Psalms Chapter 22, Interlinear version from Codex Sinaiticus (Beta)

Psalms, Chapter 22

Interlinear version from Codex Sinaiticus (Beta)

22:1
22:2
22:3
22:4
22:5
22:6

22:1

(MT: 23:1)

Note: The text traditionally found at 22:1 in the Hebrew Masoretic Text (MT) numbering is located at 21:1 in the LXX.
ΨΑΛΜΟϹ
- PSALMOS
- psalm
ΤΩ
- TŌ
- to-the
ΔΑΥΕΙΔʼ
- DAUEIDʼ
- David
ΚϹ
- KS
- Lord
(ΠΟΙΜΑΝΕΙ)
- (POIMANEI)
- (shepherd?)
{CA:
- {CA:
- [editor name]
ΠΟΙΜΑΙΝΕΙ}
- POIMAINEI}
- shepherds
ΜΕ
- ME
- me
ΚΑΙ
- KAI
- and
ΟΥΔΕΝ
- OUDEN
- nothing
ΜΕ
- ME
- me
ΟΥ
- OU
- not
ΜΗ
- MĒ
- not
ΥϹΤΕΡΗϹΗ
- YSTERĒSĒ
- will-lack

22:2

(MT: 23:2)

Note: The text traditionally found at 22:2 in the Hebrew Masoretic Text (MT) numbering is located at 21:2 in the LXX.
ΕΙϹ
- EIS
- to
ΤΟΠΟΝ
- TOPON
- place
ΧΛΟΗϹ
- CHLOĒS
- of-green-grass
ΕΚΕΙ
- EKEI
- there
ΜΕ
- ME
- me
ΚΑΤΕϹΚΗΝΩϹΕ
- KATESKĒNŌSE
- he-made-to-dwell
ΕΠΙ
- EPI
- upon
ΥΔΑΤΟϹ
- YDATOS
- of-water
ΑΝΑΠΑΥϹΕΩϹ
- ANAPAUSEŌS
- of-rest
ΕΞΕΘΡΕΨΕΝ
- EXETHREPSEN
- he-nourished
ΜΕ
- ME
- me

22:3

(MT: 23:3)

Note: The text traditionally found at 22:3 in the Hebrew Masoretic Text (MT) numbering is located at 21:3 in the LXX.
ΤΗΝ
- TĒN
- the
ΨΥΧΗΝ
- PSYCHĒN
- inner-person
ΜΟΥ
- MOU
- my
ΕΠΕϹΤΡΕΨΕΝ
- EPESTREPSEN
- he-restored
ΩΔΗΓΗϹΕΝ
- ŌDĒGĒSEN
- he-led
ΜΕ
- ME
- me
ΕΠΙ
- EPI
- on
ΤΡΙΒΟΥϹ
- TRIBOUS
- paths
ΔΙΚΑΙΟϹΥΝΗϹ
- DIKAIOSYNĒS
- of-righteousness
ΕΝΕΚΕΝ
- ENEKEN
- for-the-sake-of
ΤΟΥ
- TOU
- of-the
ΟΝΟΜΑΤΟϹ
- ONOMATOS
- name
ΑΥΤΟΥ
- AUTOU
- his

22:4

(MT: 23:4)

Note: The text traditionally found at 22:4 in the Hebrew Masoretic Text (MT) numbering is located at 21:4 in the LXX.
ΕΑΝ
- EAN
- if
ΓΑΡ
- GAR
- for
ΚΑΙ
- KAI
- even
ΠΟΡΕΥΘΩ
- POREUTHŌ
- I-walk
ΕΝ
- EN
- in
ΜΕϹΩ
- MESŌ
- middle
ϹΚΙΑϹ
- SKIAS
- of-shadow
ΘΑΝΑΤΟΥ
- THANATOU
- of-death
ΟΥ
- OU
- not
ΦΟΒΗΘΗϹΟΜΑΙ
- PHOBĒTHĒSOMAI
- I-will-fear
ΚΑΚΑ
- KAKA
- evils
ΟΤΙ
- OTI
- because
ϹΥ
- SY
- you
ΜΕΤ
- MET
- with
ΕΜΟΥ
- EMOU
- me
ΕΙ
- EI
- are
Η
- Ē
- the
ΡΑΒΔΟϹ
- RHABDOS
- rod
ϹΟΥ
- SOU
- of-you
ΚΑΙ
- KAI
- and
Η
- Ē
- the
ΒΑΚΤΗΡΙΑ
- BAKTĒRIA
- staff
ϹΟΥ
- SOU
- of-you
ΑΥΤΑΙ
- AUTAI
- these
ΜΕ
- ME
- me
ΠΑΡΕΚΑΛΕϹΑΝ
- PAREKALESAN
- they-comforted

22:5

(MT: 23:5)

