The Life of Flavius Josephus Chapter 72, Interlinear version from Life of Flavius Josephus, The (Beta)

Notes: ΩΣ is a versatile particle in Koine Greek, primarily functioning as a conjunction or adverb. It is used to introduce comparisons ('as,' 'like'), indicate time ('when'), express manner ('how'), or denote purpose or result ('so that,' 'that'). It can also indicate approximation ('about,' 'approximately') or serve as a preposition meaning 'to' or 'towards' with certain cases.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΩΣΠΕΡ, ΚΑΘΩΣ, ΩΣΑΝΕΙ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is related to demonstrative pronouns and adverbs indicating manner or comparison.

G4441

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eh-PYOO-tho-main

Translations: I learned, I inquired, I heard, I ascertained

Notes: This is a verb meaning to learn by inquiry, to ascertain, or to hear. It is often used to describe gaining knowledge through asking questions or receiving information. It is a deponent verb, meaning it has a passive form but an active meaning. In this specific form, it indicates an action completed in the past.

Inflection: First Person Singular, Aorist, Indicative, Middle/Passive Deponent

Synonyms: ΜΑΝΘΑΝΩ, ΑΚΟΥΩ, ΓΙΝΩΣΚΩ

Etymology: The word πυνθάνομαι (punthanomai) comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰewdʰ- meaning 'to be awake, to perceive'. It is related to words signifying 'to learn' or 'to inquire'.

G1473

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Part of Speech: Pronoun

Sounds like: eh-GOH

Translations: I, me

Notes: ἘΓΩ is the first-person singular personal pronoun in Koine Greek, meaning "I" or "me." It refers to the speaker and functions primarily as the subject of a sentence. While the first-person singular verb ending often makes the pronoun redundant, ἘΓΩ is frequently used for emphasis, similar to saying "I myself" or "even I" in English. It can also be used to clarify the subject when multiple individuals are involved.

Inflection: First Person, Singular, Nominative

Etymology: This word is an ancient pronoun, tracing its origins back to Proto-Indo-European. It has cognates in many Indo-European languages, reflecting a shared linguistic heritage.

G3992

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: PEM-poh

Translations: send, dispatch, send forth, send away, send off

Notes: This verb means to send, dispatch, or send forth. It is commonly used to describe the act of causing someone or something to go from one place to another, often with a specific purpose or message. It can be used in various contexts, such as sending a person on a mission, sending a letter, or sending a gift.

Inflection: Present, Active, Indicative, First Person Singular

Synonyms: ΑΠΟΣΤΕΛΛΩ, ΕΞΑΠΟΣΤΕΛΛΩ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *pempeh₂- (to send, to lead). It is related to Latin pompa (procession) and English pump (as in a pump for water, though the connection is indirect).

G1365

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Part of Speech: Numeral

Sounds like: diss-KHEE-lee-oos

Translations: two thousand

Notes: This word means 'two thousand'. It is a compound word formed from 'δύο' (two) and 'χίλιοι' (thousand). It is used to indicate a quantity of two thousand units of something. For example, it could be used in a sentence like 'two thousand men' or 'two thousand years'.

Inflection: Accusative, Plural, Masculine or Feminine or Neuter

Etymology: The word ΔΙΣΧΙΛΙΟΙ is a compound of δύο (dyo), meaning 'two', and χίλιοι (chilioi), meaning 'thousand'. It is a direct combination of these two numerical terms.

G3697

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: OP-lee-tas

Translations: hoplite, a hoplite, heavy-armed soldier, a heavy-armed soldier

Notes: An hoplite was a heavily armed foot soldier in ancient Greece. They were typically equipped with a large round shield (hoplon), a spear, and a sword. Hoplites fought in a phalanx formation, a tightly packed rectangular unit.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine

Synonyms: ΣΤΡΑΤΙΩΤΗΣ, ΜΑΧΗΤΗΣ

Etymology: From the Greek word ὅπλον (hoplon), meaning 'weapon' or 'armor', referring to the shield carried by these soldiers.

G2532

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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Adverb

Sounds like: kahee

Translations: and, also, even, but, then

Notes: ΚΑΙ is a very common conjunction in Koine Greek, primarily meaning 'and' to connect words, phrases, or clauses. It can also function as an adverb, emphasizing a word or phrase with meanings like 'also' or 'even'. In some contexts, it can introduce a contrast, similar to 'but', or indicate sequence, meaning 'then'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ΚΑΙ is an ancient particle, tracing its origins back to Proto-Indo-European. It has remained remarkably stable in form and function throughout the history of the Greek language.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Pronoun, Interjection

Sounds like: OY

Translations: the, who, they, oh

Notes: ΟΙ is primarily the masculine plural nominative form of the definite article, meaning 'the'. It is used to specify a group of masculine nouns that are the subject of a sentence. It can also function as a demonstrative pronoun, meaning 'these' or 'they', referring to a group of people or things previously mentioned. Less commonly, it can be an interjection, similar to 'oh' or 'alas'.

Inflection: Masculine, Plural, Nominative

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, related to demonstrative pronouns and articles in other Indo-European languages.

G5482

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: kha-RA-ka

Translations: palisade, a palisade, rampart, a rampart, stake, a stake, entrenchment, an entrenchment, camp, a camp

Notes: This word refers to a pointed stake, a palisade, or a rampart, often used in military contexts to describe a fortified enclosure or a siege work. It can also refer to the entire fortified camp or entrenchment itself. It is typically used to describe a physical barrier or defensive structure.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Masculine

Synonyms: ΤΕΙΧΟΣ, ΦΡΟΥΡΙΟΝ, ΟΧΥΡΩΜΑ

Etymology: The word ΧΑΡΑΞ (charax) is derived from the verb χαράσσω (charassō), meaning 'to sharpen, to engrave, to fortify with a palisade'. It refers to something pointed or sharpened, hence a stake or palisade.

G5087

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Part of Speech: Verb (Participle)

Sounds like: THEN-tes

Translations: having placed, having put, having set, placing, putting, setting

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'ΤΙΘΗΜΙ', meaning 'to place, put, or set'. As a participle, it functions like an adjective while retaining verbal characteristics, indicating an action that has been completed or is ongoing, depending on the context. It describes someone or something that has performed the action of placing or setting.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Participle, Nominative, Masculine, Plural

Synonyms: ΙΣΤΗΜΙ, ΚΕΙΜΑΙ

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: THAYS

Translations: of the

Notes: ΤΗΣ is the genitive, singular, feminine form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to indicate possession, origin, or relationship for feminine singular nouns. For example, 'the house of the woman' would use ΤΗΣ for 'of the woman'. It functions similarly to 'of the' in English.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine

Etymology: The Greek definite article 'Ο' (of which ΤΗΣ is an inflection) derives from a Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronoun root. It evolved to function as a definite article in ancient Greek, marking nouns as specific or previously mentioned.

G4139

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Part of Speech: Adverb, Noun

Sounds like: PLAY-see-on

Translations: near, nearby, neighbor, a neighbor, one's neighbor

Notes: This word primarily functions as an adverb meaning 'near' or 'nearby', indicating proximity in space or time. It can also be used substantively as a noun, typically in the neuter singular, to refer to 'one's neighbor' or 'the person next to you'. When used as a noun, it often refers to a fellow human being, emphasizing a relationship of proximity or community.

Inflection: Does not inflect (as an adverb); Neuter, Singular (when used substantively as a noun)

Synonyms: ΕΓΓΥΣ, ΠΑΡΑΠΛΗΣΙΟΝ

G3588, G3778

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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Demonstrative Pronoun, Particle

Sounds like: too

Translations: of the, of him, of it, of this, to, in order to

Notes: This word is a form of the definite article 'the' or a demonstrative pronoun 'this/that'. It is most commonly used to indicate possession or relationship, translating as 'of the' or 'of him/it'. It can also be used before an infinitive verb to express purpose, meaning 'to' or 'in order to'.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine or Neuter

Etymology: The word 'Ο' (ho), from which 'ΤΟΥ' is derived, comes from Proto-Indo-European. It is an ancient word that has evolved to serve various grammatical functions in Greek.

