greek definite article derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. It developed from an earlier demonstrative pronoun in Ancient Greek.

G4755

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: strah-tay-GHEE-ah

Translations: strategy, generalship, military command, office of a general, a strategy

Notes: This word refers to the office, rank, or function of a military general (strategos). It can also denote the art or science of military command, or a specific plan or maneuver used in warfare or leadership. It describes the overall direction and planning of military operations or, more broadly, any large-scale plan to achieve a goal.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΑΡΧΗ, ΗΓΕΜΟΝΙΑ

Etymology: The word ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΙΑ is derived from the Greek word ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΣ (strategos), meaning 'general' or 'commander'. This, in turn, comes from ΣΤΡΑΤΟΣ (stratos), meaning 'army', and ΑΓΩ (ago), meaning 'to lead'.

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The Life of Flavius Josephus, Chapter 48

Interlinear version from Life of Flavius Josephus, The (Beta)

48:246

48:247

48:248

48:249

48:250

48:251

This interlinear database is in beta