Note: The text traditionally found at 22:5 in the Hebrew Masoretic Text (MT) numbering is located at 21:5 in the LXX.
ΗΤΟΙΜΑϹΑϹ
- ĒTOIMASAS
- you-prepared
ΕΝΩΠΙΟΝ
- ENŌPION
- before
ΜΟΥ
- MOU
- me
ΤΡΑΠΕΖΑ
- TRAPEZA
- [a]-table
ΕΞ
- EX
- from
ΕΝΑΝΤΙΑϹ
- ENANTIAS
- opposite
ΤΩΝ
- TŌN
- of-the-ones
ΘΛΙΒΟΝΤΩΝ
- THLIBONTŌN
- oppressing
ΜΕ
- ME
- me
ΕΛΙΠΑΝΑϹ
- ELIPANAS
- you-anointed
ΕΝ
- EN
- with
ΕΛΑΙΩ
- ELAIŌ
- oil
ΤΗΝ
- TĒN
- the
ΚΕΦΑΛΗΝ
- KEPHALĒN
- head
ΜΟΥ
- MOU
- of-me
ΚΑΙ
- KAI
- and
ΤΟ
- TO
- the
ΠΟΤΗΡΙΟΝ
- POTĒRION
- cup
ϹΟΥ
- SOU
- of-you
ΜΕΘΥϹΚΟΝ
- METHYSKON
- intoxicating
()
- ()
{CA:
- {CA:
- [editor name]
ΜΕ}
- ME}
- me
(ΩϹ)
- (ŌS)
- as
{CA:
- {CA:
- [editor name]
ΩϹΕΙ}
- ŌSEI}
- as-if
ΚΡΑΤΙϹΤΟΝ
- KRATISTON
- most-excellent

22:6

(MT: 23:6)

Note: The text traditionally found at 22:6 in the Hebrew Masoretic Text (MT) numbering is located at 21:6 in the LXX.
ΚΑΙ
- KAI
- and
ΤΟ
- TO
- the
ΕΛΕΟϹ
- ELEOS
- mercy
ϹΟΥ
- SOU
- your
(ΚΑΤΑΔΙΩΞΕΤΑΙ)
- (KATADIŌXETAI)
- will-pursue
{CA:
- {CA:
- [editor name]
ΚΑΤΑΔΙΩΞΕΙ}
- KATADIŌXEI}
- will-pursue
ΜΕ
- ME
- me
ΠΑϹΑϹ
- PASAS
- all
ΤΑϹ
- TAS
- the
ΗΜΕΡΑϹ
- ĒMERAS
- days
ΤΗϹ
- TĒS
- of-the
ΖΩΗϹ
- ZŌĒS
- of-life
ΜΟΥ
- MOU
- my
ΚΑΙ
- KAI
- and
ΤΟ
- TO
- the
ΚΑΤΟΙΚΕΙΝ
- KATOIKEIN
- dwelling
ΜΕ
- ME
- me
ΕΝ
- EN
- in
ΟΙΚΩ
- OIKŌ
- [a] house
ΚΥ
- KY
- of-Lord
ΕΙϹ
- EIS
- into
ΜΑΚΡΟΤΗΤΑ
- MAKROTĒTA
- length
ΗΜΕΡΩΝ
- ĒMERŌN
- of-days

G5568

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: psal-MOS

Translations: psalm, a psalm, song, a song

Notes: This word refers to a psalm or a sacred song, often accompanied by stringed instruments. It is commonly used in the context of religious hymns or poetic compositions, particularly those found in the Book of Psalms in the Old Testament. It can be used to describe the act of singing or playing such a song.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Masculine

Synonyms: ΥΜΝΟΣ, ΩΔΗ

Etymology: From ψάλλω (psallō, "to pluck, play a stringed instrument"). It originally referred to the plucking of a stringed instrument, then to the song sung to the accompaniment of such an instrument.

G1138

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Part of Speech: Proper Noun

Sounds like: DAH-oo-eed

Translations: David

Notes: This is the Greek form of the Hebrew name David, a significant figure in the Old Testament, known as a king of Israel. It is used to refer to the historical person.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Genitive, or Accusative. The final apostrophe (keraia) indicates it is used as a numeral, specifically 4, but in this context, it is a proper noun and the apostrophe is likely a scribal mark or a form of elision/coronis, though it's most commonly the proper noun 'David'.

Etymology: The name David is of Hebrew origin, meaning 'beloved' or 'friend'. It is a transliteration of the Hebrew name דָּוִד (Dawid).

G2962

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: KOO-ree-os

Translations: Lord, a Lord, Master, a Master, Sir, a Sir

Notes: This is a nomina sacra, a sacred name abbreviation, for ΚΥΡΙΟΣ (Kyrios). It refers to a supreme authority, master, or owner. It is frequently used in the New Testament to refer to God or Jesus Christ, signifying their divine authority and sovereignty. It can also be used as a respectful address, similar to 'Sir'.

Inflection: Nominative, Singular, Masculine

Synonyms: ΔΕΣΠΟΤΗΣ, ΘΕΟΣ, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ

Etymology: The word ΚΥΡΙΟΣ derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *keu- meaning 'to swell, to be strong, to be powerful'. It refers to one who has power or authority.

G2532

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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Adverb

Sounds like: kahee

Translations: and, also, even, but, then

Notes: ΚΑΙ is a very common conjunction in Koine Greek, primarily meaning 'and' to connect words, phrases, or clauses. It can also function as an adverb, emphasizing a word or phrase with meanings like 'also' or 'even'. In some contexts, it can introduce a contrast, similar to 'but', or indicate sequence, meaning 'then'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ΚΑΙ is an ancient particle, tracing its origins back to Proto-Indo-European. It has remained remarkably stable in form and function throughout the history of the Greek language.

G3762

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Part of Speech: Pronoun, Adjective

Sounds like: oo-DEN

Translations: nothing, no one, none, a nothing, not even one, no

Notes: This word means "nothing" or "no one." It is used to express a complete absence or negation of something. It can function as a pronoun, meaning "nothing" or "no one," or as an adjective, meaning "no" or "not even one" when modifying a noun. It is a compound word formed from the negative particle ΟΥ (ou, "not") and ΔΕΝ (den, an emphatic particle).

Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative

Synonyms: ΜΗΔΕΝ, ΟΥΔΕΙΣ

Etymology: The word ΟΥΔΕΝ is a compound of the negative particle ΟΥ (ou), meaning "not," and ΔΕΝ (den), an emphatic particle. It emphasizes a complete negation.

G3756, G3757

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Part of Speech: Adverb, Relative Adverb, Relative Pronoun

Sounds like: OO

Translations: not, no, where, of whom, of which, when

Notes: This word, written without diacritics, can represent at least two distinct Koine Greek words. It most commonly functions as a negative particle (οὐ), meaning 'not' or 'no', used to express a direct and objective negation. It can also function as a relative adverb (οὗ), meaning 'where' or 'when', indicating place or time, or as a relative genitive pronoun, meaning 'of whom' or 'of which'. The precise meaning depends on the context and the original diacritics.

Inflection: Does not inflect (as a particle/adverb); Genitive, Singular, Masculine or Neuter (as a relative pronoun)

Synonyms: ΜΗ, ΟΠΟΥ

Etymology: The negative particle οὐ (ou) comes from Proto-Indo-European *ne, meaning 'not'. The relative adverb/pronoun οὗ (hou) comes from Proto-Indo-European *kʷo-, a pronominal stem.

G3361

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Part of Speech: Particle, Adverb

Sounds like: MAY

Translations: not, lest, no, do not

Notes: ΜΗ is a negative particle used in Koine Greek to express a subjective negation. It is typically used with non-indicative moods (like the subjunctive, imperative, infinitive, or participle) to express prohibition, a condition, or a denial of something that is wished for or imagined. For example, it is used in commands like 'do not do this' or in clauses expressing fear or purpose, such as 'lest something happen'. It contrasts with 'οὐ' (ou), which negates objective facts.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: The word ΜΗ comes from Proto-Indo-European. It is an ancient negative particle that has been present in various forms across Indo-European languages.

G5303

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: yoo-steh-REH-see

Translations: lack, want, deficiency, need, destitution, privation, a lack, a want

Notes: This word refers to a state of lacking something, falling short, or being in need. It can describe a deficiency, a shortage, or a state of destitution. It is used to indicate that something is absent or insufficient.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΕΝΔΕΙΑ, ΕΛΑΤΤΩΜΑ

Etymology: The word ΥΣΤΕΡΗΣΗ (hysteresis) is derived from the verb ΥΣΤΕΡΕΩ (hystereō), meaning 'to be behind, to lack, to fall short'. It comes from the adjective ὕστερος (hysteros), meaning 'later, behind'.

G1519, G1520

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Part of Speech: Preposition, Numeral

Sounds like: EES

Translations: into, to, for, toward, among, in, a, an, one

Notes: As a preposition, ΕΙΣ (eis) indicates motion or direction towards a place, person, or purpose, often translated as 'into,' 'to,' or 'for.' It always takes the accusative case. For example, 'into the house' or 'to God.' It can also be used to express purpose or result. As a numeral, ΕΙΣ (heis) means 'one' and is the masculine nominative singular form, often translated as 'a,' 'an,' or 'one.'

Inflection: Preposition: Does not inflect. Numeral: Masculine, Nominative, Singular (other forms exist for other genders and cases).

Synonyms: ΠΡΟΣ, ΕΝ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *en-s, an extended form of the preposition *en (in).

G5514

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: KHLO-ays

Translations: of grass, of green herb, of green growth

Notes: This word refers to green vegetation, such as grass or young plants. It is often used to describe the fresh, green growth found in fields or meadows. In a sentence, it would typically indicate the source or material of something, for example, 'the color of grass' or 'a field of green growth'.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine

Synonyms: ΧΟΡΤΟΣ, ΒΟΤΑΝΗ

Etymology: From a root meaning 'green' or 'pale green'. It is related to words describing fresh, young growth.

G2681

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: kah-tes-kee-NO-seh

Translations: he encamped, he settled, he dwelt, he lodged, he pitched his tent

Notes: This word describes the action of setting up a tent, dwelling, or settling in a place. It implies taking up residence, often temporarily, but can also refer to a more permanent dwelling. It is used to describe someone establishing a home or lodging in a particular location.

Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Active, Third Person, Singular

Synonyms: ΟΙΚΕΩ, ΜΕΝΩ, ΚΑΤΟΙΚΕΩ

Etymology: From κατά (kata, 'down, against') and σκηνόω (skēnoō, 'to dwell in a tent'). It literally means 'to tent down' or 'to settle down in a tent'.

G1909

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Part of Speech: Preposition, Adverb

Sounds like: EP-ee

Translations: on, upon, over, to, against, at, in, by, for, concerning, during, after, of, a

Notes: This word is a very common preposition and adverb in Koine Greek. As a preposition, its meaning changes significantly depending on the case of the noun it governs. With the genitive case, it often means 'on,' 'upon,' 'over,' 'in the time of,' or 'concerning.' With the dative case, it can mean 'on,' 'at,' 'by,' 'for,' or 'in addition to.' With the accusative case, it typically means 'to,' 'against,' 'upon,' 'over,' or 'for the purpose of.' It is also frequently used as a prefix in compound words, adding a sense of 'upon,' 'over,' 'to,' or 'in addition.'