G4119

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Part of Speech: Adjective, Adverb

Sounds like: PLEH-on

Translations: more, a greater amount, a greater number, further, moreover, besides

Notes: This word signifies 'more' or 'greater' and can function as both an adjective and an adverb. As an adjective, it describes a larger quantity or degree of something. As an adverb, it indicates an increase in action or extent, often translated as 'further' or 'moreover'. It is the neuter singular form of the adjective 'πλέων'.

Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative (as an adjective); Does not inflect (as an adverb)

Synonyms: ΠΕΡΙΣΣΟΤΕΡΟΝ, ΜΑΛΛΟΝ

Etymology: The word 'πλέων' (pleōn) comes from the Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'to fill' or 'full'. It is related to words signifying abundance or completion.

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: ak-roh-boh-lis-MON

Translations: of skirmishes, of light engagements, of preliminary engagements

Notes: This word refers to the act of skirmishing or engaging in light, preliminary combat. It describes a minor engagement between small groups of soldiers, often before a main battle, or a series of such engagements. It's a compound word derived from 'ἄκρος' (akros, meaning 'highest' or 'extreme') and 'βολισμός' (bolismos, meaning 'a throwing' or 'a casting').

Inflection: Plural, Genitive, Masculine

Synonyms: ΠΡΟΜΑΧΙΑΙ, ΠΡΟΒΟΛΑΙ

Etymology: The word ἈΚΡΟΒΟΛΙΣΜΟΣ is a compound of ἄκρος (akros), meaning 'highest' or 'extreme', and βολισμός (bolismos), meaning 'a throwing' or 'a casting'. It refers to the 'throwing at the extreme' or 'throwing at the edge', hence a skirmish or light engagement at the fringes of a battle.

G3360

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Part of Speech: Preposition, Adverb, Conjunction

Sounds like: MEKH-ree

Translations: until, up to, as far as, even to, while, during

Notes: This word indicates a point in time or space that is reached, meaning 'until' or 'up to'. As a preposition, it takes the genitive case and specifies the limit of an action or state. As an adverb, it can modify verbs or clauses, indicating duration or extent. As a conjunction, it introduces a temporal clause, meaning 'while' or 'until'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΕΩΣ, ΑΧΡΙ

Etymology: From an assumed base *mekh-, perhaps related to μέγας (megas, “great”) or μήκος (mēkos, “length”). It denotes a limit or extent.

G4757

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: strah-tee-OH-tahs

Translations: soldiers

Notes: This word refers to a soldier, a member of an army or military force. It is typically used to describe individuals who serve in a military capacity, often in a group. In a sentence, it would function as the object of a verb or preposition, indicating the recipients of an action or the subject of a description.

Inflection: Plural, Accusative, Masculine

Synonyms: ΣΤΡΑΤΕΥΜΑ, ΣΤΡΑΤΟΣ

Etymology: The word στρατιώτης (stratiōtēs) comes from στρατιά (stratia), meaning 'army' or 'military service', which itself is derived from στρατός (stratos), meaning 'army' or 'encampment'.

G0846

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Part of Speech: Pronoun, Adjective

Sounds like: ow-TOS

Translations: he, she, it, they, him, her, it, them, himself, herself, itself, themselves, same, very

Notes: ΑΥ̓ΤΟΣ is a versatile word in Koine Greek. As a third-person pronoun, it translates to 'he, she, it' or 'they' in the nominative case, and 'him, her, it' or 'them' in other cases. When used intensively, often in the nominative or immediately following the noun, it means 'himself, herself, itself, themselves' or 'even, very'. When used as an adjective with the definite article (e.g., 'ὁ αὐτὸς'), it means 'the same'. Its meaning depends on its grammatical function and position in the sentence.

Inflection: Singular or Plural, Nominative, Genitive, Dative, or Accusative, Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter

Synonyms: ΟΥ̓ΤΟΣ, ἘΚΕΙΝΟΣ

Etymology: The word ΑΥ̓ΤΟΣ is of uncertain origin, possibly from a pronominal stem *au- or *aw-.

G0353

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Part of Speech: Verb (Participle)

Sounds like: ah-nah-lah-BOHN

Translations: taking up, having taken up, receiving, assuming, picking up, restoring

Notes: This word is the aorist active participle of the verb ἀναλαμβάνω. It is a compound word formed from ἀνά (ana, meaning 'up' or 'again') and λαμβάνω (lambanō, meaning 'to take' or 'to receive'). It generally means to take up, pick up, or receive something, often implying an action of lifting or resuming. It can also mean to assume a role or to restore something.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Participle, Masculine, Singular, Nominative

Synonyms: ΛΑΜΒΑΝΩ, ΔΕΧΟΜΑΙ, ΑΙΡΩ

G2240

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: EE-kon

Translations: they came, they had come, they arrived, they had arrived

Notes: This word is the third person plural imperfect or aorist indicative form of the verb ἥκω (hēkō), meaning 'to come' or 'to arrive'. It describes an action of coming or arriving that occurred in the past, either as a continuous action (imperfect) or a completed action (aorist). It is used to indicate that a group of people or things came to a certain place or state.

Inflection: Third Person, Plural, Indicative, Imperfect or Aorist

Synonyms: ΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ, ΓΙΝΟΜΑΙ

Etymology: The verb ἥκω (hēkō) is of uncertain origin, possibly related to ἵκω (hikō), meaning 'to come'.

G4314

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: PROSS

Translations: to, toward, with, against, for, at, near, by, in relation to

Notes: This is a common and versatile preposition in Koine Greek. It indicates direction, relation, or purpose, and its precise meaning often depends on the case of the noun it governs. For example, with the accusative case, it typically means 'to' or 'toward' (indicating motion or direction), 'against' (indicating opposition), or 'in relation to'. With the genitive case, it can mean 'from' (indicating origin or source) or 'in the presence of'. With the dative case, it can mean 'at' or 'near' (indicating proximity). It is used to express a wide range of relationships between actions, objects, and people.

Inflection: Does not inflect, but governs various cases (accusative, genitive, dative).

Synonyms: ΕΙΣ, ΕΠΙ, ΠΑΡΑ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'forward, toward'. It is related to other words indicating movement or direction.

G2596

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: KAH-tah

Translations: down, according to, against, throughout, by, during, concerning, along

Notes: ΚΑΤΑ is a versatile preposition in Koine Greek. Its meaning varies significantly depending on the case of the noun it governs. When used with the genitive case, it often indicates movement 'down from,' opposition 'against,' or reference 'concerning' something. When used with the accusative case, it typically means 'down along,' 'according to,' 'throughout,' 'during,' or 'by' means of something. It can express direction, distribution, opposition, or a standard.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΠΡΟΣ, ΑΝΤΙ, ΔΙΑ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *kmtá, meaning 'down, with'. It is related to other prepositions and adverbs in various Indo-European languages.

G1161

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Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction

Sounds like: DEH

Translations: but, and, now, then, moreover, however

Notes: ΔΕ is a common Koine Greek particle or conjunction used to connect clauses or sentences. It often indicates a transition, a contrast, or a continuation of thought. It can be translated in various ways depending on the context, such as 'but' when indicating opposition, 'and' when simply continuing a narrative, or 'now'/'then' when marking a new point or development.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΚΑΙ, ΑΛΛΑ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'and' or 'but'. It is an ancient particle used to connect ideas or introduce new information.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: TANE

Translations: the

Notes: ΤΗΝ is the feminine singular accusative form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to specify a noun that is feminine in gender, singular in number, and in the accusative case, indicating it is the direct object of a verb or the object of certain prepositions. For example, it would be used before a feminine singular noun like 'πόλιν' (city) when 'city' is the direct object.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine

Etymology: The Koine Greek definite article derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. It evolved from an earlier demonstrative particle, becoming a grammatical marker for definiteness.

G1904

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eh-pee-OO-san

Translations: following, next, coming, approaching, a following, a next

Notes: This word is the feminine accusative singular form of the present active participle of the verb 'epieimi', meaning 'to go upon' or 'to come upon'. In context, it often refers to something that is 'following', 'next', or 'approaching', such as the 'following day' or 'next night'. It describes something that is imminent or occurring immediately after something else.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine, Present Active Participle

Synonyms: ΕΡΧΟΜΕΝΗΝ, ΜΕΛΛΟΥΣΑΝ

Etymology: The word 'epieimi' is a compound word formed from the preposition 'epi' (upon, to, over) and the verb 'eimi' (to go, to come).