Inflection: Governs Genitive, Dative, and Accusative cases. Does not inflect itself.

Synonyms: ΠΡΟΣ, ΥΠΕΡ, ΚΑΤΑ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *opi, meaning 'on, near, against'. It is cognate with Latin ob and Sanskrit api.

G5142

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: ex-ETH-rep-sen

Translations: he nourished, he brought up, he fed, he reared, he raised

Notes: This is the third person singular aorist active indicative form of the verb ΤΡΕΦΩ (trephō). It means 'he/she/it nourished,' 'brought up,' 'fed,' 'reared,' or 'raised.' It describes an action completed in the past, often referring to providing sustenance or care, especially for children or animals, or even for plants. The prefix 'ἐξ-' (ex-) intensifies the action, implying a complete or thorough act of nurturing or bringing something to maturity.

Inflection: Third Person, Singular, Aorist, Active, Indicative

Synonyms: ΑΝΑΤΡΕΦΩ, ΕΚΤΡΕΦΩ, ΘΡΕΨΩ

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: TANE

Translations: the

Notes: ΤΗΝ is the feminine singular accusative form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to specify a noun that is feminine in gender, singular in number, and in the accusative case, indicating it is the direct object of a verb or the object of certain prepositions. For example, it would be used before a feminine singular noun like 'πόλιν' (city) when 'city' is the direct object.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine

Etymology: The Koine Greek definite article derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. It evolved from an earlier demonstrative particle, becoming a grammatical marker for definiteness.

G5590

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: PSY-khen

Translations: soul, a soul, life, a life, mind, a mind, self, a self

Notes: This word refers to the soul, the principle of life, or the inner self. It can denote a person's life, their mind, or their spiritual essence. It is often used to describe the seat of emotions, desires, and affections, and can also refer to the individual person themselves.

Inflection: Singular, Accusative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΖΩΗ, ΠΝΕΥΜΑ

Etymology: From a root meaning 'to breathe', referring to the breath as the principle of life. It is related to the verb ψύχω (psycho), meaning 'to breathe, to blow'.

G1994

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: ep-es-TREP-sen

Translations: he returned, he turned back, he converted, he turned around

Notes: This word is the aorist (simple past) tense, third person singular form of the verb 'epistrephō'. It means 'he returned', 'he turned back', or 'he converted'. It describes an action of turning around, either physically to go back to a place, or metaphorically to change one's course of action, belief, or allegiance, often implying a turning to God or a change of heart.

Inflection: Aorist Indicative Active, 3rd Person Singular

Synonyms: ΥΠΟΣΤΡΕΦΩ, ΣΤΡΕΦΩ

Etymology: The word ΕΠΙΣΤΡΕΦΩ is a compound verb formed from the preposition ΕΠΙ (EPI), meaning 'upon' or 'to', and the verb ΣΤΡΕΦΩ (STREPHO), meaning 'to turn'. Thus, it literally means 'to turn upon' or 'to turn towards'.

G3594

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: oh-dee-GAY-sen

Translations: he led, he guided, he conducted

Notes: This word is a verb meaning 'to lead' or 'to guide'. It describes the action of showing the way or directing someone or something. It is used in the past tense, indicating that the action of leading or guiding has already occurred.

Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Active, 3rd Person Singular

Synonyms: ΑΓΩ, ΚΑΘΟΔΗΓΕΩ, ΠΡΟΑΓΩ

Etymology: The word Ὁδηγέω (hodēgeō) is a compound word derived from Ὁδός (hodos), meaning 'way' or 'road', and ἄγω (agō), meaning 'to lead'. Thus, it literally means 'to lead on a way' or 'to guide along a road'.

G1343

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: dee-kah-yoh-SOO-nays

Translations: of righteousness, of justice, of a righteousness, of a justice

Notes: This word refers to the quality of being morally right, just, or righteous. It encompasses both the state of being right with God and the act of doing what is right. It is often used in a theological context to describe divine justice or human uprightness.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine

Synonyms: ΑΛΗΘΕΙΑ, ΕΥΘΥΤΗΣ

Etymology: From the Greek word δίκαιος (dikaios), meaning 'just' or 'righteous', combined with the suffix -σύνη (-synē), which forms abstract nouns, indicating a state or quality.

G1752

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Part of Speech: Preposition, Adverb

Sounds like: EN-eh-ken

Translations: because of, on account of, for the sake of, (of) for, (of) by reason of

Notes: ΕΝΕΚΕΝ is an improper preposition that typically takes the genitive case, meaning 'because of' or 'on account of'. It can also function as an adverb, meaning 'for this reason' or 'therefore'. It is used to express the cause or reason behind an action or state.

Inflection: Does not inflect; takes the genitive case when used as a preposition.

Synonyms: ΔΙΑ, ΧΑΡΙΝ

Etymology: The word ΕΝΕΚΕΝ is an ancient Greek word, likely formed from the preposition 'en' (in) and a form related to 'heka' (on account of). It has been in use since classical Greek and continued into Koine Greek.