G1722

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: en

Translations: in, on, among, with, by, at

Notes: This word is a common preposition in Koine Greek, primarily meaning 'in' or 'on'. It typically governs the dative case, indicating location, time, or means. Its precise translation can vary depending on the context, often conveying ideas like 'within,' 'among,' or 'by means of'.

Inflection: Does not inflect (as a preposition, it governs cases but does not change its own form).

Etymology: The Koine Greek preposition 'ἘΝ' derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *en, meaning 'in' or 'into'. It has cognates in many other Indo-European languages, reflecting its ancient origin.

G5100

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Part of Speech: Pronoun

Sounds like: TEE-nee

Translations: to/for someone, to/for something, by someone, by something, with someone, with something, in what, to what, by what, a certain one, a certain thing, (to) what, (to) whom, (to) which

Notes: ΤΙΝΙ is the dative singular form of the indefinite and interrogative pronoun ΤΙΣ. As an indefinite pronoun, it means 'someone,' 'something,' 'a certain one,' or 'a certain thing,' indicating an unspecified person or object. As an interrogative pronoun, it means 'to whom,' 'to what,' 'by whom,' or 'by what,' asking about the recipient or agent of an action. Its meaning depends on the context, often indicating an indirect object or an instrument.

Inflection: Singular, Dative, All genders

Synonyms: ΤΙΣ, ΟΣΤΙΣ

G5327

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: fah-rang-GEE

Translations: to a ravine, in a ravine, to a valley, in a valley, a ravine, a valley, ravine, valley, gorge

Notes: This word refers to a deep valley, gorge, or ravine. It is often used to describe a natural geographical feature, such as a wadi or a chasm. In the provided context, it appears in the dative case, indicating location ('in the ravine') or direction ('to the ravine').

Inflection: Singular, Dative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΧΑΡΑΔΡΑ, ΚΟΙΛΑΔΑ

Etymology: The word ΦΑΡΑΓΞ (pharagx) is of uncertain origin, possibly pre-Greek. It refers to a chasm or ravine.

G2523

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: kah-THEE-sas

Translations: having sat down, having taken a seat, having caused to sit, having appointed

Notes: This word is an aorist active participle of the verb 'καθίζω'. It describes an action of sitting down or causing someone to sit down that has been completed. It can also mean to settle, reside, or appoint someone to a position. As a participle, it functions like an adjective or adverb, modifying a noun or verb and indicating a completed action.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Participle, Nominative, Masculine, Singular

Synonyms: ΚΑΘΗΜΑΙ, ΕΔΡΑΖΩ

G3756

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Part of Speech: Adverb, Particle

Sounds like: OOK

Translations: not, no

Notes: This word is a negative particle used to express absolute negation. It typically precedes verbs, adjectives, or adverbs to deny or contradict a statement. It is used when the negation is a statement of fact, as opposed to a hypothetical or willed negation. It has variant forms like οὐ (ou) before a consonant and οὐχ (ouch) before a rough breathing.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΜΉ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'not'. It is an ancient negative particle found in various Indo-European languages.

G4291

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: pro-eh-ka-LOO-meen

Translations: I was challenging, I was provoking, I was calling forth, I was inviting

Notes: This word is a verb meaning 'to challenge,' 'to provoke,' 'to call forth,' or 'to invite.' It describes an action that was ongoing or repeated in the past, where the subject was actively engaging someone in a contest, a fight, or a discussion. It implies an initiative taken by the subject to elicit a response or action from another party.

Inflection: First Person, Singular, Imperfect, Indicative, Middle Voice

Synonyms: ΚΑΛΕΩ, ΠΑΡΑΚΑΛΕΩ, ΕΚΚΑΛΕΩ

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Demonstrative Pronoun

Sounds like: TOOS

Translations: the, them, those

Notes: ΤΟΥΣ is the masculine plural accusative form of the definite article or demonstrative pronoun 'ὁ'. As an article, it functions like 'the' in English, specifying a noun that is already known or has been previously mentioned. As a pronoun, it means 'them' or 'those', referring to a group of masculine individuals or things in the accusative case, indicating they are the direct object of a verb or the object of a preposition.

Inflection: Plural, Accusative, Masculine

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *so- (demonstrative pronoun).

G0937

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: bah-see-lee-KOOS

Translations: royal, kingly, of the king, imperial

Notes: This word describes something belonging to a king, characteristic of a king, or pertaining to a kingdom. It is used to indicate a connection to royalty or the monarchy. For example, it can refer to royal property, royal officials, or royal decrees. In the provided context, it appears to be used substantively, referring to 'royal ones' or 'royal people/things'.

Inflection: Plural, Accusative, Masculine

Synonyms: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΟΣ, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ

Etymology: The word ΒΑΣΙΛΙΚΟΣ (basilikos) is derived from the noun ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ (basileus), meaning 'king'. It signifies 'of a king' or 'royal'.

G1519

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: EES

Translations: into, to, for, unto, among, in, toward

Notes: This word is a preposition that primarily indicates motion towards or into something. It is always used with the accusative case, showing the destination or goal of an action. It can also express purpose, result, or the object of an action. For example, it is used to say 'go into the city' or 'believe into Christ'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ΕἸΣ comes from Proto-Indo-European *en-s, which is a locative adverb meaning 'in, into'. It is related to the English word 'in'.

G3867

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: pah-rah-ee-NEH-sas

Translations: having exhorted, having advised, having encouraged, having admonished

Notes: This word is an aorist active participle derived from the verb 'παραινέω' (paraineō), meaning 'to exhort, advise, or encourage'. As a participle, it functions like an adjective or adverb, describing an action completed in the past by the subject. It indicates that someone has given advice or encouragement.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Participle, Masculine, Nominative, Singular

Synonyms: ΝΟΥΘΕΤΕΩ, ΣΥΜΒΟΥΛΕΥΩ, ΠΑΡΑΚΑΛΕΩ

G3326

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Part of Speech: Preposition, Adverb

Sounds like: MEH-tah

Translations: with, after, among, behind, by, in company with, in pursuit of, according to

Notes: This word is a preposition that can also function as an adverb. Its meaning varies depending on the case of the noun it governs. When used with the genitive case, it typically means 'with' or 'in company with'. When used with the accusative case, it usually means 'after' or 'behind' (indicating sequence or pursuit). It can also denote a change of state or position.

Inflection: Does not inflect (as a preposition, it governs cases)

Synonyms: ΣΥΝ, ΕΠΙ, ΠΡΟΣ

Etymology: The word 'μετά' (meta) comes from Proto-Indo-European *met- 'in the middle, among, with'. It is related to English 'mid' and 'middle'.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: TAH

Translations: the

Notes: ΤΑ is the neuter plural form of the definite article in Koine Greek. It functions similarly to 'the' in English, indicating that a noun is definite or previously mentioned. It agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies, and in this form, it can be used for both nominative (subject) and accusative (direct object) cases.

Inflection: Neuter, Plural, Nominative or Accusative

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is a demonstrative pronoun that evolved into a definite article in Greek.

G3360

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Part of Speech: Preposition, Conjunction, Adverb

Sounds like: MEKH-rees

Translations: until, up to, as far as, while, even to

Notes: This word indicates a point in time or space that serves as a limit or boundary. As a preposition, it means 'until' or 'up to' a certain point or place. As a conjunction, it means 'until' or 'while' a certain event occurs. As an adverb, it can mean 'even to' or 'as far as'. It often takes the genitive case when used as a preposition, but can also be followed by a clause.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΕΩΣ, ΑΧΡΙ

Etymology: The origin of this word is uncertain, but it is thought to be related to the Greek word 'μέχρι' (mechri), which also means 'until' or 'up to'. The '-ς' ending is an adverbial suffix.

G0302

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Part of Speech: Particle

Sounds like: AHN

Translations: if, ever, might, would, should

Notes: This word is a particle used to express contingency, possibility, or potentiality. It does not have a direct English equivalent but modifies the meaning of the verb it accompanies, often indicating that an action is dependent on a condition or is hypothetical. It is frequently used with the subjunctive or optative moods to form conditional clauses or express indefinite temporal or relative clauses.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The origin of this particle is uncertain, but it is believed to be an ancient particle in Greek, possibly related to the concept of 'on' or 'up' in some contexts, though its primary function became conditional.

G1986

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eh-pee-spah-SOHN-tai

Translations: they may draw upon, they may pull on, they may contract, they may drag

Notes: This is a compound verb formed from the preposition ἘΠΙ (upon, on) and the verb ΣΠΑΩ (to draw, pull). It means to draw something upon oneself, to pull something towards oneself, or to contract something. It can be used in contexts where someone is bringing something upon themselves, either literally or figuratively, or causing something to be drawn or contracted.

Inflection: Future, Middle or Passive Voice, Subjunctive Mood, 3rd Person Plural

Synonyms: ΣΥΣΤΕΛΛΩ, ΕΛΚΩ, ΕΠΙΣΥΡΩ

G4190

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Part of Speech: Adjective, Noun

Sounds like: po-LEH-mee-oos

Translations: enemies, hostile ones

Notes: This word refers to those who are hostile or at war with someone. It is often used as a substantive noun to mean 'enemies' or 'adversaries'. In a sentence, it would typically describe a group of people who are in opposition or conflict.

Inflection: Accusative, Plural, Masculine

Synonyms: ΕΧΘΡΟΥΣ, ΑΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΥΣ

Etymology: The word πόλεμος (polemos) means 'war' or 'battle'. The suffix -ιος (-ios) is used to form adjectives indicating belonging or relation. Thus, πολεμίος means 'belonging to war' or 'hostile', and by extension, 'an enemy'.

G4281

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: pro-el-THAYN

Translations: to go forth, to come forth, to go forward, to come forward, to advance, to proceed

Notes: This word is a compound verb formed from the preposition ΠΡΟ (pro), meaning 'before' or 'forth,' and the verb ΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ (erchomai), meaning 'to come' or 'to go.' As an infinitive, it describes the action of going or coming forth, forward, or in advance. It can be used to indicate movement towards a place, progression in time, or the act of appearing publicly.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΕΞΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ, ΠΡΟΒΑΙΝΩ, ΠΟΡΕΥΟΜΑΙ

Etymology: The word ΠΡΟΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ is a compound of the preposition ΠΡΟ (pro), meaning 'before, forth,' and the verb ΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ (erchomai), meaning 'to come, to go.' The verb ΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ is derived from an ancient Indo-European root meaning 'to move' or 'to go.'

G3754

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Part of Speech: Relative Pronoun

Sounds like: OH-per

Translations: the very thing which, which, whatsoever, as, just as

Notes: ΟΠΕΡ is an intensive relative pronoun, meaning 'the very thing which' or 'whatsoever'. It is used to emphasize the preceding noun or idea, often functioning as a stronger form of 'which' or 'what'. It can introduce a clause that specifies or elaborates on something already mentioned, or it can indicate a cause or reason.

Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative

Synonyms: Ο, ΟΣ, ΟΣΠΕΡ

Etymology: ΟΠΕΡ is a compound word formed from the relative pronoun ὅ (ho), meaning 'who, which, what', and the enclitic particle περ (per), which adds emphasis or intensity, often translated as 'just, even, indeed'.

G1096

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eh-GEH-neh-toh

Translations: it happened, it came to pass, it became, it was, it came into being

Notes: This word is the third person singular aorist indicative middle/passive of the verb γίνομαι (ginomai). It signifies an event that occurred or a state that came into existence in the past. It is frequently used to introduce a new event or development in a narrative, often translated as 'it happened' or 'it came to pass'. It can also describe something becoming or being made into something else.

Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Middle or Passive Voice, 3rd Person, Singular

Synonyms: ΕΙΜΙ, ΥΠΑΡΧΩ

G1063

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Part of Speech: Particle

Sounds like: gar

Translations: for, because, indeed, then, therefore

Notes: This word is a postpositive particle, meaning it typically appears second in a clause. It introduces a reason, explanation, or confirmation for what has just been stated. It can also indicate a logical consequence or a transition in thought, often translated as 'for' or 'because'. In some contexts, it can simply add emphasis or affirm a statement.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΔΙΟΤΙ, ΕΠΕΙ, ΟΥΝ

Etymology: The particle ΓΑΡ is believed to be a contraction of the particles γε (ge) meaning 'indeed' or 'at least' and ἄρα (ara) meaning 'then' or 'therefore'. It has been in use since ancient Greek.

G1507

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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: ee-KAH-sas

Translations: having supposed, having conjectured, having imagined, having inferred, having likened

Notes: This word is an aorist active participle, meaning 'having supposed' or 'having conjectured'. It describes an action that was completed prior to the main verb in the sentence, indicating that the subject made a supposition, conjecture, or inference. It can also mean 'having likened' or 'having compared'.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Participle, Nominative, Masculine, Singular

Synonyms: ΝΟΜΙΣΑΣ, ΥΠΟΛΑΒΩΝ, ΔΟΞΑΣ

G2251

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: hay-MEH-teh-roos

Translations: our, ours

Notes: This word is a possessive adjective meaning 'our' or 'ours'. It indicates possession by the first person plural ('we'). It is used to describe something that belongs to or is associated with 'us'. For example, it could be used in a phrase like 'our houses' or 'our people'.

Inflection: Plural, Masculine, Accusative

Etymology: The word Ἡμέτερος (hēméteros) is derived from the first person plural pronoun ἡμεῖς (hēmeis), meaning 'we'. It is an adjective formed to express possession related to 'us'.

G4281

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: pro-EL-thohn

Translations: having gone forth, having gone forward, having come forth, having advanced, having proceeded

Notes: This word is an aorist active participle of the verb 'προέρχομαι' (proerchomai), meaning 'to go forth' or 'to go forward'. As a participle, it describes an action that has already occurred, often functioning adverbially to modify the main verb in a sentence. It indicates that someone or something has moved from one place to another, or advanced in some way, before the action of the main verb takes place.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Participle, Nominative, Masculine, Singular

Synonyms: ΕΞΕΛΘΩΝ, ΠΡΟΒΑΙΝΩΝ

G1930

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: ep-ee-dee-OH-kane

Translations: to pursue, to chase after, to follow after, to run after

Notes: This word is a compound verb formed from the preposition ἘΠΙ (epi, meaning 'upon' or 'after') and the verb ΔΙΩΚΩ (dioko, meaning 'to pursue' or 'to chase'). It means to pursue or chase after something or someone, often with intensity or persistence. It can be used in contexts of literal pursuit, like chasing an enemy, or metaphorical pursuit, like striving for a goal.

Inflection: Present, Active, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΔΙΩΚΩ, ΚΑΤΑΔΙΩΚΩ, ΚΑΤΑΔΙΩΚΕΙΝ

Etymology: The word ἘΠΙΔΙΩΚΩ is a compound of the preposition ἘΠΙ (epi), meaning 'upon' or 'after', and the verb ΔΙΩΚΩ (dioko), meaning 'to pursue' or 'to chase'.

G3634

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Part of Speech: Adjective, Pronoun

Sounds like: OY-oss

Translations: such as, of what sort, what kind of, as, like, a such as

Notes: This word is an adjective or pronoun used to describe the quality or kind of something. It often functions as a relative pronoun, meaning 'such as' or 'of what sort', introducing a clause that specifies the nature of a preceding noun. It can also be used interrogatively, meaning 'what kind of?' or 'how great?'. It is used to draw comparisons or indicate similarity.

Inflection: Masculine, Nominative, Singular

Synonyms: ΟΜΟΙΟΣ, ΤΟΙΟΥΤΟΣ

Etymology: This word is derived from the demonstrative stem *ho- (meaning 'this') and the relative pronominal stem *yo- (meaning 'who, which'). It indicates a quality or kind, often in a comparative sense.