G3588, G3778

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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Demonstrative Pronoun, Particle

Sounds like: too

Translations: of the, of him, of it, of this, to, in order to

Notes: This word is a form of the definite article 'the' or a demonstrative pronoun 'this/that'. It is most commonly used to indicate possession or relationship, translating as 'of the' or 'of him/it'. It can also be used before an infinitive verb to express purpose, meaning 'to' or 'in order to'.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Masculine or Neuter

Etymology: The word 'Ο' (ho), from which 'ΤΟΥ' is derived, comes from Proto-Indo-European. It is an ancient word that has evolved to serve various grammatical functions in Greek.

G1437

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Part of Speech: Conjunction

Sounds like: eh-AHN

Translations: if, when, whenever, although

Notes: This word is a conditional conjunction used to introduce a protasis (the 'if' clause) in a conditional sentence. It often implies a condition that is possible or expected to occur, or a general truth. It can also be used to mean 'when' or 'whenever' in a general sense, or even 'although' in some contexts.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΕΙ

Etymology: From the conjunction εἰ (ei, 'if') and the particle ἄν (an), which indicates potentiality or contingency. It combines these elements to form a conditional conjunction.

G1063

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Part of Speech: Particle

Sounds like: gar

Translations: for, because, indeed, then, therefore

Notes: This word is a postpositive particle, meaning it typically appears second in a clause. It introduces a reason, explanation, or confirmation for what has just been stated. It can also indicate a logical consequence or a transition in thought, often translated as 'for' or 'because'. In some contexts, it can simply add emphasis or affirm a statement.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΔΙΟΤΙ, ΕΠΕΙ, ΟΥΝ

Etymology: The particle ΓΑΡ is believed to be a contraction of the particles γε (ge) meaning 'indeed' or 'at least' and ἄρα (ara) meaning 'then' or 'therefore'. It has been in use since ancient Greek.

G4198

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: por-YOO-thoh

Translations: I will go, I will travel, I will depart, I will proceed, let me go, let us go

Notes: This word is a verb meaning 'to go,' 'to travel,' or 'to depart.' It is often used to describe movement from one place to another, whether physically or metaphorically. It can also imply a course of action or a way of life. The form 'ΠΟΡΕΥΘΩ' is typically a future passive indicative or an aorist subjunctive form, often translated as 'I will go' or 'let me go/let us go' depending on context and person.

Inflection: First Person, Singular or Plural, Future Passive Indicative or Aorist Subjunctive

Synonyms: ΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ, ΒΑΙΝΩ, ΑΠΕΡΧΟΜΑΙ

Etymology: The word ΠΟΡΕΥΟΜΑΙ (poreuomai) is derived from the noun πόρος (poros), meaning 'a way, a passage, a ford.' It signifies movement along a path or through a passage.

G1722

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Part of Speech: Preposition

Sounds like: EN

Translations: in, on, among, with, by, at, into, to

Notes: This word is a common preposition in Koine Greek. Its primary meaning is 'in' or 'within,' indicating location, time, or state. It always takes the dative case. Depending on the context, it can also be translated as 'on,' 'among,' 'with' (indicating accompaniment or instrument), 'by' (indicating means or agent), or 'at.' Sometimes it can imply motion into a place, similar to 'into' or 'to,' especially when the context suggests movement towards a location where something then resides.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *en, meaning 'in' or 'into'. It is cognate with English 'in'.

G4639

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: skee-AS

Translations: of shadow, of a shadow

Notes: This word is the genitive singular form of the noun 'σκιά' (skia), meaning 'shadow' or 'shade'. It refers to the darkness or partial darkness produced when light is blocked by an object. It can also be used metaphorically to describe something fleeting, insubstantial, or a mere outline, as life is often described as a 'shadow' in its brevity. In a sentence, it would typically function as a possessive or descriptive element, indicating something 'belonging to a shadow' or 'characteristic of a shadow'.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine

Synonyms: ΣΚΟΤΟΣ, ΣΚΟΤΙΑ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *skeh₃i-eh₂-, from *skeh₃- ('to shine, gleam'). The word refers to the absence of light, or the area where light is blocked.

G2556

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Part of Speech: Adjective, Noun

Sounds like: KAH-kah

Translations: evil things, bad things, evils, misfortunes, troubles, a bad thing, an evil thing

Notes: This word is an inflection of the adjective ΚΑΚΟΣ (kakos), meaning 'bad' or 'evil'. As 'ΚΑΚΑ', it typically functions as a neuter plural noun or adjective, referring to 'evil things', 'bad things', 'misfortunes', or 'troubles'. It describes things that are morally wrong, harmful, or unpleasant. For example, it can be used to speak of calamities or wicked deeds.

Inflection: Neuter, Plural, Nominative or Accusative

Synonyms: ΠΟΝΗΡΑ, ΦΑΥΛΑ, ΒΛΑΒΕΡΑ

G3754

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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Relative Pronoun

Sounds like: OH-tee

Translations: that, because, for, since, how, what, which

Notes: ΟΤΙ is a versatile word in Koine Greek, primarily functioning as a conjunction meaning 'that', 'because', 'for', or 'since'. It can introduce a clause explaining a reason or consequence, or it can introduce direct speech, similar to how quotation marks function in English. It can also act as a relative pronoun meaning 'what' or 'which'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΔΙΟΤΙ, ΕΠΕΙ, ΓΑΡ

Etymology: The word ΟΤΙ is derived from the neuter accusative singular of the relative pronoun ὅστις (hostis), meaning 'whoever, whatever'. Over time, it evolved to function primarily as a conjunction.

G3326

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Part of Speech: Preposition, Adverb

Sounds like: MEH-tah

Translations: with, after, among, behind, by, in company with, in pursuit of, according to

Notes: This word is a preposition that can also function as an adverb. Its meaning varies depending on the case of the noun it governs. When used with the genitive case, it typically means 'with' or 'in company with'. When used with the accusative case, it usually means 'after' or 'behind' (indicating sequence or pursuit). It can also denote a change of state or position.

Inflection: Does not inflect (as a preposition, it governs cases)

Synonyms: ΣΥΝ, ΕΠΙ, ΠΡΟΣ

Etymology: The word 'μετά' (meta) comes from Proto-Indo-European *met- 'in the middle, among, with'. It is related to English 'mid' and 'middle'.

G1487, G1488

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Part of Speech: Conjunction, Verb

Sounds like: AY

Translations: if, whether, that, if indeed, if then, you are, be

Notes: This word has two primary uses in Koine Greek. Most commonly, it functions as a conditional particle meaning 'if', introducing a condition or a question. It can also be the second person singular present indicative active form of the verb 'to be', meaning 'you are' or 'be'. The context of the sentence determines which meaning is intended.

Inflection: Does not inflect (as a conjunction); Second Person, Singular, Present, Indicative, Active (as a verb)

Synonyms: ΕΑΝ, ΕΙΠΕΡ, ΕΣΤΙΝ

Etymology: The conjunction 'εἰ' comes from a Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'if' or 'whether'. The verb form 'εἰ' comes from the Proto-Indo-European root for 'to be'.

G3588, G3739, G2228

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Part of Speech: Definite Article, Relative Pronoun, Conjunction, Interjection

Sounds like: AY

Translations: the, who, which, or, oh, ah

Notes: This word is most commonly used as the definite article 'the' in Koine Greek, specifically as the feminine nominative singular form (e.g., 'the cry') or the neuter nominative/accusative plural form. It can also function as a relative pronoun meaning 'who' or 'which' (feminine nominative singular). Additionally, it can be a conjunction meaning 'or' or an interjection expressing surprise or emotion, similar to 'oh' or 'ah'. Its meaning is highly dependent on context.

Inflection: Feminine, Nominative, Singular (Definite Article or Relative Pronoun); Neuter, Nominative or Accusative, Plural (Definite Article); Does not inflect (Conjunction or Interjection)

Etymology: The Greek definite article and related forms derive from a Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronoun. The conjunction and interjection forms have separate, though related, origins within Proto-Indo-European.

G0914

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: bak-tee-REE-ah

Translations: staff, a staff, rod, a rod, stick, a stick

Notes: This word refers to a staff, rod, or stick. It can be used as a walking stick for support, a shepherd's rod, or a symbol of authority or discipline. It is a feminine noun.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΡΑΒΔΟΣ, ΞΥΛΟΝ

Etymology: The word 'ΒΑΚΤΗΡΙΑ' comes from the Greek word 'βάκτρον' (baktron), meaning 'staff' or 'stick'. It is related to the verb 'βαίνω' (bainō), meaning 'to go' or 'to walk', indicating its use as a walking aid.

G3870

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: par-ek-AL-eh-san

Translations: they called to, they exhorted, they encouraged, they comforted, they appealed to, they pleaded with, they invited

Notes: This word is a verb in the aorist active indicative, third person plural. It describes an action completed in the past by a group of people. The verb 'παρακαλέω' generally means to call someone to one's side, and from that, it can take on various meanings depending on the context, such as to exhort, encourage, comfort, appeal to, or invite. It often implies a strong request or a supportive action.

Inflection: Aorist, Indicative, Active, Third Person, Plural

Synonyms: ΠΡΟΤΡΕΠΩ, ΠΑΡΑΜΥΘΕΟΜΑΙ, ΠΡΟΣΚΑΛΕΩ

G2090

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: heh-toy-MAH-sas

Translations: you prepared, you made ready, you got ready

Notes: This word means 'you prepared' or 'you made ready'. It is used to describe an action that was completed in the past by a single person (you). For example, it could be used in a sentence like 'You prepared the meal' or 'You made ready the way'.

Inflection: Aorist, Active, Indicative, 2nd Person, Singular

Synonyms: ΚΑΤΑΣΚΕΥΑΖΩ, ΠΑΡΑΣΚΕΥΑΖΩ

Etymology: The word ἑτοιμάζω (hetoimazō) comes from the adjective ἕτοιμος (hetoimos), meaning 'ready' or 'prepared'.

G1799

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Part of Speech: Adverb, Preposition

Sounds like: en-OH-pee-on

Translations: before, in the presence of, in the sight of, in front of

Notes: This word functions as an adverb or an improper preposition, meaning 'before' or 'in the presence of'. It is used to indicate a position directly in front of someone or something, or to denote being under the observation or authority of someone. When used as a preposition, it typically takes the genitive case.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΕΜΠΡΟΣΘΕΝ, ΚΑΤΕΝΩΠΙΟΝ

Etymology: This word is a compound of the preposition 'ἐν' (en, meaning 'in') and 'ὤψ' (ōps, meaning 'face' or 'countenance'). It literally means 'in the face of' or 'in the sight of'.