G5037

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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Particle

Sounds like: TEH

Translations: and, both, also, even, then, so, indeed

Notes: This word is a postpositive particle, meaning it typically appears after the word it modifies or connects. It functions as a conjunction, often translated as 'and' or 'both...and', connecting words, phrases, or clauses. It can also add emphasis or indicate a consequence, sometimes translated as 'also' or 'even'. When used in pairs (τε...τε or τε...καί), it means 'both...and'. It is less emphatic than 'καί' (kai) and often implies a closer connection or a more natural pairing between the elements it joins.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΚΑΙ, ΔΕ, ΑΛΛΑ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *kʷe, a clitic particle meaning 'and'. It is cognate with Latin -que and Sanskrit ca.

G3577

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: NOH-too

Translations: of the back, of a back, of the ridge, of the surface

Notes: This word refers to the back of a body, whether human or animal. It can also refer to the ridge of a mountain or the surface of something. In a figurative sense, it can denote turning one's back on something, implying rejection or abandonment.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine

Synonyms: ΟΠΙΣΘΕΝ, ΡΑΧΙΣ

Etymology: The origin of ΝΩΤΟΣ is uncertain, but it is thought to be an ancient word with no clear connection to other Indo-European roots.

G2983

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: lam-BAH-noo-sin

Translations: they take, they receive, they get, they seize, they obtain

Notes: This word is the third person plural present active indicative form of the verb 'λαμβάνω' (lambanō), meaning 'to take' or 'to receive'. It describes an action of taking, seizing, or obtaining something, performed by a group of people or things. It can be used in various contexts, such as taking an object, receiving a gift, or seizing control.

Inflection: Present, Active, Indicative, 3rd Person, Plural

Synonyms: ΔΕΧΟΜΑΙ, ΚΟΜΙΖΩ, ΑΙΡΕΩ

G1747

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: eh-NEH-dras

Translations: ambush, an ambush, lying in wait, a trap, a snare

Notes: This word refers to a hidden position from which to make a surprise attack, or the act of lying in wait. It can also refer to a trap or snare set to catch someone. It is often used in contexts of deception or hostile intent.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine

Synonyms: ΔΟΛΟΣ, ΠΑΓΙΣ, ΕΠΙΒΟΥΛΗ

Etymology: From the Greek preposition ἐν (en, 'in') and the noun ἕδρα (hedra, 'seat, sitting'). It literally means 'a sitting in' or 'a sitting in wait'.

G3691

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: ox-EH-yah

Translations: sharp, a sharp one, quick, a quick one, swift, a swift one, acute, an acute one, piercing, a piercing one, violent, a violent one

Notes: This word describes something that is sharp, keen, quick, swift, or acute. It can refer to physical sharpness, such as a sharp blade, or to mental acuity, like a sharp mind. It can also describe something that is rapid, intense, or violent in nature, such as a swift movement or a violent impulse. It is the feminine singular form of the adjective.

Inflection: Feminine, Singular, Nominative or Accusative or Vocative

Synonyms: ΤΑΧΥΣ, ΟΞΥΤΗΣ, ΣΦΟΔΡΟΣ

Etymology: The word ΟΞΥΣ comes from a Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'sharp' or 'pointed'. It is related to words in other Indo-European languages that convey similar meanings of sharpness or quickness.

G5530

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Part of Speech: Participle

Sounds like: KHRAY-sah-meh-nos

Translations: using, having used, employing, having employed, dealing with, having dealt with

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'χράομαι' (chraomai), meaning 'to use' or 'to employ'. As a participle, it describes an action that has already occurred or is ongoing, functioning like an adjective or adverb. It indicates someone who is 'using' or 'having used' something, or 'employing' or 'having employed' a method or resource. It can also imply 'dealing with' or 'having dealt with' a situation or person.

Inflection: Aorist, Middle Voice, Masculine, Singular, Nominative

Synonyms: ΧΡΩΜΕΝΟΣ, ΕΧΩΝ

Etymology: The word χράομαι (chraomai) comes from an earlier form χράω (chraō), meaning 'to furnish what is needful'. It is related to χείρ (cheir), meaning 'hand', suggesting the idea of handling or dealing with something.

G5290

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: hoo-pos-tro-FEE

Translations: return, a return, turning back, a turning back

Notes: This word refers to the act of returning or turning back, often to a previous place, state, or condition. It can describe a physical journey back to a starting point or a metaphorical return to a former way of life or belief. It is typically used as a singular noun.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΑΝΑΣΤΡΟΦΗ, ΕΠΙΣΤΡΟΦΗ

Etymology: The word ΥΠΟΣΤΡΟΦΗ (hypostrophē) is derived from the verb ΥΠΟΣΤΡΕΦΩ (hypostrephō), meaning 'to turn back' or 'to return'. It is formed from the prefix ΥΠΟ- (hypo-), meaning 'under' or 'back', and ΣΤΡΕΦΩ (strephō), meaning 'to turn'.

G3326

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Part of Speech: Preposition, Adverb

Sounds like: MEH-tah

Translations: with, among, after, behind, afterward, besides

Notes: ΜΕΤΑ is a versatile word that functions as both a preposition and an adverb. As a preposition, its meaning depends on the case of the noun it governs: when followed by a genitive noun, it means 'with' or 'among', indicating association or presence; when followed by an accusative noun, it means 'after' or 'behind', indicating sequence or pursuit. As an adverb, it typically means 'afterward' or 'besides'. It is a very common word in Koine Greek.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΣΥΝ, ΟΠΙΣΩ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *met- 'in the middle, among, with'. It is cognate with English 'mid' and 'middle'.

G5221

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: hoo-PAN-tay-sah

Translations: I met, I went to meet, I encountered

Notes: This word is a past tense form of the verb meaning 'to meet' or 'to encounter'. It describes the action of coming face to face with someone or something, often implying that one went out of their way to do so. It is used to describe a completed action in the past.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Indicative, 1st Person Singular

Synonyms: ΣΥΝΑΝΤΑΩ, ΑΠΑΝΤΑΩ

Etymology: The word ΥΠΑΝΤΑΩ is a compound word formed from the preposition ΥΠΟ (hypo), meaning 'under' or 'to' (in the sense of motion towards), and ΑΝΤΑΩ (antaō), meaning 'to meet' or 'to come opposite to'.

G0937

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: bah-see-lee-KOYS

Translations: royal, kingly, of the king, (to) royal ones, (to) kingly ones, (to) royal things

Notes: This word is an adjective meaning 'royal' or 'kingly', referring to something that belongs to a king or is characteristic of a king. It can describe people, objects, or concepts associated with royalty. In the provided examples, it modifies 'bibliophylakiois' (archives/treasuries), 'oikonomois' (stewards), and 'thoraxin' (breastplates), indicating that these are 'royal archives', 'royal stewards', and 'royal breastplates'. It is used here in the dative plural case.

Inflection: Dative, Plural, Masculine or Neuter

Synonyms: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΟΣ, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ

Etymology: From the Greek word ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ (basileus), meaning 'king'. The suffix -ικός (-ikos) is used to form adjectives indicating 'belonging to' or 'pertaining to'.

G5343

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: foo-GAYN

Translations: flight, a flight, escape, a fleeing

Notes: This word refers to the act of fleeing or escaping, often from danger or pursuit. It can describe a rapid departure or a strategic withdrawal. In a sentence, it would typically be used to describe the action of someone or a group of people running away.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΔΙΑΦΥΓΗ, ΕΚΦΥΓΗ

Etymology: The word ΦΥΓΗ (phygē) comes from the verb φεύγω (pheugō), meaning 'to flee' or 'to escape'. It is related to the Proto-Indo-European root *bheug- meaning 'to flee'.

G2720

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: kah-tor-THOH-toh

Translations: it was accomplished, it was achieved, it was successful, it was set right, it was corrected

Notes: This word describes something that has been successfully accomplished, achieved, or set right. It implies a positive outcome or a correction of a previous state. It is used to indicate that an action or plan has been brought to a successful conclusion.

Inflection: 3rd Person Singular, Pluperfect, Indicative, Middle or Passive Voice

Synonyms: ΕΠΙΤΕΛΕΩ, ΠΕΡΑΙΝΩ, ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΩ

Etymology: From Ancient Greek κατά (kata, "down, against") and ὀρθόω (orthoō, "to make straight, set right"). The combination implies setting something completely straight or bringing it to a correct and successful conclusion.