G5132

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: trah-PEH-zah

Translations: table, a table, bank, a bank, money changer's table, a money changer's table

Notes: This word refers to a table, often used for eating, but also for conducting business, such as exchanging money. In the context of a temple, it could refer to a table used for offerings or sacred purposes. It can also refer to a bank or a money changer's stall, as these activities were conducted on tables.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΤΡΑΠΕΖΙΟΝ, ΤΡΑΠΕΖΑΡΙΟΝ

Etymology: From Ancient Greek τράπεζα (trápeza, “table”), a compound of τετράς (tetrás, “four”) and πέζα (péza, “foot, edge”). It originally referred to a table with four feet.

G1537, G1803

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Part of Speech: Preposition, Numeral

Sounds like: eks

Translations: out of, from, by, of, six

Notes: This word can function in two main ways. As a preposition, it means 'out of' or 'from', indicating origin, source, or separation. It is always used with the genitive case. It can also denote the agent or cause of something. As a numeral, it means 'six'.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΑΠΟ, ΕΚ, ΕΞΑ

Etymology: As a preposition, it comes from a Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'out'. As a numeral, it comes from a Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'six'.

G1727

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: eh-nan-TEE-as

Translations: of opposite, of contrary, of hostile, opposite, contrary, hostile

Notes: This word describes something that is set over against, opposite to, or contrary to something else. It can also imply hostility or opposition. It is often used to denote a position or action that is in direct conflict with another.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine; or Plural, Nominative/Accusative/Vocative, Feminine

Synonyms: ΑΝΤΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΟΣ, ΕΧΘΡΟΣ

Etymology: The word ΕΝΑΝΤΙΟΣ (enantios) is derived from the preposition ΕΝ (en, meaning 'in') and ΑΝΤΙ (anti, meaning 'opposite' or 'against'). It literally means 'in opposition to' or 'facing'.

G2346

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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: thlee-BON-tone

Translations: of those who afflict, of those who oppress, of those who trouble, of those who distress

Notes: This word is a participle derived from the verb 'thlibo', meaning to press, squeeze, or afflict. As a participle, it describes the action of 'those who are pressing' or 'those who are afflicting'. It is used to refer to people or groups who cause distress or hardship.

Inflection: Present Active Participle, Genitive, Plural, Masculine or Neuter

Synonyms: ΠΙΕΖΩ, ΣΤΕΝΟΧΩΡΕΩ, ΘΛΙΨΙΣ

Etymology: The word 'thlibo' is of uncertain origin, possibly related to the Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'to press' or 'to crush'.

G3044

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: eh-lee-PAH-nas

Translations: you made fat, you fattened, you anointed, you made rich, you made fertile

Notes: This word is a verb indicating an action of making something fat, rich, or fertile. It can also refer to anointing with oil, as oil was often associated with richness or abundance. In a figurative sense, it can mean to make prosperous or to enrich. It is used in past tense, referring to an action completed by 'you' (singular).

Inflection: Second Person Singular, Aorist Active Indicative

Synonyms: ΠΙΑΙΝΩ, ΕΥΘΗΝΩ

Etymology: The word derives from the Greek word 'λίπος' (lipos), meaning 'fat' or 'oil'. The verb 'λιπαίνω' (lipainō) means 'to make fat' or 'to anoint with oil', and 'λιπάω' (lipaō) means 'to be fat' or 'to be rich'.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: toh

Translations: the

Notes: ΤΟ is the neuter singular form of the definite article 'the' in Koine Greek. It is used to specify a noun, much like 'the' in English. It can function as both the subject (nominative case) or the direct object (accusative case) of a sentence when referring to a neuter singular noun.

Inflection: Singular, Neuter, Nominative or Accusative

Etymology: The Greek definite article, including ΤΟ, derives from Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronouns. Its forms developed to agree in gender, number, and case with the nouns they modify.

G3182

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Part of Speech: Verb, Participle

Sounds like: meh-THOOS-kon

Translations: making drunk, intoxicating, getting drunk, being drunk

Notes: This word is a present active participle of the verb 'μεθύσκω', meaning 'to make drunk' or 'to intoxicate'. It describes an ongoing action of causing someone or something to become drunk or intoxicated. It can also be used reflexively to mean 'getting drunk' or 'being drunk'. It is often used in contexts related to wine or strong drink, but can also be used metaphorically.

Inflection: Present, Active, Participle, Accusative, Singular, Masculine or Neuter

Synonyms: ΜΕΘΥΩ, ΟΙΝΟΦΛΥΓΕΩ

Etymology: The word 'μεθύσκω' is derived from 'μέθη' (methē), meaning 'drunkenness' or 'intoxication'. It is an inchoative verb, indicating the beginning or process of becoming drunk.

G5613

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Part of Speech: Adverb, Conjunction, Preposition

Sounds like: OHS

Translations: as, like, when, how, about, approximately, that, so that

Notes: ΩΣ is a versatile particle in Koine Greek, primarily functioning as a conjunction or adverb. It is used to introduce comparisons ('as,' 'like'), indicate time ('when'), express manner ('how'), or denote purpose or result ('so that,' 'that'). It can also indicate approximation ('about,' 'approximately') or serve as a preposition meaning 'to' or 'towards' with certain cases.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΩΣΠΕΡ, ΚΑΘΩΣ, ΩΣΑΝΕΙ

Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European. It is related to demonstrative pronouns and adverbs indicating manner or comparison.

G5616

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Part of Speech: Adverb, Conjunction

Sounds like: OH-say

Translations: as if, as, like, about, approximately, some, nearly

Notes: ΩΣΕΙ is an adverb or conjunction used to indicate comparison, approximation, or similarity. It can mean "as if," "like," "about," or "approximately." It is often used to describe a quantity or duration that is not exact, or to introduce a hypothetical situation.

Inflection: Does not inflect

Synonyms: ΩΣ, ΚΑΘΩΣ, ΠΕΡΙΠΟΥ

Etymology: From the Greek word ὡς (hōs), meaning "as" or "like," combined with the particle εἰ (ei), meaning "if."

G2909

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Part of Speech: Adjective

Sounds like: kra-TIS-ton

Translations: best, most excellent, most powerful, the best thing, the most excellent thing

Notes: This word is the superlative form of an adjective, meaning 'best' or 'most excellent'. It can refer to the highest quality or the greatest power. In some contexts, it is used as a title of respect, similar to 'most excellent' or 'Your Excellency', particularly when addressing high-ranking officials or esteemed individuals. It can also refer to the best or most excellent of things.

Inflection: Superlative, Neuter, Singular, Nominative or Accusative

Synonyms: ΑΡΙΣΤΟΣ, ΑΓΑΘΩΤΑΤΟΣ

Etymology: The word derives from the Greek root κράτος (kratos), meaning 'strength', 'power', or 'might'. The superlative form indicates the highest degree of these qualities.

G1656

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Part of Speech: Noun

Sounds like: EH-leh-os

Translations: mercy, pity, compassion, a mercy

Notes: This word refers to mercy, pity, or compassion, often extended by a superior to an inferior, or by one who has the power to help to one who is in need. It signifies an active demonstration of compassion, not just a feeling. It is a masculine noun.

Inflection: Singular, Nominative or Accusative, Masculine

Synonyms: ΟΙΚΤΙΡΜΟΣ, ΕΥΣΠΛΑΓΧΝΙΑ

Etymology: The etymology of 'ΕΛΕΟΣ' is uncertain, but it is thought to be an ancient word with no clear connection to other Greek roots. It has been used since Homeric times.

G2627

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: kah-tah-dee-OHX-eh-tai

Translations: will pursue, will chase down, will persecute

Notes: This is a compound verb formed from the preposition 'κατά' (kata), meaning 'down' or 'against', and the verb 'διώκω' (diōkō), meaning 'to pursue' or 'to chase'. Therefore, 'καταδιώξεται' means 'will pursue down' or 'will chase after relentlessly'. It describes an action of vigorous and determined pursuit, often with hostile intent, such as chasing an enemy or persecuting someone.

Inflection: Future, Indicative, Middle/Passive, Third Person Singular

Synonyms: ΔΙΩΚΩ, ΚΑΤΑΔΙΩΚΩ

G2613

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: kah-tah-dee-OH-xay

Translations: you will pursue, he will pursue, she will pursue, it will pursue, you will chase, he will chase, she will chase, it will chase, you will persecute, he will persecute, she will persecute, it will persecute

Notes: This word is a future active indicative form of the verb 'καταδιώκω' (katadioko), meaning 'to pursue, chase, or persecute'. It is a compound verb formed from 'κατά' (kata), meaning 'down' or 'against', and 'διώκω' (dioko), meaning 'to pursue' or 'to chase'. It describes an action of following or chasing someone or something with intensity, often with hostile intent or to overtake.

Inflection: Future, Indicative, Active, Third Person Singular or Second Person Singular

Synonyms: ΔΙΩΚΩ, ΚΑΤΑΔΙΩΓΜΟΣ

Etymology: The verb ΚΑΤΑΔΙΩΚΩ is a compound of the preposition ΚΑΤΑ (kata), meaning 'down' or 'against', and the verb ΔΙΩΚΩ (dioko), meaning 'to pursue, chase, or persecute'. The prefix intensifies the action of pursuing.

G3588

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Part of Speech: Definite Article

Sounds like: THAYS

Translations: of the

Notes: ΤΗΣ is the genitive, singular, feminine form of the definite article 'the'. It is used to indicate possession, origin, or relationship for feminine singular nouns. For example, 'the house of the woman' would use ΤΗΣ for 'of the woman'. It functions similarly to 'of the' in English.

Inflection: Singular, Genitive, Feminine

Etymology: The Greek definite article 'Ο' (of which ΤΗΣ is an inflection) derives from a Proto-Indo-European demonstrative pronoun root. It evolved to function as a definite article in ancient Greek, marking nouns as specific or previously mentioned.

G2730

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Part of Speech: Verb

Sounds like: kah-toy-KAYN

Translations: to dwell, to inhabit, to reside, to live

Notes: This word is the present active infinitive form of the verb ΚΑΤΟΙΚΕΩ. It means to dwell, inhabit, or reside in a place. It is often used to describe someone living in a house, city, or country, or even a spiritual dwelling. It is a compound word formed from the preposition ΚΑΤΑ (KATA), meaning 'down' or 'in', and the verb ΟΙΚΕΩ (OIKEŌ), meaning 'to dwell' or 'to live'.

Inflection: Present, Active, Infinitive

Synonyms: ΟΙΚΕΩ, ΕΝΟΙΚΕΩ, ΠΑΡΟΙΚΕΩ

Etymology: The verb ΚΑΤΟΙΚΕΩ is a compound of the preposition ΚΑΤΑ (KATA), meaning 'down' or 'in', and the verb ΟΙΚΕΩ (OIKEŌ), meaning 'to dwell' or 'to live'. It literally means 'to dwell down' or 'to settle in'.

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