G3588, G3739, G2228

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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Relative Pronoun, Conjunction, Interjection

Sounds like: AY

Translations: the, who, which, or, oh, ah

Notes: This word is most commonly used as the definite article 'the' in Koine Greek, specifically as the feminine nominative singular form (e.g., 'the cry') or the neuter nominative/accusative plural form. It can also function as a relative pronoun meaning 'who' or 'which' (feminine nominative singular). Additionally, it can be a conjunction meaning 'or' or an interjection expressing surprise or emotion, similar to 'oh' or 'ah'. Its meaning is highly dependent on context.

Inflection: Feminine, Nominative, Singular (Definite Article or Relative Pronoun); Neuter, Nominative or Accusative, Plural (Definite Article); Does not inflect (Conjunction or Interjection)

Etymology: The Greek definite article and related forms derive from a Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronoun. The conjunction and interjection forms have separate, though related, origins within Proto-Indo-European.

G4234

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: PRAH-xis

Translations: deed, act, action, a deed, an act, an action, practice, performance, transaction

Notes: This word refers to a deed, an act, or an action. It can also denote the practice or performance of something, or a business transaction. It is a feminine noun and is used to describe something that is done or accomplished.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΕΡΓΟΝ, ΠΟΙΗΜΑ, ΕΝΕΡΓΕΙΑ

Etymology: From the verb πράσσω (prassō), meaning 'to do, to act, to perform'. It refers to the result or process of acting.

G3361

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Part of Speech: Particle, Adverb

Sounds like: MAY

Translations: not, lest, no, do not

Notes: ΜΗ is a negative particle used in Koine Greek to express a subjective negation. It is typically used with non-indicative moods (like the subjunctive, imperative, infinitive, or participle) to express prohibition, a condition, or a denial of something that is wished for or imagined. For example, it is used in commands like 'do not do this' or in clauses expressing fear or purpose, such as 'lest something happen'. It contrasts with 'οὐ' (ou), which negates objective facts.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ΜΗ comes from Proto-Indo-European. It is an ancient negative particle that has been present in various forms across Indo-European languages.

G1700

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Part of Speech: Adverb

Sounds like: em-po-DON

Translations: in the way, hindering, an obstacle, an impediment

Notes: This word is an adverbial expression meaning 'in the way' or 'as an impediment'. It is often used to describe something that obstructs progress or prevents an action from taking place. It is a compound word formed from 'ἐν' (in) and 'πούς' (foot), literally meaning 'in the feet' or 'at the feet', hence 'in the way'.

Inflection: Does not inflect (used adverbially, but derived from the genitive plural of a noun)

Synonyms: ΚΩΛΥΜΑ, ΕΜΠΟΔΙΟΝ, ΠΡΟΣΚΟΜΜΑ

Etymology: The word ἘΜΠΟΔΩΝ is a compound formed from the preposition ἘΝ (in) and the genitive plural of the noun ΠΟΥΣ (foot). It literally means 'in the feet' and evolved to mean 'in the way' or 'hindering'.

G1096

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: geh-no-MEH-noo

Translations: having become, having come to pass, of having become, of having come to pass

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'γίνομαι' (ginomai), meaning 'to become,' 'to come into being,' 'to happen,' or 'to be born.' As a genitive singular participle, it often indicates a causal or temporal relationship, meaning 'of one who has become' or 'when something has happened.' It describes an action that has already taken place and is often used to modify a noun in the genitive case.

Inflection: Aorist, Middle Voice, Participle, Masculine or Neuter, Singular, Genitive

Synonyms: ΕΓΕΝΕΤΟ, ΣΥΜΒΑΙΝΩ, ΑΠΟΒΑΙΝΩ

G1139

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: DAI-mo-nos

Translations: of a demon, of an evil spirit, of a god, of a divinity

Notes: This word refers to a supernatural being. In the New Testament, it almost exclusively refers to a malevolent spirit or demon. In classical Greek, it could also refer to a lesser deity or a divine power, often seen as an intermediary between gods and humans. It is used to indicate possession or origin, as in 'the power of a demon' or 'belonging to a spirit'.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine or Feminine

Synonyms: ΠΝΕΥΜΑ, ΔΙΑΒΟΛΟΣ

G5100

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Part of Speech: Pronoun

Sounds like: TI-nos

Translations: of someone, of something, of anyone, of anything, of a certain one, of a certain thing, of what, of whom, whose

Notes: ΤΙΝΟΣ is the genitive singular form of the indefinite or interrogative pronoun 'τις'. As an indefinite pronoun, it refers to an unspecified person or thing, often translated as 'someone' or 'something'. As an interrogative pronoun, it asks about the identity or nature of a person or thing, translated as 'whose' or 'of what'. It is used to indicate possession, origin, or the object of certain prepositions.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter

Synonyms: ΤΙΝΩΝ, ΤΙΝΙ, ΤΙΝΑ

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Relative Pronoun, Letter

Sounds like: OH

Translations: the, who, which, O

Notes: Ο is primarily the masculine singular nominative form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to specify a noun, similar to 'the' in English. It can also function as a relative pronoun, meaning 'who' or 'which', introducing a relative clause. Additionally, 'Ο' is the fifteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, Omicron, which corresponds to the short 'o' sound.

Inflection: Masculine, Singular, Nominative (for the article/relative pronoun); Does not inflect (for the letter)

Etymology: The definite article 'Ο' derives from Proto-Indo-European. The letter 'Ο' (Omicron) is derived from the Phoenician letter 'ayin'.

G1909

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Part of Speech: Preposition, Prefix

Sounds like: EHF

Translations: on, upon, over, to, against, at, in, for, because of, with, by

Notes: This word is an elided form of the Greek preposition ἘΠΊ (epi), which means 'on,' 'upon,' or 'over.' The final vowel of ἘΠΊ is dropped before a word beginning with a vowel, especially a rough breathing mark, resulting in ἘΦ. Its precise meaning depends on the case of the noun it governs: with the genitive, it means 'on' or 'upon' (of place or time); with the dative, it means 'on,' 'at,' 'by,' or 'for' (of position or cause); and with the accusative, it means 'on,' 'to,' 'against,' or 'over' (of motion or purpose). It is also commonly used as a prefix in compound words.

Inflection: Does not inflect; it is an elided form of the preposition ἘΠΊ. Its meaning varies depending on the case of the noun it governs (Genitive, Dative, or Accusative).

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *opi, meaning 'on, near, against'. It is cognate with Latin ob and Sanskrit api.

G5599, G3739

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Part of Speech: Letter, Interjection, Relative Pronoun

Sounds like: OH-meh-gah (as a letter); OH (as an interjection); OH (as a pronoun)

Translations: Omega, O, Oh, the end, the last, (to) whom, (to) which, (to) what, (to) that, (to) who, (to) those, (to) whomsoever, (to) whatsoever

Notes: This character, Omega, is the twenty-fourth and final letter of the Greek alphabet. As a letter, it represents the long 'o' sound. It can also function as an interjection, similar to 'O' or 'Oh' in English, used for direct address or exclamation. Furthermore, without diacritics, 'Ω' can represent the dative singular form of the relative pronoun 'ὅς, ἥ, ὅ', meaning 'to whom', 'to which', or 'to what', depending on context and gender. It can refer to a person or thing that is the indirect object of an action.

Inflection: Does not inflect (as a letter or interjection); Dative, Singular, All genders (as a relative pronoun)

Etymology: The letter Omega is derived from the Phoenician letter 'ayin'. Its name literally means 'great O' (ō mega), distinguishing it from Omicron ('small O'). As a relative pronoun, it originates from Proto-Indo-European roots.

G4160

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eh-poy-OO-meen

Translations: I was making, I was doing, I was producing, I was creating, I was performing, I was being made, I was being done

Notes: This word is a verb in the imperfect tense, indicating an ongoing or repeated action in the past. As a middle or passive voice form, it can mean 'I was doing something for myself' (middle) or 'I was being made/done' (passive). It describes an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past.

Inflection: First Person, Singular, Imperfect, Indicative, Middle or Passive

Synonyms: ΠΡΑΤΤΩ, ΕΡΓΑΖΟΜΑΙ

G1706

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: em-PEH-sohn

Translations: falling into, having fallen into, rushing upon, attacking, encountering, happening upon

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'ἐμπίπτω' (empiptō), meaning 'to fall into' or 'to fall upon'. It describes an action of entering into a state, place, or situation, often suddenly or forcefully. It can also imply encountering or attacking someone or something. For example, it might be used to describe someone falling into a pit, or a person rushing upon an enemy.

Inflection: Aorist Active Participle, Nominative, Masculine, Singular

Synonyms: ΠΙΠΤΩ, ΕΙΣΠΙΠΤΩ, ΠΡΟΣΠΙΠΤΩ

G4851

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: soong-kah-tee-NENG-keh

Translations: brought down with, carried down with, brought together, carried together, contributed, helped, was profitable, was advantageous

Notes: This word is a compound verb, formed from 'σύν' (with, together), 'κατά' (down), and 'φέρω' (to bear, carry, bring). It means to bring or carry down together with someone or something. In a broader sense, it can also mean to contribute, to be profitable, or to be advantageous, implying a bringing together of resources or benefits. It describes an action where something is moved downwards in conjunction with another entity, or where multiple elements are brought together for a common purpose or outcome.

Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Active, Third Person Singular

Synonyms: ΣΥΝΕΝΕΓΚΩ, ΣΥΝΤΕΛΕΩ, ΩΦΕΛΕΩ

G1909

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Part of Speech: Preposition, Adverb

Sounds like: eh-PEE

Translations: on, upon, over, to, against, at, in, for, concerning, during, by, beside, near, among, with respect to

Notes: This is a very common and versatile preposition in Koine Greek. Its meaning changes significantly depending on the case of the noun it governs. With the genitive case, it often means 'upon, over, on, at, in the time of, during, concerning, in the presence of'. With the dative case, it can mean 'upon, on, at, by, near, beside, in, for, in addition to, on the basis of, because of, in the time of, during, in the presence of, against'. With the accusative case, it typically means 'upon, on, to, against, over, for, with a view to, at, by, during, in the time of'. It can also function as an adverb meaning 'upon, besides, in addition'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ἘΠΙ comes from Proto-Indo-European. It is related to similar prepositions in other Indo-European languages, conveying ideas of 'on, upon, over'.

G1096

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Part of Speech: Participle

Sounds like: geh-no-MEH-nays

Translations: (of) having become, (of) having happened, (of) being, (of) coming into existence, (of) being born, (of) being made

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'γίνομαι' (ginomai), meaning 'to become,' 'to happen,' 'to come into existence,' or 'to be made.' As a participle, it describes an action that has already occurred or is in the process of occurring, often functioning like a verbal adjective or an adverbial clause. In this form, it indicates a feminine singular genitive relationship, often translated as 'of having become' or 'when it became' in a genitive absolute construction.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine, Aorist Middle Participle

Synonyms: ΓΕΝΕΣΘΑΙ, ΕΓΕΝΕΤΟ, ΓΕΝΟΜΕΝΟΝ

G5079

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Part of Speech: Proper Noun, Noun

Sounds like: TAR-son

Translations: Tarsus, a Tarsus, sole of the foot, a sole of the foot

Notes: This word can refer to Tarsus, a city in Cilicia, Asia Minor, which was the birthplace of the Apostle Paul. It can also refer to the flat of the foot, or the sole of the foot. Its meaning depends on the context in which it is used.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Masculine

Etymology: The origin of the city name Tarsus is uncertain, possibly from a local Anatolian language. The meaning 'sole of the foot' is thought to be related to the flat, broad shape of the foot.

G5495

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: KHEI-ross

Translations: of hand, of a hand, of the hand, of power, of authority, of control

Notes: This is the genitive singular form of the noun 'χείρ' (cheir), meaning 'hand'. In Koine Greek, 'hand' can refer not only to the physical limb but also metaphorically to power, authority, control, or agency. When used in the genitive case, it often indicates possession, origin, or the agent by which something is done, thus translating to 'of hand' or 'by the hand of'.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine

Synonyms: ΔΥΝΑΜΙΣ, ΕΞΟΥΣΙΑ

Etymology: The word 'χείρ' (cheir) comes from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰesr-, meaning 'hand'. It is related to words for hand in other Indo-European languages.

G2865

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eh-ko-MEES-thayn

Translations: I was carried, I was brought, I received, I obtained

Notes: This is a verb in the aorist tense, passive voice, first person singular. The root verb κομίζω generally means 'to carry,' 'to bring,' or 'to convey.' In the passive voice, it often takes on the meaning 'to be carried,' 'to be brought,' or 'to receive/obtain' something, especially a reward or what is due. It describes an action completed in the past where the subject is the recipient of the action.

Inflection: First Person, Singular, Aorist, Indicative, Passive

Synonyms: ΦΕΡΩ, ΛΑΜΒΑΝΩ, ΚΤΩΜΑΙ

Etymology: The word κομίζω comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *kem-, meaning 'to grasp, to hold.' It is related to words signifying care, provision, and bringing.

G2968

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: KOH-main

Translations: village, a village

Notes: This word refers to a village or a small town, typically an unfortified settlement smaller than a city. It is used to denote a rural community or a collection of dwellings outside of a major urban center. In a sentence, it would often be used to indicate a destination or location, such as 'they went to the village' or 'he lived in a village'.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΠΟΛΙΣ, ΧΩΡΑ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European, meaning 'settlement' or 'unfortified dwelling'. It is related to Latin 'pagus' (country district, village) and English 'home'.

G3778

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Part of Speech: Demonstrative Pronoun, Demonstrative Adjective

Sounds like: TAWT

Translations: this, that, these, those

Notes: ΤΑΥΤ is an inflected form of the demonstrative pronoun/adjective 'οὗτος' (houtos), meaning 'this' or 'that'. It is used to point out something specific, either near in space or time, or recently mentioned. It can function as a pronoun, standing in for a noun, or as an adjective, modifying a noun. Its meaning can shift slightly depending on the gender, number, and case.

Inflection: Neuter, Nominative or Accusative, Plural; or Feminine, Genitive, Singular

Synonyms: ΟΔΕ, ΕΚΕΙΝΟΣ

G1167

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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: deh-DOY-koh-tes

Translations: fearing, having feared, afraid, being afraid

Notes: This word is a perfect active participle, meaning 'having feared' or 'being afraid'. It describes someone who is in a state of fear or has experienced fear. It can function adjectivally, modifying a noun, or adverbially, describing the manner of an action.

Inflection: Perfect, Active, Participle, Nominative, Masculine, Plural

Synonyms: ΦΟΒΟΥΜΕΝΟΙ, ΤΡΕΜΟΝΤΕΣ

Etymology: The verb ΔΕΙΔΩ (deidō) is an ancient Greek verb meaning 'to fear'. It is related to the Proto-Indo-European root *dwei- meaning 'to fear'.

G5101

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Part of Speech: Pronoun, Adjective

Sounds like: TEE

Translations: what, why, what kind of, how much, something, anything, a certain thing

Notes: This word is the neuter singular form of the interrogative/indefinite pronoun 'τίς'. It can be used to ask 'what?' or 'why?', or to refer to 'something' or 'anything' in an indefinite sense. When used as an adjective, it means 'what kind of' or 'how much'.

Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative

Etymology: The word 'ΤΙ' originates from Proto-Indo-European, serving as the neuter singular form of the interrogative/indefinite pronoun.

G5501

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: KHEI-ron

Translations: worse, a worse thing, inferior, more evil

Notes: This word is the neuter singular form of the comparative adjective meaning 'worse' or 'inferior'. It is used to describe something that is of a lower quality, more evil, or in a more disadvantageous state compared to something else. It can function as a predicate adjective or an attributive adjective, often appearing with a genitive of comparison.

Inflection: Neuter, Singular, Nominative or Accusative

Synonyms: ΚΑΚΙΩΝ, ΗΤΤΩΝ

Etymology: The word 'χείρων' is the comparative form of the adjective 'κακός' (bad, evil). Its origin is uncertain, but it is an ancient Greek word used to express a comparative degree of negativity or inferiority.

G3958

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eh-PAH-thon

Translations: we suffered, they suffered, we endured, they endured, we experienced, they experienced

Notes: This word is an aorist active indicative form of the verb 'πάσχω', meaning to suffer, endure, or experience. It describes an action that occurred in the past, either by 'we' (first person plural) or 'they' (third person plural). It can refer to experiencing something, whether good or bad, but often implies suffering or hardship.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Indicative, 1st Person Plural or 3rd Person Plural

Synonyms: ΥΠΟΜΕΝΩ, ΑΝΕΧΟΜΑΙ

G3303

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Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction

Sounds like: MEN

Translations: indeed, on the one hand, truly, certainly, but, however

Notes: This word is a particle often used to introduce a clause that is contrasted with a following clause, which is typically introduced by the particle δέ (de). It can indicate a concession, an affirmation, or simply serve to mark a transition in thought. While it often translates as 'indeed' or 'on the one hand,' its precise meaning is highly dependent on context and the presence of a contrasting 'δέ' clause.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΔΕ, ΓΕ, ΚΑΙ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is an ancient particle used to mark emphasis or contrast.

G1375

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: dee-OHX-eh-ohs

Translations: of persecution, of pursuit, of a persecution, of a pursuit

Notes: This word refers to the act of pursuing, chasing, or following, often with hostile intent. It can also specifically mean persecution, referring to the ill-treatment of someone, especially because of their beliefs. It is typically used to describe an action or an event.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine

Synonyms: ΔΙΩΓΜΟΣ, ΚΑΤΑΔΙΩΞΙΣ

Etymology: The word δίωξις (diōxis) comes from the verb διώκω (diōkō), meaning 'to pursue' or 'to chase'. It describes the action or result of that verb.

G0568

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: ah-PES-khon-toh

Translations: they abstained from, they kept away from, they refrained from

Notes: This is the aorist indicative middle/passive third person plural form of the verb ἀπέχω (apechō). It means 'they abstained from' or 'they kept themselves away from'. It is often used with the genitive case to indicate what is being abstained from or kept away from.

Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Middle/Passive, 3rd Person Plural

Synonyms: ἈΦΙΣΤΑΜΑΙ, ΚΩΛΥΩ, ΦΥΛΑΣΣΟΜΑΙ

Etymology: From ἀπό (apo, 'from, away from') and ἔχω (echō, 'to have, to hold'). The compound verb literally means 'to hold oneself away from' or 'to have away from'.

G5290

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: hoo-pes-TREH-fon

Translations: they were returning, they were going back, they returned, they went back

Notes: This is a compound verb formed from the preposition 'ὑπό' (hypo), meaning 'under' or 'back', and the verb 'στρέφω' (strephō), meaning 'to turn'. In this form, it describes an ongoing or repeated action of returning or going back in the past. It is used to indicate that a group of people was in the process of returning to a place or state.

Inflection: Imperfect, Active, Indicative, 3rd Person Plural

Synonyms: ΑΝΑΚΑΜΠΤΩ, ΕΠΙΣΤΡΕΦΩ

G4012

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: PEH-ree

Translations: about, concerning, around, for, on behalf of, with respect to, at, near

Notes: This word is a preposition that can take either the genitive or accusative case, and its meaning changes depending on the case of the noun it governs. When used with the genitive case, it typically means 'about', 'concerning', 'for', or 'on behalf of'. When used with the accusative case, it usually indicates spatial 'around', 'about' (in the sense of movement or position), 'at', or 'near'. It can also be used as a prefix in compound words, adding a sense of 'around' or 'excessive'.

Inflection: Governs Genitive or Accusative case; Does not inflect itself

Synonyms: ΥΠΕΡ, ΑΜΦΙ, ΕΠΙ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *peri, meaning 'around, about'. It is cognate with English 'peri-' (as in 'perimeter') and Latin 'per'.

G3029

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Part of Speech: Adverb

Sounds like: LEE-ahn

Translations: very, exceedingly, greatly, much, extremely

Notes: This word is an adverb that means 'very' or 'exceedingly'. It is used to intensify the meaning of an adjective, another adverb, or a verb, indicating a high degree or extent of something. For example, it can be used to say 'very good' or 'greatly rejoice'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΣΦΟΔΡΑ, ΠΟΛΥ, ΜΑΛΑ

Etymology: The origin of this word is uncertain, but it is thought to be related to the idea of 'smoothness' or 'plainness', which then developed into the meaning of 'very' or 'exceedingly'.

G0075

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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: ah-goh-nee-OHN-tes

Translations: struggling, contending, fighting, striving, agonizing, being in agony

Notes: This word describes someone who is struggling, contending, or fighting with great effort, often implying a sense of agony or intense mental and physical exertion. It can be used to describe someone engaged in a contest, a battle, or a deep internal struggle. It is a compound word derived from 'agōn' (contest, struggle) and 'iaō' (to be sick, to suffer).

Inflection: Present, Active, Masculine, Nominative, Plural

Synonyms: ΜΑΧΟΜΕΝΟΙ, ΠΑΛΑΙΟΝΤΕΣ, ΚΟΠΙΩΝΤΕΣ

Etymology: The word ἀγωνιάω (agōniaō) is derived from the noun ἀγών (agōn), meaning 'a gathering, a contest, a struggle', and the suffix -ιάω, which indicates a state or condition, often one of suffering or intense activity. The noun ἀγών itself comes from the verb ἄγω (agō), meaning 'to lead, to bring'.

G3767

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Part of Speech: Particle, Conjunction, Adverb

Sounds like: OON

Translations: therefore, then, so, consequently, accordingly, now, indeed

Notes: This word is a particle used to indicate a logical consequence, transition, or emphasis. It often connects a statement to what precedes it, meaning 'therefore' or 'consequently'. It can also be used to introduce a new point or a summary, translated as 'then' or 'now'. In some contexts, it adds emphasis, meaning 'indeed' or 'certainly'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ἈΡΑ, ΔΕ, ΤΟΙΓΑΡΟΥ͂Ν

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *nu, meaning 'now' or 'then'. It is related to Latin 'nunc' (now) and English 'now'.

G2323

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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: theh-rah-pef-THEYS

Translations: having been healed, having been cured, having been served, having been restored

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'therapeuō', meaning to heal, cure, serve, or restore. As a participle, it describes an action that has already occurred, indicating someone who has undergone the process of being healed or served. It functions adjectivally, modifying a noun or pronoun, and can be used in various contexts to describe the state of having received care or restoration.

Inflection: Aorist, Passive, Participle, Nominative, Masculine, Singular

Synonyms: ΙΑΘΕΙΣ, ΣΩΘΕΙΣ

G4445

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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: py-REK-sas

Translations: having a fever, being feverish, suffering from fever

Notes: ΠΥΡΕΞΑΣ is the aorist active participle of the verb πυρέσσω (pyressō), meaning 'to have a fever' or 'to be feverish'. As a participle, it describes an action that occurred prior to the main verb of the sentence, often functioning adjectivally or adverbially. For example, it could describe someone who 'had a fever' and then did something else.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine, Aorist Active Participle

Etymology: The word πυρέσσω (pyressō) is derived from πῦρ (pyr), meaning 'fire', referring to the heat associated with a fever.

G3346

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: meh-teh-ko-MEES-theen

Translations: I was carried over, I was transferred, I was removed, I was transported

Notes: This word is a compound verb, formed from 'μετά' (with, after, among) and 'κομίζω' (to carry, to bring). It means to be carried over, transferred, or removed from one place to another. It describes an action where the subject is passively moved.

Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Passive, 1st Person Singular

Synonyms: ΜΕΤΑΦΕΡΩ, ΜΕΤΑΤΙΘΗΜΙ

Etymology: The word ΜΕΤΑΚΟΜΙΖΩ is derived from the preposition μετά (meta), meaning 'with' or 'after', and the verb κομίζω (komizō), meaning 'to carry' or 'to bring'.

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The Life of Flavius Josephus, Chapter 72

Interlinear version from Life of Flavius Josephus, The (Beta)

72:399

72:400

72:401

72:402

72:403

72:404

This interlinear database is in beta